61 III vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi nika xoferia vaxtang gorgasali gvianantikuri xanis iberiis ukanaskneli Zlieri monarqia. rogorc akad. mariam lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs: `V s. meore naxevris qarTlis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes politikur figuras warmoadgens didi saxelmwifo moRvawe mefe vaxtang I. am periodis qarTlis istoriis ZiriTadi movlenebi vaxtang gorgasalis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli da amdenad am epoqas SeiZleba ewodos vaxtang gorgaslis epoqa~.1 qarTul istoriografiaSi araerTi naSromi mieZRvna vaxtangis moRvaweobis sxvadasxva mxares.2 amjerad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania vaxtang gorgasalis epoqis samxedro aspeqtebi, romlebic SedarebiT naklebadaa Seswavlili. vaxtangis mefobis samxedro-politikuri aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad ramdenime wyaro SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. pirvel yovlisa, esaa `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, romlis avtorad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili minaweris mixedviT, miCneulia juanSeri. Cveni matianes uZveles nusxebSi aris aseTi miTiTeba: `xolo wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vidre vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiTi-Jamad, xolo vaxtang mefisiTgan vidre aqamomde aRwera juanSer juanSerianman, Zmiswulis qmarman wmidisa arCilisman, naTesavman revisman, mirianis Zisaman~.3 es arCili qarTlis erismTavaria, romelic VIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi cxovrobda da 1 mariam lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis meore naxevarSi (Tbilisi, 1979), 3. lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis meore naxevarSi; vaxtang goilaZe, mefe vaxtang gorgasali (Tbilisi, 2008); misive, gorgasali da misi istorikosi (Tbilisi, 1991); sargis kakabaZe, vaxtang gorgasali (Tbilisi, 1959); misive, vaxtang gorgaslis xana (Tbilisi, 1994). 3 qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 248. 2 62 amdenad, aRniSnuli minaweris juanSers, romelic realuri pirovneba Cans da, marTlac, ixsenieba `arCilis cxovrebaSi~, VIII s-Si unda daewera es Txzuleba,4 magram `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis~ teqsti zogierT iseT realiebs Seicavs, romlebic mis gviandelobazec miuTiTebs.5 amis gamo, qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis~ avtori XI s-is pirveli naxevris gasulisa da meore naxevris damdegis moRvawe unda iyos.6 kaxa kacitaZe juanSers VII-VIII saukuneebis moRvawed miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi is ver dawerda mZime, katafraqtuli tipis kavaleriis arsebobis Sesaxeb qarTlSi, radgan XI saukuneSi aseTi mxedrobis Sesaxeb aRaravis axsovda, rainduli kavaleria evropaSi mxolod ibadeboda da qarTvel avtors aseTi katafraqtebis Sesaxeb araferi ecodineboda.7 es argumenti namdvilad ver gamodgeba juanSeris moRvaweobis xanis dasadgenad, radgan katafraqtebis tipis cxenosani jari bizantiaSi jerac ar iyo gamqrali da warmoadgenda bizantiur elitur mxedrobas Semdgom saukuneebSic. saqarTveloSi aseTi cxenosani jaris arsebobas XI saukuneSi mowmobs giorgi I-s mier Torosani kavaleriis gamoyeneba bizantiis imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis winaaRmdeg omSi. `XI saukunis bizantieli avtori mixeil ataliate mogviTxrobs, rom 4 Stephen H. Rapp Jr, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts (Louvain, 2003), 114-5. 5 Tumca, SesaZloa am realiebis arseboba gadamwerebis damsaxurebaa, romelTac VIII saukuneSi dawerili `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba~ XI saukuneSi gadaweres amave periodis terminologiiT. g. anCabaZe Tvlis, rom XI saukuneSi istorikosi saxeliT juanSeri ar arsebobs da Tu `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebas~ davaTariRebT XI saukuniT, maSin unda gamovricxoT, rom misi avtori juanSer juanSeriania. giorgi anCabaZe, `juanSeri da misi `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne, 4 (1987), 184-8. 6 daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2004), 139; David Braund, A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562 (Oxford, 1994), 283. manana sanaZe juanSeris TxzulebaSi XI saukunis realiebs gadamwerebs akuTvnebs. igi Tvlis, rom juanSeris Txzuleba daiwera VI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTlis erismTavar juanSeris mier (586-590 ww.), damamtkicebel sabuTad ki asaxelebs VI saukunis meore naxevris sasanuris minabaZ qarTul monetas warweriT `jo~ – jomber/juanSer da Semdgomi saukuneebis gadamweri mematianis Secdomas, romelsac savaraudod erTmaneTSi aeria mefe arCili da wminda arCili da juanSeris moRvaweoba am ukanasknelis periods daukavSira. manana sanaZe, `juanSer juanSeriani da misi moRvaweobis xana~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 338 (2001), 123-8. 7 kaxa kacitaZe, `katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi~. [el-versia: www.kalmasoba.com] 63 bizantielebTan 1021-1022 wlebis omSi qarTvelTa `simamaces ara mxolod simravle ganapirobebda, aramed isic rom umZlavresi abjriT iyvnen daculi da ara mxolod sakuTar Tavs, aramed SejavSnul da mouwyvlad cxenebsac yoveli mxridan [abjriT] faravdnen~.8 VIII saukunidan, rodesac uzangi farTod Semovida xmarebaSi da aRWurviloba kidev ufro damZimda,9 katafraqtebis gaqroba namdvilad ar aris mosalodneli da es tendencia ufro maT sasargeblod metyvelebs. uzangis gareSe grZeli SubebiT mebrZoli katafraqtebi mrisxane Zalas warmoadgendnen, uzangebis daxmarebiT ki maTi saqme ufro gaadvildeboda da Subis xmarebac ufro mosaxerxebeli gaxdeboda. zogadad, juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba ZiriTad wyarod iTvleba vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli adgilebi zRapruli da metismetad legendaruli Sinaarisaa.10 nodar lomouri aRniSnavs: `samwuxarod, juanSeris monaTxrobis udidesi nawili ar iZleva safuZvels misdami ndobisa. Cven mogvixda am wyaros ramdenjerme gaanalizeba da sxva specialistTa mier am Txzulebis sandoobis mtkicebis gabaTileba~.11 marTlac, juanSerTan aRwerili faqtebis umetesi nawili arasandoa – pirvel rigSi es exeba iran-bizantiis oms, romelic juanSers Tu davesesxebiT, mZafrad mimdinareobda V saukuneSi, bizantias ki aqtiuri aRmosavluri politika hqonda. V saukuneSi bizantiis imperiaSi metad rTuli situaciaa. imperator zenonis dros (474-91) iyo gauTavebeli Sida konfliqtebi imperiis sxvadasxva politikur da socialur dajgufebaTa Soris, ramac araerTxel gamoiwvia ajanyebebi da saxelmwifo gadatrialebis cdebi. aseT viTarebaSi bizantiis imperias ar SeeZlo aqtiuri politika ewarmoebina aRmosavleTis sazRvrebze. piriqiT, misTvis xelsayreli iyo da aucilebelic iranTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis SenarCuneba.12 amas garda, 460 wlisTvis iranis 8 mamuka wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, Tsu saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 5 (2012), 89. 9 mamuka wurwumia, `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia~, saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, 7 (2013), 102. 10 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1970), 19. 11 nodar lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba, naw. I (Tbilisi, 2011), 41-2. 12 lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba, 115. 64 aqtiurobis zonad kavkasiaSi rCeba albaneTi, romelic ajanyebulia, magram ara qarTli,13 juanSerTan ki Sahi perozi am dros didi laSqriT Semodis qarTlSi da vaxtang gorgasalTan sisxlismRvrel da xangrZliv brZolebs aCaRebs. am da sxva bevri faqtis arasandoobis gamo, juanSeris matianes ver CavTvliT sando wyarod. misi gamoyeneba mxolod kritikuli gaazrebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. vaxtangis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxuli aqvs mis Tanamedrove, V s-is meore naxevris somex istorikoss lazar farpecis. es cnobebi savsebiT realistulia da sando, magram sakmaod mwiria da Tanac mxolod 80-iani wlebiTaa Semofargluli.14 misi cnobebidan irkveva 482 wels iberiisa da somxeTis ajanyebis detalebi – vaxtang gorgaslis mier amboxis wamowyeba da somxebTan dakavSireba, hunebis gadmoyvanis mcdeloba, brZola Warmanianis velze, ajanyebis marcxi da mefis qveynidan gaqceva. farpecis cnobebis safuZvelze SegviZlia saTanadod gavaanalizoT am amboxis garSemo momxdari movlenebi, qarTlisa da somxeTis mdgomareoba V saukunis bolos, vaxtang gorgaslis, rogorc sardlis da rogorc mefis moRvaweoba, misi strategiuli da taqtikuri moqmedeba, qveyanaTa samxedro ponteciali, brZolis wesebi, sabrZolo xerxebi, diplomatiuri warmateba Tu warumatebloba, somexTa da qarTvelTa urTierToba, iranis Crdilo-dasavlur olqTa mmarTvelebis moqmedeba da sasanianTa mdgomareoba perozis mefobis bolo wlebSi. es mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi Targmna da gamosca l. janaSiam.15 gugareTis sapitiaxSosa da arSuSa pitiaxSze, Tumca ara vaxtang gorgasalze, saintereso cnobebi moipoveba movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoriaSi~.16 miuxedavad amisa, is mainc mniSvnelovani wyaroa V saukunis Sua wlebis kavkasiis qveynebis istoriis Sesaswavlad. vaxtangis epoqis Sesaswavlad zogierTi mkvlevari farTod iyenebs adreuli Sua saukuneebis agiografiul nawarmoebebsac, magaliTad, raJdenisa da SuSanikis cxovrebas, siriel mamaTa cxovrebas, abos cxovrebasa da gobronis cxovrebas.17 zemoaRniSnuli masalebi qarTveli istorikosebis ganxilvis sagani Klaus Schippmann, “Fīrūz,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6 (1999), 631-2. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 143. 15 l. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 1962). 16 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 24. 17 iqve, 33. 13 14 65 xSirad gamxdara, gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba juanSeriseul vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebas. V saukunis II naxevris iberiis samxedropolitikuri istoriis SeswavlisTvis aRsaniSnavia vaxtang goilaZisa da sargis kakabaZis monografiebi. aq aRar SevexebiT vaxtangis mefobis daTariRebasTan da sxva samxedro saqmisTvis naklebad mniSvnelovan faqtebs, romlebic am wignebSia mimoxiluli. orive avtori asaxelebs lazar farpecis cnobebsac, Tumca misi detaluri mimoxilva samxedro TvalsazrisiT ar gvaqvs. juanSeris cnobebze dayrdnobiT istorikosebi aRniSnaven vaxtangis oms peroz SahTan 460 wels, bizantiis imperator leonis damxmare Zalebis Camosvlas, qarTvelTa galaSqrebas iranis aRmosavleli mowinaaRmdegeebis winaaRmdeg kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebTan da indoeTSic ki; aseve kavad I-s jarebis SemoWras V saukunis bolosTvis da gorgaslis daRupvas maTTan omSi. am faqtebis didi nawili dRes saeWvod da daujereblad JRers. 460 wlisTvis perozis laSqroba iberiaSi ar aRiniSneba, Tumca am periodisTvis sasanianebs problemebi hqondaT albaneTSi, iberiis mosazRvre qveyanaSi, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda iranTan da ibrZoda damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis.18 bizantia-irans Soris V sakunis meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovani samxedro konfrontacia ar ikveTeba da arc iberiisa da bizantiis urTierTobebia gamokveTili.19 vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba indoeTSi aseve saeWvo da nakleb sarwmuno faqtia da ufro juanSeris fantazias unda mivaweroT, vidre realobas. miuxedavad amisa, goilaZisa da kakabaZis naSromebi mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa da bevr saintereso faqtsa Tu mosazrebas Seicavs aramarto samxedro-politikur, aramed socialur Tu religiur sakiTxebze. miuxedavad samxedro istoriis aspeqtebisadmi naklebi yuradRebisa, qarTlis istoriis sxva problemebis Sesaswavlad uaRresad sainteresoa daviT musxeliSvilis `saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi~ da mariam lorTqifaniZis `qarTli V saukunis II naxevarSi~. vaxtang gorgaslis omebi Crdilokavkasiel tomebTan, bizantiasa da iranTan moiTxovda kargi armiisa da Zlieri mokavSireebis yolas. Schippmann, “Fīrūz,” 631-2. mTeli V saukunis manZilze bizantiasa da qarTls Soris araviTari realuri politikuri urTierToba ar arsebobda, magram 70-80-ian wlebSi TiTqos es urTierToba isaxeba. lomouri, saqarTvelos da bizantiis imperiis urTierToba, 114. 18 19 66 es ukanaskneli sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxldaT, radgan V saukunis iberias namdvilad ar gaaCnda iseTi samxedro potenciali, rom winaaRmdegoba gaewia mezobeli Zlieri imperiebisTvis. iberiis jarze gavlenas axdenda iranuli da bizantiuri samxedro sistema, gansakuTrebiT pirveli maTgani, rac iberiaSi sasanianTa Zlieri poziciisa da mis garSemo arsebuli sparsuli samarzpanoebis arsebobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tavad vaxtangic sasanianTa vasali gaxldaT da savaraudod, monawileoba unda mieRo iranis mier warmoebul omebSi. es saSualebas miscemda mas daenaxa maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. imJamad sparsuli samxedro Zalebi saukeTesod iTvleboda axlo aRmosavleTSi. `sasanuri iranis mxedrobam gavlena moaxdina bizantiis samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebaze. iranis jaris samxedro SeiaraReba da wyoba sanimuSo gaxda evropuli saxelmwifoebisTvis. cxenosan barbarosebTan ramodenime damarcxebam daafiqra evropa axali armiis SeiaraRebasa da wyobaze. nawili istorikosebisa Sua saukuneebis rainds miiCnevs iranis mxedarTa samxedro teqnikisa da xelovnebis memkvidred~.20 winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis samxedro organizaciisa da qarTuli laSqris Semadgenlobis iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: mZime da msubuqi kavaleria, qveiTi jari, jarebis ricxovnoba da e.w. samxedro ekonomika. mZime kavaleria. aRmosavluri tipis mZime kavaleriis mxedrebs katafraqtebi (κατάφρακτος) ewodeboda. berZnulad es sityva `srulad daculs~ niSnavs. marTlac, katafraqtebi mTlianad daculi iyvnen brinjaos an rkinis qerclovani tipis abjriT (scale armour)21 an jaWvis perangiT, xolo e.w. lameralur abjars (lamellar armour)22 ufro bizantiuri tipis katafraqtebi iyenebdnen. amiane marcelinusi iranul katafraqtebze wers: `yovel mxedars mTeli tani dafaruli aqvs mcire firfitebiT. saxe daculia niRbiT…. mTel sxeulze arc erT isars ar SeuZlia SeaRwios abjarSi, Tu ar moxvda Tvalis win datovebul mcire saWvrets, aseve mcire WuWrutanas nestoebTan, romliTac Ж. Флори, Идеология меча (СПБ, 1999), 34. aseTi tipis abjari ZiriTadad tyavze damagrebuli metalis firfitebisgan Sedgeboda. es firfitebi umTavresad U-formis iyo da zemodan qvemoT iyo mimarTuli. Mamuka Tsurtsumia, “The Evolution of Splint Armour in Georgia and Byzantium: Lamellar and Scale Armour in the 10th-12th Centuries,” Byzantina Symmeikta, 21 (2011), 67. 22 lamelaruli abjari warmoadgenda erTmaneTze damagrebul asobiT liTonis marTkuTxa firfitas. Tsurtsumia, “The Evolution of Splint Armour in Georgia and Byzantium,” 69. 20 21 67 meomari gaWirvebiT sunTqavs. SubebiT SeiaraRebul meomarTa nawili idga uZravad, ise rom, kacs egoneboda, TiTqos isini rkinis jaWvebiT iyvnen dabmulni. maT gverdiT iyvnen ganlagebulni mSvildosnebi~.23 katafraqtebi atarebdnen grZel, kontosis tipis sakavalerio Subebs, sabrZolo, bunikian kverTxebsa da maxvilebs. ufro msubuqi katafraqtebi mSvild-isarsac iyenebdnen. katafraqtebis erTian, masiur ieriSs gaSlil velze mowinaaRmdegisTvis sasikvdilo dartymis miyeneba SeeZlo. Semdeg brZolaSi qveiTi jari erTveboda, mtris areul rigebs ukan axevinebda da brZolis vels ikavebda. gaqceul mowinaaRmdeges msubuqad SeiaraRebuli cxenosani jari misdevda, romelic brZolis drosac erTveboda moqmedebaSi – ZiriTadad isrebs uSenda mters. SeiZleba gavixsenoT kares brZola Zv.w. 53 wels parTelebsa da romaelebs Soris, sadac sparselebma swored kavaleriis manevrebiT gaimarjves da mcire msxverplis fasad gaanadgures markus krasusis jarebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom katafraqtebi mxolod erT, mTlian razmad moqmedebisas iyvnen efeqturebi.24 yvela im brZolaSi, sadac gaimarjves, isini swored aseTi taqtikiT moqmedebdnen. es mZime kavaleria aRmoCnda cxenosani jaris erTaderTi saxeoba, romelsac pirispir brZolaSi SeeZlo win aRdgomoda romaul legions, ara epizodurad, aramed yovelTvis. `Tu legioni iyo antikuri samxedro xelovnebis umaRlesi miRweva qveiT jarSi, igives warmoadgenda kavaleriaSi katafraqtebi~.25 rac Seexeba romaul armiaSi aRmosavluri tipis mZime kavaleriis gamoCenis sakiTxs, saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom Tavdapirvelad romaeli mxedrebi xelSubebiTa da mokle SubebiT ibrZodnen, IV saukunidan ki sarmatebisa da alanebis gavleniT aiTvises grZeli, saZgerebeli Subebis gamoyeneba.26 pirveli romauli katafraqtebic sarmatuli mZime kavaleriis msgavsad iyvnen SeiaraRebulebi. iyenebdnen segmentur muzaradsa da qerclovan abjars, ibrZodnen grZeli 23 Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman Antiquities, Book XXV (Cambridge, 1940), 477. parTeli katafraqtebi karas brZolaSi sabrZolo xazebad iyvnen ganlagebulebi da TiTqos cxenosan falangas qmnidnen. maT Seuties mowinaaRmdeges, gaarRvies or nawilad da amiT TiTqmis gadawyvites brZolis bedi (Plut., Crass. 25). А. Хазанов, “Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства,” Вестник древней истории, 1 (1968). [el-versia: www.xlegio.ru]. 25 iqve. 26 David Nicolle, European Medieval Tactics, vol 1, The Fall and Rise of Cavalry 450-1260 (Oxford, 2011), 17. 24 68 SubebiT, romelic orive xelSi eWiraT, amitom pirvel romaul katafraqtebs farebi ar hqondaT. mogvianebiT jaris es saxeoba ufro iranuls daemsgavsa. dasavleT romis imperiaSi SedarebiT msubuqad SeiaraRebuli katafraqtTa razmebi iyo, xolo aRmosavleTSi, sadac romaelebs brZola uwevdaT sasanuri iranis TaviT fexebamde SeWurvil kavaleriasTan, mZime Clibanarii SenaerTebi Camoyalibda, romelic SedarebiT gansxvavdeboda dasavleT romauli katafraqtebisgan. miuxedavad gansxvavebisa, amiane marcelinusi orive saxels erTsa da imave konteqstSi moixseniebs. amas garda, Clibanarii-s ufro maRali statusi hqonda romis jarSi, vidre katafraqtebs. romis jarSi iyo Equites Sagittarii Clibanarii – iranelTa mZime cxenosan-mSvildosanTa msgavsi SenaerTic. rogorc Notitia Dignitatum27 gadmogvcems, V saukunis dasawyisisTvis romis jarSi mSvildosanTa 67 SenaerTidan – 54 cxenosani iyo. popularuli iyo kavaleriis saxeoba Hippo-Toxotai – mxedrebi, romelTac hqondaT mSvild-isarica da Subic. Notitia Dignitatum-Si imperiis yvela mxareSi momsaxure cxenosan-moisarTa razmebia dasaxelebuli, Tumca maTi umetesoba mainc aRmosavleTis garnizonebSi28 msaxurobda.29 aRsaniSnavia, rom IV saukunidan romaelma qveiTebma ostaturad iswavles katafraqtebTan brZola. es taqtika Cans imperator iuliane gandgomilis iranuli laSqrobis im brZolaSi, sadac TviTon iuliane mZimed daiWra: `centrs da marcxena flangs mZime kavaleriam da spiloebma mZafrad Seuties. romaelebma am masis mogerieba SeZles gawvrTnili msubuqi qveiTebiT, romlebic zurgSi urtyamdnen da xelSubebs uyridnen mZimed SeWurvil mxedrebs, spiloebs ki fexebze Cxvletdnen~.30 mavrikiosis `strategikonSi~ weria: `arcerTi tipis jari ar aris daumarcxebeli. mTavari ar iyo 27 Notitia Dignitatum – Zveli romauli dokumenti, romelSic asaxulia IV-V saukunis periodis imperiis samxedro da administraciuli struqtura. Notitia Dignitatum erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa im periodis didi brZolebis Sesaswavladac. miuxedavad imisa, rom is adrianopolis brZolis Semdeg wlebSia dawerili, istorikosebs didi daxmareba gauwia am bataliaSi romaelTa armiis Semadgenlobisa da struqturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. Simon MacDowall, Adrianople AD 378: the Goths crush Rome’s legions (Oxford, 2001), 17. 28 aRmosavleT imperiis savele armiebSi fexosan mSvildosanTa razmebi ufro meti iyvnen, vidre cxenosani-mSvildosnebi. 29 Nicolle, European Medieval Tactics, 7. 30 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London, 2000), 310. 69 is, iyvnen Tu ara katafraqtebi daumarcxeblebi, aramed is, rom isini warmoedginaT daumarcxeblebad da maTi survilic iyo, rom aseTebad warmoCeniliyvnen~.31 mZime aRWurvilobidan gamomdinare, katafraqtebi utevdnen mWidro rigebad, riTic iyenebdnen TavianT upiratesobas da faravdnen nakls – nakleb manevrulobas da SezRudul moZraobis unars. ieriSze gadasuli katafraqtTa razmebi, win momarjvebuli SubebiT, kargad iyo daculi mtris xelSubebisa da isrebisgan, aseve, xmlebisa da Subebisgan, amitomac mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda. Zveli avtorebi mogviTxroben sxvadasxva xerxebze katafraqtebTa dasaSlelad (zemoT ukve aRvniSneT romaelTa sabrZolo xerxi katafraqtebTan brZolisTvis).32 gancalkevebuli katafraqtebi ufro advili nadavli xdebodnen mowinaaRmdegisTvis, gansakuTrebiT Tu mas cxenidan Camoagdebdnen. katafraqtebis erT-erTi warumatebeli brZola iyo ax.w. 69 wels meziaze Tavdasxmis dros roqsolani katafraqtebis dapirispireba romaelebTan. msubuqad SeiaraRebuli romaeli jariskacebi gancalkevebul roqsolan mxedrebs xelSubebiTa da grZeli SubebiT utevdnen da xmlebiT Cexavdnen maT.33 juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi aris mniSvnelovani teqsti, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi iberielTa da sparselTa jaris alan-osebTan da maT mokavSireebTan brZolas ukavSirdeba: `xolo spani igi waremarTnen ganmzadebulni, cxen-Tornosanni da jaWu-Cabalaxosanni, wina kerZo da maT ukana queiTni, da queiTTa ukana simravle mxedarTa, da esreT mimarTes ovsTa xolo ovsni Маврикий, Стратегикон (С.-Петербург, 1903). [el-versia: www.libgen.org]. lukulusis qveiTebma tigranokertTan brZolaSi zurgidan mouares somex katafraqtebs da uknidan daartyes, sadac isini naklebad iyvnen daculebi. romaelebi maT zurgSi Subebsa da xmlebs uyridnen da xocavdnen (Plut., Luc. 26). publius krasusis gali mxedrebi katafraqtTa grZel Subebs eWidebodnen da maT cxenidan Camogdebas cdilobdnen an maTi cxenis qveS Zvrebodnen da mucels ufatravdnen (Plut., Crass. 25). 357 wels alemanebisa da romaelebis omisas, alemanebma SeumCnevlad scades Casafrebodnen romaul klibanarebs da zurgidan daertyaT (Amm. Marc., XVI, 12, 22). Zirs Camovardnili mxedari SedarebiT umweo xdeboda da es xerxi yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo. amas aRniSnavs heliodorec. Гелиодор (IX, 15). Хазанов, `Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства.” 33 Tac., Hist. I, 79. swored roqsolani katafraqtebis marcxma gadawyvita brZolis bedi. Tovlis dnobam kidev ufro gauadvila romaelebs saqme, xolo roqsolanebs gaqcevaSi SeuSala xeli. Heliod., IX, 15; Amm. Marc., XVI, 12, 38. Хазанов, “Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства.” 31 32 70 warmodges qarafsa zeda da daasxes isari, viTarca wvima mZlavri~.34 juanSeriseuli teqstis mixedviT Cans, rom gorgaslis armiis meomrebi iyvnen `cxen-Tornosanni da jaWu-Cabalaxosanni~ – anu rogorc mxedari, ise cxeni abjriT iyo dafaruli da saqme gvaqvs iranuli tipis katafraqtebTan, romlis msgavsi unda hyolodaT somxebs, albanelebs da iberebs.35 es cxenosnebi mefis gvardiidan an varaz-bakuris sparsuli jaridan unda yofiliyvnen: `da gamogzavna varaz-bakur spani Tvisni Tormeti aTasi mxedari~.36 k. kacitaZe aRniSnavs, rom katafraqtebi iberiis samefoSi farsman I-sa da amazaspis drosac unda yofiliyvnen da rom, iberielebi maT I-VI saukuneebSi iyenebdnen. aseve, strabonis cnobas albanelTa aRWurvilobis Sesaxeb (romelTa msgavsi, berZeni avtoris gadmocemiT, iberielebsac hqondaT) miiCnevs imis dasturad, rom iberiaSi mZime kavaleria unda arsebuliyo. amasTanave, plutarqes mier lukulusisa da tigran II-s brZolaSi dasaxelebul iberiel Subosnebsac Tvlis mxedrebad da miiCnevs, rom isinic katafraqtebi unda yofiliyvnen. amis mizezad mohyavs `mardTa~ moisari cxenosani jari, romelTa gverdiT idgnen iberebi, yvelaze `brZolisJinianebi~ tigranis armiaSi; radgan mardebi msubuqi mxedrebi iyvnen da es dazustebulia, iberebs, romlebic Subosnebad arian dasaxelebulebi, mZime kavaleriad miiCnevs.37 strabonis zemoT dasaxelebuli cnobis mixedviT arc g. gamyreliZe gamoricxavs I-II saukuneebSi qarTlsa da albaneTSi katafraqtebis gamoyenebas.38 miuxedavad am argumentebisa, mkvlevari gverds ver auqcevs plutarqes teqstis im fragments, sadac is wers: `maT [romaelebis] win mowinaaRmdegis kavaleriis da rCeuli meomrebis uzarmazari masa aRimarTa~. am epizodSi arsadaa dakonkretebuli, rom iberebi aucileblad Subosnebi arian. rCeuli meomrebi ki sulac ar aris aucilebeli mxedrebi yofiliyvnen. amas garda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia cxenosani mardebis gverdiT qveiTi da ara mxedari iberieli Subosnebis yofna. qveiT jars yovelTvis sWirdeba kavaleriis 34 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa (Tbilisi, 1955), 10. Хазанов, “Катафрактарии и их роль в истории военного искусства.” 36 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 8. 37 kaxa kacitaZe, katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi. [el-versia: www.kalmasoba.com]. 38 Страбон (XI, 4, 4-5). vrclad Zveli iberiisa da kolxeTis SeiaraRebaze ix. gela gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi (Tbilisi, 2010). 35 71 daxmareba, romelic flangebidan da zurgidan icavs mas. cxenosanmoisar mardebs ki mowinaaRmdegis dacxrilva, dafantva da Sewuxeba SeeZloT. rogorc cnobilia, romaelebs Zalian uWirdaT aseTi tipis kavaleriasTan brZola, rac parTelebTan da sasanelebTan omebSi kargad gamoCnda. tigranakertis brZolis epizodSi sagangebodaa gamoyofili tigranis mZime, katafraqtuli kavaleriac, romelic somxeTis armiis umniSvnelovanesi nawili iyo, magram msgavsi ram iberielebis dasaxelebisas ar gvxvdeba. sabolood unda davaskvnaT, rom am epizodis mixedviT ar Cans, rom tigranakertTan brZolaSi iberieli katafraqtebi monawileobdnen. rogorc arqeologiuri da dokumenturi masalidan Cans, qarTvelebSi mokle (satyorcni) da grZeli Subi antikuri xanidan ZiriTadi iaraRi gaxldaT.39 amas adasturebs herodote, qsenofonti, straboni, plutarqe, gomis sasmisis gamosaxuleba da sxva arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi.40 SegviZlia aseTad CavTvaloT strabonis cnoba iberiel Subosnebze. aSkaraa, rom ufro meti safuZveli gagvaCnia vimsjeloT tigranakertis brZolaSi iberieli meomrebis qveiTad da ara mxedrad monawileobaze. m. wurwumiam daukavSira qarTuli Torni termin Torn -es, iseve rogorc klibanariebis saxelwodeba momdinareobs sityvidan Clibanus (Rumeli). misi sinonimi arsebobs sparsulSic – tanurig, rac Rumels niSnavs, sityva-sityviT ki `Rumelis kacs~: `cxadia, rom `Torni~ Sinaarsobrivad igive konstruqciaa, rac klibanari da tanurigi. amave dros terminis siZvele miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi cxenis SejavSnis xangrZliv tradiciaze, romelic saTaves iberiis samefoSi iRebs~.41 rogorc juanSeri aRwers, Tavad mefis cxenic abjriTaa Semosili – `aRjda taiWsa SeWurvilsa javSniTa~.42 `javSani sparsuli warmoSobisaa da sxeulis, mkerdis abjars niSnavs. javSani, Cveulebriv, lameraluri konstruqciis kirasas aRniSnavda. lameraluri abjaria igive Torni. juanSeris `cxen-Torosanic~ 39 antikuri xanis saqarTvelos arqeologiur monacemebSi Subispirebi, sxva iaraRTan SedarebiT, procentulad pirvel adgilze Cans, rac imis niSania, rom im dros Subi ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi, 142. 40 iqve,144. 41 wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 88. 42 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 9. 72 lameraluri tipis abjriT dafarul cxens unda aRniSnavdes~.43 is, rom mZime SeiaraReba imdroindel saqarTveloSi realurad arsebobda, amas arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili masalac adasturebs. cxenis akazmuloba, rkinis jaWvis perangi, rkinis muzaradi I-II saukuneebSia arqeologiurad dadasturebuli. liTonis firfitovani abjris firfitebi elinisturi xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis gaTxrebis drosaa napovni. magaliTad, vanisa da sairxis naqalaqarze (Zv.w. IV s.), magram zogadad am tipis nivTebi metad mwiria, rac SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom javSani ZiriTadad selis an tyavis iyo da amitom ver Semoinaxa miwam.44 abjris nawilebi urbnisis naqalaqarzec aRmoCnda, im damwvar da ganadgurebul nagebobebSi, romelTa daqcevis TariRad V-VI saukuneebis mijnaa miRebuli. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom urbnisis es `dawva da dangreva~ V saukunis bolosa da VI saukunis dasawyisSi iranelTa qarTlSi Semosvlisa da maTTan qarTlis laSqris brZolis dros moxda. am dros saomari operaciebi umTavresad Sida qarTlSi mimdinareobda da swored samSoblos dacvisas daRupuli meomris jaWvis perangi Semogvinaxa miwam.45 Tumca, es ar aris cxenis abjari da ver gamodgeba katafraqtTa arsebobis dasadastureblad. savaraudod, es qveiTis aRWurvilobis nawili unda iyos. cxenis saSuble – liTonis damcavi firfita, romelic cxenis Tavs icavda, aRmoCenilia baRlanSi, aseve, vanis naqalaqarSi. aseTi tipis saSubleebi ufro metad gavrcelebuli iyo iranSi (aRmoCenilia babajanSi, luristanSi, zivieSi), magram, savaraudod, baRlanSi aRmoCenili saSuble elinistur xanas ganekuTvneba, amitom guram kvirkvelia mas pergamonis aTena nikeforos poliasis taZris frizze gamosaxul saSubles adarebs. aRmosavleTSi msgavs cxenis saSubleebs ufro sabrZolo etlebisTvis gankuTvnili cxenebisTvis iyenebdnen, berZnul samyaroSi ki kavaleristebis aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda. zogadad, vanisa da baRlanis aRmoCenebi metyvelebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi aRWurvilobis arsebobis Sesaxeb elinistur periodSi.46 sxva arqeologiuri aRmoCenebidan samxedro 43 wurwumia, `cxenis abjari Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, 91. gamyreliZe gela da sxv., Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2005), 142-3. 45 lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V saukunis II naxevarSi, 56-7. 46 guram kvirkvelia, `antikuri xanis cxenis saSuble baRlanidan~, 44 73 TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Tagiloni47, kldeeTi48, sairxe49 da sxv.50 cxadia, rom mZime abjar-saWurvlisa da kargi SeiaraRebis qona mxolod mdidars da maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenels SeeZlo. qarTlis jarSi mZime kavaleria unda gamosuliyo `warCinebulTagan~, romelnic TavisTavad sakmaod diferencirebulni iyvnen (`sefewulebad~, `mTavrebad~, `erisTavebad~ da sxv.51) da aznaurTa klass qmnidnen. amaTgan yvelaze maRali wris warmomadgenlebi da mefis uaxloesi pirebi gvardiaSi – `rCeul mxedrebSi~ Sediodnen.52 am samxedro aristokratiis mTavari warmomadgenlebi iyvnen spaspeti anu Sida qarTlis erisTavi da samefos mTavarsardali da danarCeni erisTavebi, romlebic spaspets emorCilebodnen,53 es ukanaskneli ki mefisgan moniWebuli uflebiT sargeblobda.54 erisTavebi calkeuli saerisTavoebis jarebs xelmZRvanelobdnen da omis dros spaspetis55 antikuri xanis kolxeTis arqeologiis sakiTxebi , damatebani IV (2001), 55-9. 47 TagilonSi aRmoCenilia jaWvis perangisa da muzaradis nawilebi, maxvilis (an satevris) vadis oqros garsakravebi, rkinis lagami, sartylis an cxenis avSaris Sesamkobeli. r. xvistani, `sabeWdavi Tagilonidan~, Zeglis megobari, 62 (1983), 36-8. 48 kldeeTis samarovanSi aRmoCenilia ax.w. II saukunis brinjaos kverTxi, jaWvis perangis naSTebi, rkinis samfrTiani isrispirebi, Subispiri, satevrebi, culi da maxvili, romlis kotas oqros budeSi Casmuli sardionis gema aMmSvenebs. g. lomTaTiZe, kldeTis samarovani axali welTaRricxvis II saukunisa (Tbilisi, 1957). 49 sairxeSi aRmoCenili nivTebi – culispirebi, isrispirebi, Subispirebi TariRdeba Zv.w. II - ax.w. II saukuneebiT. j. nadiraZe, `arqeologiuri Zeglebi sairxeSi~, sabWoTa xelovneba, 7 (1964), 52-5. 50 gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi, 11-2. 51 ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom feodalur wyobaze gadasvlis periodSi, IV-VI saukuneebSi, qarTlis umaRlesi fenis aRmniSvneli bevri termini gaCnda: `erisTavni~ (somx. `naxararebi~), `mTavarni~ (somx. `iSxanebi~), `mamasaxlisni~ (somx. `tanuterebi~), `pitiaxSni~, `sefewulni~, `aznaurni diddidni~, `warCinebulni~ da a.S. Георгий Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии (Тбилиси, 1959), 470. 52 musxeliSvili, `socialuri viTareba IV-V saukuneebis qarTlSi~, analebi, 1 (2002), 10. 53 Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, 459. 54 sparsuli wodeba pitiaxSi saqarTveloSi erisTavTan unda yofiliyo gaigivebuli. pitiaxSebs jer parTia, Semdeg ki sasanuri irani niSnavda, magram V saukuneSi Cans, rom qarTlSi adgilobrivi pitiaxSebic arian, magaliTad, arSuSa da varsqeni qarTlis samefos erisTavebi iyvnen da samxedro valdebulebac eqnebodaT. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 459-60. 55 samefo dinastiis wevrebi da naTesavebi (`sefewulni~) umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs ikavebdnen. iqve, 470. 74 xelmZRvanelobiT ikribebodnen. `erisTavi~ rogorc socialuri, ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT, radgan ZvelqarTuli termini `eri~, aRniSnavs rogorc `xalxs~, ise `jarsac~. TiToeuli erisTavi miuZRvis Tavis saerisTavoSi Sekrebil samxedro SenaerTs. amas garda, g. meliqiSvili Tvlis, rom pliniusis cnoba somxeTSi arsebuli 120 prefeqturis – `strategiebis~ arseboba, gvaZlevs safuZvels miviCnioT igive tipis samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad qarTlSi arsebuli `xevebi~, romelTa Soris Zveli istoriuli wyarobis mixedviT zogjer didi teritoriuli olqebic – klarjeTi, kaxeTi, egrisi, SavSeTi, samcxe, artaani moixsenieba.56 `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ jer kidev farnavazis mefobis xanidan Cans saerisTavoebis Camoyalibeba, SemdegSi ki vxedavT, rom TiToeuli saerisTao zogjer ramdenime xevs aerTianebs.57 aseTi msxvili administraciuli erTeulebi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT ufro patara nawilebad iyofoda. erisTavebs emorCilebodnen maT mier sxvadasxva adgilas daniSnuli spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi. kaspSi aseTi spasalaris arsebobis Sesaxeb juanSeris TxzulebaSi weria. mas gasazrdelad aZleven vaxtang gorgaslis mcirewlovan das (vaxtangis aRmzrdeli Sida qarTlis spaspeti unda yofiliyo). es wvrili aristokratia SesaZloa TviTonac atarebda erisTavis tituls, rasac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes iseTi titulebis gaCena, rogoricaa erisTavT-erisTavi da erismTavarT erismTavari – anu ufrosi erisTavi. did erisTavebs emorCilebodnen erisTavebi, cixisTavebi, mamasaxlisebi, SesaZloa kidev sxva, CvenTvis ucnobi wodebis xalxi.58 zogadad, am yvelafridan Cans, rom qarTlSi arsebobda administraciul-samxedro teritoriuli erTeulebi, TiToeul maTgans gamohyavda jari, romelSic aristokratuli, mZime cxenosani nawilebis garda, iyo msubuqi mxedroba da qveiTTa razmebi. simon janaSia aRniSnavs, rom gvarovnuli sazogadoeba warmoadgens `samxedro demokratias~. xalxi da jari aq erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelni arian. yoveli eris kaci, yoveli `saxlisSvili~ imave dros meomaria. `eris kaci~ jariskacsac niSnavs~.59 qarTlis samefoSi unda yofiliyo regularuli samxedro 56 iqve, 464. iqve, 464-5. 58 iqve, 465-6. 59 simon janaSia, Sromebi, II (Tbilisi, 1952), 131. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 459-62. 57 75 danayofic –mefis gvardia, romelic SesaZloa moqiravne ucxouri elementisgan, magaliTad, alanebisgan yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli. giorgi meliqiSvili farsman II-Tvis romis imperator adrianes mier gamogzavnili 50 legioneris adgilsac swored samefo gvardiis SemadgenlobaSi xedavs. gvardiaSi iyvnen mefis axlobeli pirebi da naTesavebi – `sefewulebi~. isini am SenaerTis Semadgeneli razmebis meTaurebad msaxurobdnen.60 rogorc vxedavT, Cven ar SegviZlia sakmarisi arqeologiuri Tu dokumenturi masalis moyvana qarTlis jarSi katafraqtuli kavaleriis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad, magram arsebuli mwiri informaciisa da mezobel qveyanaTa samxedro sistemebTan SedarebiT logikurad migvaCnia misi arseboba. qveiTebi. iranuli samxedro sistemis msgavsad, rogor Cans, V saukunidan fexosnebi arc iberiis jarSi ar asrulebdnen wamyvan rols, magram, miuxedavad amisa, kavaleriis miRweuli Sedegi maT unda ganemtkicebinaT, daekavebinaT poziciebi. aseve, fexosnebi iRebdnen mtris cixe-simagreebsac. maT Soris umetesoba msubuqad iyo SeiaraRebuli, radgan abjar-saWurveli Zviri jdeboda, xolo Raribebs ar SeeZloTG didebulTa msgavsad aRWurviliyvnen. Tumca, SedarebiT martivi, msubuqi saWurveli da muzaradebi qveiT jarSi gamoricxuli ar aris.61 iqneb, amasTan dakavSirebiT uwoda maT juanSerma `mkvircxli erisai~. msubuqi qveiTi jari ZiriTadad SeiaraRebuli iyo xelSubebiT, mSvild-isrebiT, SurdulebiT, SubebiTa da farebiT. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 467. mose xoreneli wers iberiel `sefewulebze~, romlebic Sediodnen mefis gvardiaSi `gundSi~ da samagierod Rebulobdnen TavianT mflobelobaSi soflebsa da mamulebs. favstos buzandi ki IV saukunis qarTlSi mimdinare represiebis Sesaxeb, romelsac somexTa sardali muSegi warmarTavda, aRniSnavs, rom es represiebi `farnavazianebs~, `naxararebsa~ da `azatebs~ Seexo. aqedan vxedavT sam privilegirebul fenas – farnavazianebs anu samefo dinastiis wevrebs (igive sefewulebi), samxedro aristokratiis umaRles warmomadgenlebs – erisTavebs (somx. naxarari) da samxedro fenas – azatebs anu aznaurebs. История Армении Фавстос Бузанда, Перевод и коментарии М.А. Геворгяна (Ереван, 1953), 162-3. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 468. 61 iberi meomrebisaTvis muzaradi TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis aucilebel nawils Seadgenda. arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT Cans, rom elinistur xanaSi iberiakolxeTSi qveiTTa liTonis muzaradebi gamoiyeneboda, istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT Zvel kolxeTSi xis muzaradebsac iyenebdnen, pompeusTan brZolis dros ki iberielebs tyavis muzaradebi exuraT. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberiakolxeTSi, 142. 60 76 qveiTi jari ricxovnobiT cxenosans Warbobda, radgan adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi jari xalxis farTo masebisgan gamodioda, sadac yoveli mamakaci samxedrovaldebulad ganixileboda.62 V saukuneSi im socialuri fenis aRsaniSnavad, romlisganac qveiTi jari da SeiZleba nawilobriv msubuqi mxedrobac gamodioda, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT juanSeris `wurili eri~. aseT `wuril erisaganT~ piradi Tavisufleba jEer kidev SerCenili aqvT, iseve rogorc, samamule uflebani saTemo Tu kerZo mflobelobis saxiT; isini uzenaes xelisufals, mefes damorCilebuli wvrili miwaTmflobelebi arian, qonebrivad saSualo da wvrili mesakuTreni. `wurili erisgan~ socialur-ekonomikuri diferenciaciis Sedegad aRzevebuli `msaxurni~ ki, rogorc Cans, msubuq cxenosan jarSi ibrZodnen (`simravle mxedarTa~).63 dabali fenis meomarTa raodenoba, bunebrivia, aRemateboda mcirericxovan didebulTa fenas da Sesabamisad mniSvnelovani roli unda Seesrulebina vaxtang gorgaslis samxedro kampaniebSi.64 sasanuri iranis qveiT jarze prokopi kesarieli aRniSnavs: `sacodav glexTa brbo, romelic brZolaSi iseTi miznebisTvis Tu erTveba, rogoricaa kedlis saZirkvlis gamoTxra da mkvdrebis gaZarcva, maTi mTavari daniSnuleba ki meomarTa (e.i cxenosnis) msaxurebaa~.65 sasanianTa qveiTi jaris did nawils Seadgenda paigani – saxalxo laSqari, SubebiTa da didi farebiT aRWurvili. maT SenaerTebs meTaurobdnen paigan-salarebi. paiganebi icavdnen aRals, saWurvelTmtvirTvelebad emsaxurebodnen savaranis (elituri SenaerTi) mxedrebs. qveiTebi brZolis dros mWidro rigebad ibrZodnen. maTi samxedro momzadebis done da sabrZolo morali dabali iyo, radgan isini ar iyvnen regularul samxedro samsaxurSi da maT ricxobriv odenobasac samxedro kampaniis masStabebi wyvetda. paiganebi gansakuTrebiT saWiro iyvnen qalaqebis alyis dros. gamorCeulad Zlier fexosan nawilebs Seadgendnen midielebi, romlebic jer kidev aqemenidebis droidan ganTqmulni 62 wurwumia, `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia~, 95. simon janaSias mixedviT, monaTmflobelurma wyobilebam saqarTveloSi fexi ver moikida da ver Camoyalibda formaciad. gvarovnuli wyobileba aq feodalizmma Caanacvla. janaSia, Sromebi, II, 131. 63 musxeliSvili, `socialuri viTareba IV-V saukuneebis qarTlSi~, 12. 64 armiis ZiriTadi kontigenti iyo saxalxo laSqari – Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedebi omSi sakuTari aRWurvilobiT gadiodnen. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 466. 65 Procopius, History of the Wars: Persian War, Book I, XIV (London, 1924), 22-30. 77 iyvnen qveiTi jariT, meSurduleebiTa da xelSubosnebiT. iranis armiaSi msaxurobdnen hefTaliTebi, quSanebi, dailamelebi, qurTebi, anatolielebi, albanelebi, aseve somxebi da iberielebi.66 sasanianTa dros irans hyavda mZimed aRWurvili qveiTi jaric. amiane marcelinusi maT SeiaraRebas `gladiatorebisas~ adarebs, zogadad ki maT `duraevroposis~ tips miakuTvneben.67 maT emosaT jaWvis perangi, muzaradi, hqondaTG farebi, maxvilebi da Subebi. iranelebi gansakuTrebiT gawafulebi iyvnen mSvildosnobaSi da xelCarTul brZolaSi Cabmas Soridan isris tyorcnas amjobinebdnen. iberiel qveiTebs ver SevadarebT romaul-bizantiur regularul qveiT samxedro nawilebs, romlebic romis jaris mTavar Zalas warmoadgendnen. isini kargad iyvnen aRWurvilebi, maRali sabrZolo Rirebulebac gaaCndaT da pirvelxarisxovani samxedro amocanebisTvis iyvnen gankuTvnilni, miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukunidan imperiis armiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili cxenosanma nawilebma daikaves, rac mZlavri kavaleriis mqone barbarosebTan brZolisTvis iyo saWiro. msubuqi mxedroba. `simravle mxedarTa~, romelic juanSeris mixedviT vaxtang gorgaslis jaris ariergards Seadgens alanebTan omSi, msubuq kavalerias warmoadgenda. maT Soris SeiZleba vivaraudoT rogorc mokavSire momTabare mxedrebi, aseve qarTlis saSualo fenidan gamosuli meomrebi, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT iseTi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, rogoric didebulTa fenas hqonda. isini 66 iranis Careva am qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi TandaTanobiT aqtiurdeboda. sakuTari kursis ganxorcieleba iranma axali saxis samxedro begariT daiwyo da V saukunis 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTlidan da albaneTidan cxenosani razmebi gaiwvia. am samxedro Zalas iranis xelisufleba umTavresad Sua aziaSi warmoebul brZolebSi iyenebda.A amierkavkasiis qveynebidan samxedro razmebis gayvana, garda iranis SesaZleblobaTa gazrdisa, sakuTriv somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis samxedro potencialis Semcirebas da Sesabamisad, sasanianTa winaaRmdeg SesaZlo gamosvlebis Sesustebas isaxavda miznad. iranis xelisuflebis cda, gaevrcelebina mazdeanoba im samxedro razmebSi, romelnic Sua aziaSi sasanianTa metoqeebs ebrZodnen, marcxiT dasrulda. m. lorTqifaniZe, `vaxtang gorgaslis diplomatiuri moRvaweobis istoriidan~, qarTuli diplomatia, 1 (1994), 79-80. 67 dura-evroposi iyo qalaqi siriaSi. Zv.w. II saukunidan dapyrobili hqonda parTias. 165 wels romaelebma daikaves. 256 wels qalaqi sasanianebma aiRes. duraevroposis taZrebisa da sasaxlis kedlebze saintereso moxatulobebi gvxvdeba, aseve, aq Catarebulia arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, ramac saSualeba misca istorikosebs emsjelaT rogorc qalaqis istoriaze, aseve romaelebisa da iranelebis sabrZolo SeiaraRebaze. gansakuTrebiT es ukanasknelia mniSvnelovani, radgan iranel qveiTTa aRWurvilobaze arcTu mdidari masala gagvaCnia. 78 unda yofiliyvnen ZiriTadad msaxurTa fenidan. msubuq kavaleriaSi iqneboda rogorc mSvildosan mxedarTa nawilebi, aseve xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRebiT aRWurvilnic. juanSeri alanebTan brZolisTvis momzadebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs – `mun mierTnen yovelni mefeni kavkasianni~.68 sainteresoa, vin iyvnen `mefeni kavkasianni~. savaraudod maT Soris unda yofiliyvnen qarTlis samefos mTis Tavisufali tomebi, romelTac xarkis gadaxdasTan erTad samxedro valdebulebac gaaCndaT.69 amaze metyvelebs isic, rom rodesac juanSeri vaxtangis Crdilokavkasiur laSqrobaze wers, `mefeni kavkasianni~ mefis jars kampaniis dasawyisSi (TianeTSi) uerTdebian anu isini ar modian CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da qarTveli mTielebi arian. amavdroulad juanSeri miuTiTebs, rom `mefeni kavkasianni~ mxedrobas axmaren vaxtangs – `ormocdaaT aTas mxedars~. ra Tqma unda, ricxvi gazrdilia, magram Cans, rom saqme cxenosan jarTan gvaqvs, Tumca marto am wyaroze dayrdnobiT Znelia vimsjeloT am laSqris Semadgenlobaze. Tu maT Soris moviazrebT moqiravne da iranis mokavSire momTabareebs, romlebic rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, varaz-bakuris Sekrebilebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen, maSin ufro advili iqneba `kavkasiel mefeTa~ jarze imis Tqma, rom maTi didi umravlesoba mxedroba iyo, magram es problematuri sakiTxia da aseTi msjelobis safuZveli TiTqmis ar gvaqvs. juanSeris mixedviT ufro Cans, rom eseni mTis xalxi iyvo, romelTac samxedro samsaxurisTvis gamohyavdaT meomrebi, magram isini ufro qveiTebad SeiZleba warmovidginoT, vidre cxenosnebad. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, warmatebuli is qarTveli mefeebi iyvnen, romlebic axerxebdnen Crdilokavkasiel xalxebTan samokavSireo urTierTobis damyarebas.70 iberielTa da moqiravnemokavSire sarmatTa da sxva Crdilo-kavkasiel tomTa erToblivi, warmatebuli moqmedebis nimuSad SegviZlia miviCnioT araqsispireTSi farsman I-s mier parTelebis damarcxeba, sadac iberTa mefes Tavisi samefos jaris garda sarmati, Crdilokavkasieli da albaneli meomrebi hyavda.71 68 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, 8. Меликишвили, К истории древней грузии, 466-7. 70 giuli alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 22. 71 tacitusi, analebi, VI, 34. gamyreliZe, omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi, 168. 69 79 cxenosan-moisarTa danayofebi arsebobda am periodis bizantiur jarSic. Sagittarii, rac adre qveiT mSvildosnebs niSnavda, axla cxenosan moisarTa saxelwodebac gaxda. aseTi kavaleriis arseboba aucilebeli iyo iranisa da Crdiloeli momTabare tomebis winaaRmdeg omebSi. sagitarebi SeiaraRebulebi iyvnen kompozituri mSvildebiT.72 VI saukunis samxedro traqtati – mavrikiosis `strategikoni~ aRwers, Tu ra unarebs unda flobdes da rogor unda moqmedebdes romauli cxenosan-moisarTa jari: `aucilebelia mSvildosani flobdes romauli an sparsuli meTodiT isris swrafad tyorcnas, rac mxedrisTvisac saWiroa. cxenosans unda SeeZlos gaWenebuli cxenidan isris zustad srola swrafad da miyolebiT, saWiroebisas mSvildis Cadeba kaparWSi da Subis momarjveba.73 amisTvis maTi mudmivi varjiSi aucilebelia~.74 prokopi kesarielis mixedviT kompozituri mSvildiT SeiaraRebuli aseTi mxedari im drois idealuri meomari iyo. jarebis ricxovnoba da `samxedro ekonomika~. juanSeri asaxelebs vaxtangis armiis raodenobas – `xolo vaxtang mouwoda yovelTa spaTa qarTlisada; da Semokrbes yovelni da daibanakes muxnars da xerks, amier da imier aragusa: da iyo asi aTasi mxedari75 da samoci aTasi queiTi~, rasac emateba varaz bakuris Tormeti aTasi da `kavkasiis mefeTa~ ormocdaaTi aTasi mxedari.76 es ricxvebi ar Seesabameba arc antikurobis da arc Sua saukuneebis armiebis saSualo da Tundac J. C. Coulston, “Roman Archery Equipment,” in The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment, Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, ed. M.C. Bishop (Oxford, 1985), 220-366. 73 es teqsti Seesabameba romauli hipo-toqsotebis aRwerilobas, romlebsac mSvild-isris garda SeiaraRebaSi Subic hqondaT. 74 Маврикий, Тактика и Стратегия, Книга первая, глава I: Как следовало бы вести одиночное обучение воинов (С.-Петербург, 1903). [el- versia: www.libgen.org]. 75 cnobisTvis, iranis armiis mxolod 1/10 iyo mZime kavaleria. Франко Кардини, Истоки Средневекового Рыцарства. [el-versia: www.libgen.org]. es monacemebi ewinaaRmdegeba k. kacitaZis ricxvsac, romelic Tvlida, rom iberiis jarSi 4-5 aTasi katafraqti iqneboda. kaxa kacitaZe, katafraqtebi Zvel iberiaSi. sasanianTa irans Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi 12 000-mde cxenosani jari ugrovdeboda, romlis mniSvnelovan nawils katafraqtebi warmoadgendnen, magram 4-5 aTasi katafraqti patara da mcirericxovani elitis mqone qveynisTvis did ricxvad Cans. 76 am ricxvebs gazviadebulad Tvlis j. SaraSeniZec, Tumca fiqrobs, rom es monacemebi mniSvnelovania, radgan kargad Cans am epoqaSi sagareo omebSi cxenosanTa raodenobrivi simravle qveiTebTan SedarebiT. jemal SaraSeniZe, omebiada (Tbilisi, 2011), 170. 72 80 maqsimalur standartebs. rogorc mosaxleobis, ise imdroindeli armiebis ricxovnobis gamoangariSeba rTuli saqmea. am mxriv didad mniSvnelovania demografiuli faqtoric. profesori j. raseli Sua saukuneebis demografiis kargad Seswavlis Sedegad daaxloebiT asaxelebs balkaneTis, apeninis, pireneis naxevarkunZulebis, dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebis, slavebisa da ungrelebis mosaxleobis ricxovnobas, rac V saukunis bolosTvis erTianobaSi 27,5 milions Zlivs aRwevs.77 evropis mosaxleobis Semcireba gansakuTrebiT antoninusebis dinastiis dros Savi Wiris gavrcelebas, kiprianis Wirsa da III saukunis kriziss78 ukavSirdeba. karlos didis mefobis periodSi evropelTa ricxvi 25-dan 30 milionamde meryeobs.79 hans delbruki werda: `Zalian rTulia didi raodenobis xalxis zusti ricxovnobis dadgena. es arc mTavarsardlisTvis aris iseTi advili, rogorc Cveulebriv fiqroben. TiTqos Cans, rom umcrosi meTaurebis moxsenebebis miRebis Sedegad SeiZleba meTauriTvis Tavisi laSqris zusti raodenobis gageba, magram aq Cndeba kiTxvac – sworia ki es moxsenebebi? metad rTulia gansazRvro da mudam wesrigSi gqondes informacia mwyobrSi myof, daWril, daRupul Tu daTxovil samxedroebze~.80 Sua saukuneebis avtorTa cifrebis sandoobisa da imdroindeli armiebis realuri sidideebis Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi uzarmazari literatura arsebobs. am sakiTxs hans delbrukis Semdeg mravali mkvlevari Seexo, romelTa naSromebSic Sua saukuneebis qronikebis `saerTo avadmyofobis~, armiaTa sididis gazviadebis 77 Josiah C. Russell, “The Middle Ages: Population in Europe,” in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla, vol. I (Glasgow, 1972), 25-71. balkaneTi – 5, italia – 4, espaneTportugalia – 4, safrangeTi (da das. evropis mcire qveynebi) – 5, britaneTis kunZulebi – 0,5; germania-skandinavia – 3,5; slavebi – 5, ungreTi – 0,5 milioni. 78 mesame saukunis krizisi – periodi, rodesac romis imperiaSi erTdroulad moxda mravali damangreveli movlena – Savi Wiri, samoqalaqo omebi da barbarosebis Semosevebi. krizisis sawyisad iTvleba imperator aleqsandre severusis (22235) mkvleloba, rasac 50 wliani SinaaSliloba mohyva, radgan am droSi 20-25 pretendenti ibrZoda saimperatoro ZalauflebisTvis. amave dros imperias gamoeyo galia da britaneTi postumusis (260-69) meTaurobiT, aseve palmira – siriis, egviptisa da palestinis provinciebiT. imperatorma avrelianem (270-75) kvlav gaaerTiana imperia, kriziss ki bolo diokletianes reformebma (285-305) mouRo. 79 Russell, “Population in Europe,” 25-71. 80 Г. Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I (СанктПетербург, 2001), 1688. 81 tendenciis arseboba araerTxel aRiniSna. xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis periodSi aseTi gazrdili ricxvebi mravlad gvxvdeba. amis magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT trebelius polionis, amiane marcelinusis da sxva istorikosTa monacemebi.81 soso margiSvili bizantiuri samxedro traqtatebisa da Tanamedrove samxedro istorikosTa gamoTvlebis mixedviT adgens, rom aseTi mravalricxovani, 200 000-iani jari moZraobisas samasamde kilometrze gaiSleba.82 im drois samxedro marTvis sistemasa da komunikaciebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom aseTi armiis marTva warmoudgeneli iqneboda.83 cxenosani jaris SemTxvevaSi samarSo kolonis sigrZe kidev ufro gaizrdeboda, radgan marSis dros or mxedars Soris minimum 4 metris daSoreba mainc unda yofiliyo84. amas daemateboda warCinebul cxenosan meomarTa sazidrebi, romelTa raodenoba Raribi qveiTi jaris jariskacebisgan gansxvavebiT didi iyo. miviRebT uzarmazar manZilze gaWimul jars. aseT dros swrafi komunikacia SeuZlebelia, ucxo qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sursaTis Segroveba da armiis momarageba TiTqmis gamoricxulia; Rrmad SeWris dros jaris didi nawili aucilebelia sakomunikacio gzebis dasacavad. Tavs iCens uamravi problema, maT Soris dizinteriisa da sxva daavadebebisa, romelic yvelaze xSirad mravalricxovan armiebSi Cndeboda. amas garda, arsebobs mravali sxva faqtori, rac warmoudgenels xdis vaxtangis armiis mravalricxovnobis realurobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iberiis samefos potenciali, romelic xSirad xdeboda momTabare tomebisa da mezobeli imperiebis reidebis msxverpli, im droisTvis sakmaod unda yofiliyo Semcirebuli. amas gamoakldeboda is meomrebic, romlebic samefos dasacavad iyvnen saWironi da mudam garnizonebad unda mdgariyvnen TavdacviT punqtebSi.85 gviandeli xanis romauli armiis ricxovnobis dasadgenad orgvar 81 iqve. 100 aTasi qveiTis da 100 aTas cxenosnis kolona 137-150 kilometrze gaiWimeboda, armiis sazidrebis gaTvaliswinebiT ki samarSo kolonis sigrZe 267-300 km miaRwevda. margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 244. 83 iqve. 84 iqve. 85 CrdiloeT kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi, egrisis sazRvari, iranis xelSi myofi albaneTis sasazRvro zoli. 82 82 Sesabamis monacemebs viyenebT – im ricxvebs, romelsac literaturuli wyaroebi gvawvdian da cnobebs armiis SenaerTebis Sesaxeb Notitia Dignitatum-dan, riTac vcdilobT armiis raodenobis saerTo suraTis warmodgenas da zogadi monacemebis dadgenas.86 rodesac romis imperatori iuliane gandgomilma Tavisi kampania daiwyo sasanianTa winaaRmdeg da dagegma maTi dedaqalaqis – qtesifonis dakaveba, 708087 aTas jariskacs mouyara Tavi da esec sakmaod gazrdil ricxvad moCans. Tu romis im droindel mdgomareobas ganvixilavT, imperatori valdebuli iyo daetovebina didi raodenobiT garnizonebi, raTa misi sparsuli kampaniis periodSi sazRvrebi daculi yofiliyo. IV saukunis romis imperias ki, romelic ZiriTadad Tavdacvaze iyo gadasuli da Zlivs akavebda barbarosTa Setevebs, uwevda mudmivad yoloda Limitanei-s anu rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mesazRvreTa legionebi, imperatori ki laSqrobebSi Comitatenses iyenebda. adrianopolis did brZolaSi 378 wels imperator valensis xelqveiT myofi aRmosavleT romauli armiis ricxovnoba 15-2088 dan 25-3089 aTasamde meryeobs.90 hans delbruki eWvis qveS ayenebs Notitia Dignitatum-Si dasaxelebul armiaTa ricxovnobebs da Tvlis, rom maTi saxelwodeba da raodenoba am droisTvis mxolod qaRaldzeRa arsebobda, realurad ki bevrad mZime mdgomareoba iyo, gansakuTrebiT limitanebSi, romelTa didi nawili gaiTqvifa da gardaiqmna adgilobriv mosaxleobad, romelTac samxedro kampaniis warmoebisas da laSqrobebisas veRar gamoiyenebdnen.91 III saukuneSi romis imperiis meomarTa sruli ricxvi saxmeleTo Zalebis 350 000 meomari da 40 000 mezRvauri iyo, xolo diokletianesa da konstantines dros naxevar milionamde miaRwia. Tumca erTdroulad, erTi kampaniisaTvis gacilebiT naklebi ricxvis jariskacebis Tavmoyra xerxdeboda. jaris dasaxelebuli raodenoba imperiis uzarmazari teritoriisaTvis realuria, magram konkretuli samxedro kampaniis sawarmoeblad bevrad 86 A. D. Lee, War in Late Antiquity: A Social History (Oxford, 2007), 74. G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (Cambridge, 1978), 108. a. li iulianes armiis raodenobas 65 000 meomriT gansazRvravs. Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 76. 88 MacDowall, Adrianopole, 59. IV saukunisTvis savele armiebi 15-dan 30 aTasamde meomars moicavdnen. Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 76. 89 Stephen Williams, J. G. P. Friell, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay (New Haven, 1995), 177. 90 valensma Sekriba saukeTeso armia, rac ki SeiZleboda gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, damarcxda am qaotur brZolaSi da gardaicvala. John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York, 1993), 185. 91 Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I, 1713-4. 87 83 naklebi Zalis mobilizeba iyo SesaZlebeli. 50 000 meomari uzarmazar armias warmoadgenda da romis imperatorebs Zalian uWirdaT aseTi Zalis Tavmoyra. ukve IX-X saukuneebSi ki bizantiaSi saimperatoro armiis standartuli sidide 24 200 meomrisgan Sedgeboda.92 somxebsa da sasanianebs Soris avarairTan momxdar brZolaSi, bevri wyaro zRaprulad did ricxvebs93 gvawvdis, magram Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis Sedegad es ricxvebi Semcirda da realurs miuaxlovda.94 prokopi kesarielis mixedviT iranuli wesis mixedviT omSi mimavali armia mefis win Caivlida, romlis winac bevri kalaTa idga. TiToeuli jariskaci erT isars agdebda kalaTSi, ris Semdegac kalaTebSi Cayril isrebs Tvlidnen. rodesac jari brundeboda laSqrobidan, isev Caivlida mefis win dalagebul kalaTebTan da TiToeuli erT isars amoiRebda. darCenili isrebis raodenobiT sazRvravdnen samxedro danakargebs. jaris ricxovnobis gamoTvlis es wesi delbrukma fanstastikad da ararealurad miiCnia.95 iranuli armiebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebi arcTu bevri gvaqvs da umetesoba VI saukunisa da VII saukunis pirveli naxevrisaa, rodesac sasanelebi islamur xalifats ebrZodnen. bizantiis winaaRmdeg satalasTan gamarTul brZolaSi mermeroes 30 aTasamde jariskaci hyavda.96 valajis gadamwyvet brZolaSi 633 wels iranelebs 40 aTasi meomari unda hyolodaT.97 iranelTa dauZinebeli mtrebis, hefTaliTebisa da kidaritebis samxedro Zalebi sxvadasxva, Два Византийских Военных Трактата конца Х века (СПб, 2002), 237. X-XI saukuneebSi bizantiam mxolod erTxel, manaskertis brZolis dros SeZlo ufro didi armiis organizeba, romlis raodenobac 40-60 aTasi meomris farglebSi ivaraudeba. margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 240; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994), 152. 93 TiTqos 120 000 sasaniani meomari sabrZolo spiloebiT da 20 000 somexi mokavSire ebrZoda 66 000 ajanyebul somexs, romelTac vardan mamikoniani sardlobda. Егише, О Вардане и войне армянской, перевод с древнеармянского акад. И.А. Орбели, подготовка к изданию, предисловие и примечания К.Н. Юзбашяна (Ереван, 1971), гл. 5. 94 Simon Payaslian, The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present (New York, 2007), 44. sasanur irans am droisTvis 12 000-iani jari hyavda, 578 wels ki saerTo jamSi 58 000-mde meomris gamoyvanis potenciali gaaCnda, rac gamoricxavs brZolis velze erTbaSad amdeni meomris Tavmoyras. A. Sh. Shahbazi, “Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 (1986), 489-99. 95 Дельбрюк, История военного искусства в рамках политической истории, Том I, 1688-9. 96 Geoffrey Greatrex and Samuel N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II: AD 363-630 (London, 2002), 88-91. 97 A. I. Akram, The Sword of Allah, Khalid bin al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns (Karachi, 1970), 62. 92 84 maT Soris Cinuri wyaroebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 6 aTas meomars utoldeboda, magram aseTi raodenobis jari sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom sastikad gaenadgurebina sasaniani Sahebi iezdigerd II da perozi.98 rTulia adrefeodaluri periodis momTabare tomTa jaris raodenobis gansazRvrac, romlebTanac qarTvelebsac xSirad uwevdaT dapirispireba. istoriuli wyaroebi maT uzarmazar ricxvze saubroben, magram rogorc Cans, arc es Seesabameba simarTles. avarTa momTabare tomisa da bizantiis jars Soris brZola viminaciumTan 599 wels avarTa sastiki marcxiT da TiTqmis sruli ganadgurebiT dasrulda da maT 28 000 meomramde dakarges.99 momTabareTa ricxovnobebis Sesafaseblad mniSvnelovania im faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, rom yvela mozrdili momTabare meomari an potenciuri meomari iyo, rodesac civilizebul samyaroSi samxedro sazogadoeba mTeli mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seadgenda. erTiani raodenobiT momTabareebi bevrad CamorCebodnen mudmivmosaxle xalxebs, magram procentulad samxedro mobilizaciisas meti meomris gamoyvana SeeZloT.100 gadamwyvetia cxenebis faqtoric: mesaqonle momTabareebisTvis yovelTvis mniSvnelovani iyo iseT teritoriaze dasaxleba, sadac kargi saZovrebi iyo – aseTi ki stepebi gaxldaT. jaris gamosayvanad da mis SesanarCuneblad gvian antikur xanaSi, iseve rogorc nebismier sxva istoriul epoqaSi, mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri saxsrebi, komunikaciis sistema da momarageba iyo saWiro. miuxedavad imisa, rom meomari ZiriTadad Tavad imaragebda iaraRs, tanisamoss da zogjer mcireoden sursaTsac, xangrZliv kampaniebs erTiani momarageba da didi finansuri saxsrebi sWirdeboda. meomarTa Sesanaxad garkveul rols TamaSobda samxedro nadavli, adgilze Segrovebuli sanovage da mtris damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi fuladi kontribucia. mtrisgan sargeblis miRebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma nadavlis saxiT waRebuli simdidre iyo, rac im epoqaSi rogorc materialur, ise adamianur resursebs gulisxmobda. omis gziT ekonomikuri resursebis miRebis ufro xangrZlivi gza ki teritoriebis dapyroba da dapyrobili xalxebisTvis gadasaxadebis daweseba iyo, Tumca 98 E. Chavannes, Documents sur Les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux (Paris, 1903), 223. J. B. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire, From Arcadius to Irene, 395 A.D. to 800 A.D. (London, 1889), 140-1. 100 Hugh Kennedy, John Keegan, Mongols, Huns and Vikings: Nomads at War (London, 2002), 18-9. 99 85 aseT SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi Tanxebis gaReba gaxdeboda saWiro im garnizonebisTvis, romelTac dakavebuli miwis dacva da SenarCuneba evalebodaT.101 momTabare hunebi, alanebi da sxva tomebi nadavlis saxiT mopovebul simdidres aniWebdnen upiratesobas, radgan maTi momTabaruli cxovrebis wesi, TavdacviTi arqiteqturis winaaRmdeg brZolis arcodna da Zlier poziciebze mdgar, momzadebul mterTan Setakeba arcTu saxarbielod eCvenebodaT. maTi taqtika gulisxmobda moulodnel, swraf Tavdasxmas daucvel adgilebze, Zarcvas, nadavlis mogrovebas da Semdeg TavianT stepebSi ise dabrunebas, rom mters ar moeswro armiis Sekreba da maTi brZolaSi CaTreva. sparselebi gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas uTmobdnen mtris teritoriidan rac SeiZleba didi nadavlis waRebas, brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg ki didi raodenobiT tyveebis ayvanas, romelTac iranSi asaxlebdnen samSeneblo da sxva saxis saqmianobaSi gamosayeneblad. sabolood, ra SegviZlia vTqvaT vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodis qarTlis samxedro potencialze? samwuxarod arc arqeologiuri da arc dokumenturi masala ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom am sakiTxze farTod vimsjeloT. juanSerTan dasaxelebuli fantastikuri ricxvebi amisTvis ar gamogvadgeba, lazar farpecTan ki Cans, rom qarTls mcirericxovani jari hyavs. vaxtang gorgasali mxolod hunebisa da somxebis imedzea da ver bedavs iranel sardlebTan mihransa da artnarsehTan SebrZolebas. farpecis mixedviT vahan mamikoniani mxolod imitom Tanxmdeba vaxtangis winadadebas ajanyebis erToblivad dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom qarTlis mefe pirdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiidan hunebis mravalricxovani jaris gadmoyvanas. `calke qarTli susti qveyanaa da mxedrobiT mcirericxovani,~102 – ase afasebs qarTlis Zalas lazar farpeci. gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva faqtorebic, kerZod, ekonomikurad arcTu kargi mdgomareoba – xarki iranisTvis, hunebisa da alanebis Semosevebi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sewyveta, monetis moWris SeCereba da sxva. farpecis wyarodan naTlad Cans, rom gavlenian didebulTa nawili ar emorCileba vaxtangis Zalauflebas, gansakuTrebiT gogarenes pitiaxSebi103 qmnidnen amgvar 101 Lee, War in Late Antiquity, 102. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 246. 103 gogarene qarTlis samefos Semadgeneli vrceli teritoria iyo da misi mmarTveli pitiaxSebi uZlieresebad iTvlebodnen erisTavTa Soris. qarTlis samxedro potencials Zalian daasustebda gogarenes gandgoma. qarTlis dasustebis 102 86 problemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi vaxtangi axerxebs varsqen pitiaxSis Tavidan mocilebas, dawyebuli ajanyebis sastiki marcxis erT-erTi mizezi aramarto hunebis gadmoyvanis uSedego mcdeloba iyo, aramed didebulebis Ralatic. aseT pirobebSi Zneli warmosadgenia qarTlis mefe mZlavri laSqris saTaveSi. Tu mefes hyavda sakUuTari gvardia, es misi saukeTeso Zalebi unda yofiliyo, magram regularulad aseTi SenaerTis Senaxva ekonomikurad dasustebul saxelmwifos gauWirdeboda. qveiTebi SedarebiT didi raodenobiT iqnebodnen warmodgenilni, magram maT naklebi sabrZolo Rirebuleba gaaCndaT, vidre mZimed aRWurvil didebulebs. l. janaSias mixedviT am droisTvis yalibdeboda axali sazogadoebrivi fena `taZreulebi~ (spars. Tacara – sasaxle) – msaxureulis privilegirebuli fena,104 romelTac qveiTebze ukeTesi SeiaraReba hqonodaT da cxenosan jarSi msaxurobdnen, Tumca V saukuneSi mxolod maTi genezisi mimdinareobda. rac Seexeba moqiravne jars, es damokidebuli iyo qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am mxriv V saukuneSi iberia arcTu Zlieri gaxldaT, amitom mravalricxovan moqiravne nawilebs ver vivaraudebT. juanSeris aRweril Crdilokavkasiur laSqrobaSic ki, miuxedavad misi naxevradzRaprulobisa, ikveTeba, rom vaxtangis Zalebis sakmaod did nawils varaz-bakuris iranuli nawilebi da mokavSire `mefeni kavkasianni~ Seadgenen. farpecis mixedviT Cans, rom vaxtangs samasamde mokavSire (an moqiravne) huni hyavda. es jari imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis rom, rodesac isini droebiT somxebs gaugzavna, raTa daerwmunebina isini danapirebi hunebis gadmoyvanaSi, maleve moiTxova maTi ukan dabruneba. moyvanili faqtebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT qarTlis samxedro potenciali, rogorc sakmaod mcirericxovani. ase rom, lazar farpecis mier qarTlis mxedrobis sisustis aRniSvna, TiTqmis zustad migvaCnia. Tu zemoT aRniSnul ricxovnobebs da epoqis Sesabamis jaris gamoyvanis sistemebs gadavxedavT, SegviZlia qarTlis samxedro potenciali daaxloebiT 20 aTas mebrZolamde vivaraudoT. xanaSi Zv.w. II - ax.w. I s. pirvel naxevarSi somxeTis samefoTa damaarseblebma artaqsiam da zariadrem iberias samxreTi provinciebi xorzene da gogarene waarTves; manamde, apolodoris cnobiT, somxeT-saqarTvelos araqsi hyofda. janaSia, Sromebi, II, 176. 104 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 108. 87 Army organization and administration in the early Medieval Georgia: The era of Vakhtang Gorgasali Nika Khoperia Summary King Vakhtang Gorgasali was the last great ruler of Iberia and the most inluential political and military igure in the southern Caucasia in the second half of the ifth century. Precise dates of Vakhtang’s reign are still debated, with Ivane Javakhishvili assigning them to c. 449-502, Vakhtang Goiladze referring to Vakhtang’s death in 482 and Cyril Toumanoff suggesting 447-522. Vakhtang Gorgasali’s era remains popular with researchers and hence the numerous works on this period. Yet, very few existing studies concentrate on military history, which remains largely ignored. One of the challenges of studing military history of this period lays in the absense of suficient archeological and primary sources. Existing foreign sources are not always helpful in understanding local realitiy in Iberia. Nevertheless, in this paper, we have attempted to gather and reconcile all available evidence and sources related to the ifth century military history of Iberia. Among these sources the most important is Juansher’s Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali (LVG). Juansher’s work contains numerous details on Vakhtang’s campaigns, including his conquest of North Caucasus and campaigns against the Byzantines and the Sassanids. Yet it also contains numerous laws and exaggerations and requires careful textual analysis. Another important source is the ifth century Armenian chronicler Ghazar Parpetsi’s History of Armenia, which contains interesting insights about the rebelion of Iberia and Armenia against the Sassanid Empire in 482. Vakhtang Gorgasali led this rebellion and Parpetsi offers a fascinating portrait of the Iberian king, his diplomacy and relationships with Armenians and Huns, as well as details about Iberia’s military potential and the course of the anti-Sassanid rebellion. We have also consulted other medieval chronicles, including Moses of Chorene’s History of Armenia and Georgian hagiographies – Martyrdom of Saint Shushaniki, Life of Assyrian saints, Martyrdom of Abo Tileli and life of Gobron that do not directly discuss military events but contains crucial details pertaining to political history of the early medieval Iberian kingdom. For the study of military history in antiquity and the early medieval ages and to compare Persian, Byzantine and nomad people (Alans, Huns and etc.) warfare to Iberian, we have used primary and archeological sources, for example Emperor Maurice’s Strategikon, 88 Procopius’s De Bellis, Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, Yeghishe Vardapet’s History of Vardan and the Armenian War for the episodes of Armenian military history. All that works are very important to understand the art of war in the late antiquity period. In examining Iberian armament of late antiquity, we must rely on archeological evidence from Kldeeti, Balghani, Tagiloni, etc. that include a variety of spears, swords, arrows and other weapons employed by Iberian infantrymen and horsemen. Yet, there still remains a challenge of exploring heavy cavalry equipment, most notably that of the Iberian cataphracts. The use of cataphracts in Iberia is a subject of continues debate because there are no reliable evidence to support it. In describing Vakhtang Gorgasali’s campaign in North Caucasus, LVG offers a suficiently detailed account of battle against the Alans, which describes armour and tactics of the irst line of the Iberian army that resemble those of the Cataphracts. Horse armour and some types of mail and lamellar armour had been discovered in various parts of Georgia. This type of armour was used mainly by the Iberian aristocracy (Pitiakhshi, Sepetsuli, Spaspeti, Eristavi and etc.) because it was too expensive for levies (Tsurili eri) and servants (Msakhureuli), who served as light infantry and light cavalry. According to medieval chronicles, heavy cavalry was the main attacking power of the Iberian army and fought in the irst ranks. This tactic resembles Roman and Sassanid cataphract tactics which were used in many battles of early medieval age. Kings of Iberia also had a royal guard – Rcheuli Mkhedrebi. According to G. Melikishvili, members of the royal family – Sepetsuli must be a commanders of royal guard. Other units of Iberian army – light horseman (Simravle Mkhedarta) and infantry (Mkvirckhli erisai) were armed only with slings, spears, daggers, axes and bows. They wore no armour except shields, probably of round or quadrangular shapes. According to Juansher, light infantry fought in the second rank of Iberian army and attacked in the wake of heavy cavalry, whose mission was to penetrate and break enemy lines; light cavalry was probably used to protect lanks. Infantry represented the largest part of the Iberian army, followed by the msakhureuli light cavalry, while heavy cavalry accounted for a smallest share. According to LVG, Vakhtang Gorgasali’s forces counted more than 160 thousand soldiers but this claim is clearly exaggerated. Iberian state faced major logistical and communication challenges and according to Ghazar Parpetsi Iberia was a weak realm with limited military potential. In contemplating rebellion against Iran, Vakhtan was compelled to solicit help of the Huns and Armenians and the former’s failure to arrive to the battleield resulted in the defeat of the combined Armeno-Iberian forces. In conclusion, if we analyse all of the historical data what we have about 4th-6th centuries AD and military systems of Early Middle Ages, we can get full military potential of Iberia between 15-20 thousand soldier.