11 September Attacks

Questo studio si propone di analizzare alcune recenti dinamiche della
geopolitica dell'energia, focalizzando la trattazione degli argomenti sul
contesto e sulle fattispecie che compongono il quadro di costituzione del
partenariato energetico sino-iracheno, venuto in essere in un particolare
momento storico per la regione mediorientale, il ritorno in patria delle
truppe statunitensi alla fine della seconda Guerra del Golfo (2011).

Les infirmières représentent la profession de santé la plus exercée en France. Les 110 000 infirmières libérales constituent un maillage dense et cohérent. Leur mode d'exercice et leur niveau de formation en font un élément essentiel pour la réingénierie de la chaîne des secours en situation de crise. Polyvalentes, organisées, douées d'une discipline confraternelle imposée par une inscription forte dans un parcours de soins aux multiples intervenants, les infirmières libérales sont capables de faire face rapidement à l'onde de choc d'une situation exceptionnelle impliquant de nombreuses victimes.

The attacks of 11 September 2001 and the War on Terror that has arisen in their wake have left an indelible imprint on contemporary cinema, as has the manner in which they have been covered in the media. Such is equally true of films that are set in the ancient world, and this article takes Alejandro Amenábar's film Agora as a case study for considering how 9/11 has impacted visualizations of antiquity in popular cinema. How the images and stereotypes of the War on Terror are grafted onto antiquity is considered through a discussion of the film's depiction of pagans, Christians, and Jews, respectively, and particular scenes are analyzed as emblemizing the director's political leanings and distinctly contemporary filmic approach.

Les attaques du 11 septembre 2001 et la guerre au terrorisme qui s'en est suivie ont laissé une empreinte indélébile sur le cinéma contemporain, de même que la manière dont ces événements ont été couverts dans les médias. Cette constatation vaut égale-ment pour les films qui se déroulent dans l'ancien monde. À partir du film Agora d'Alejandro Amenábar, cet article se propose d'évaluer comment le 11 septembre a influencé les représentations de l'Antiquité dans le cinéma populaire. La manière dont les images et les stéréotypes de la guerre au terrorisme ont été appliqués à l'Antiquité est considérée au moyen d'une discussion sur les représentations respec-tives des païens, des chrétiens et des juifs dans le film. Certaines scènes sont aussi analysées comme étant représentatives des tendances politiques du réalisateur, ainsi que de l'approche filmique clairement contemporaine.

Undoubtedly, the tragedy of September 11, 2001 has been an unprecedented visual event. And yet, as was pointed out by an article published in Esquire in 2003, " in the most photographed and videotaped day in the history of the world, the images of people jumping were the only images that became, by consensus, taboo. " This taboo looks like the other side of what Allen Feldman calls a " temporal therapy " : " the audience was being given temporal therapy by witnessing a mechanical sequence of events, over and over, which restored the linearity of time, which had been suspended with the assaults. " Still, images like the photograph that is well-known under the title of " Falling Man " could be, thanks to their peculiar temporality, a good antidote against this " temporal therapy, " which aims at the formation of a specific " collective memory, and therefore of collective forgetfulness. " On top of a study on this kind of pictures, this paper will take into account the late Merleau-Ponty's idea of a mutual precession of reality and images as a useful tool for understanding the peculiar tem-porality of such pictures. Keywords 9/11 – jumpers – tragic images – iconoclasm – precession – linearity … The questions that need to be asked of images in our time […] are not just what they mean and what they do. We must also ask how they live and move, how they evolve and mutate, and what sorts of needs, desires,

À quoi renvoie notre sidération face aux tueries perpétrées dans Paris le 13 novembre 2015 ? Comment expliquer l’ampleur de la réaction aux attentats de Charlie Hebdo et de l’Hyper Cacher ? Poser ces questions, c’est chercher à comprendre ce que vit une société lorsqu’elle se trouve mise à l’épreuve d’attaques terroristes. C’est tenter d’élucider ce qui fait que des millions de personnes se sentent concernées par ce qui arrive bien qu’elles n’aient de lien direct avec aucune des victimes. En sociologue, Gérôme Truc éclaire ces récents événements en revenant sur la façon dont les individus ordinaires que nous sommes ont vécu et ont répondu aux attentats du 11-Septembre, du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid et du 7 juillet 2005 à Londres. Analysant les discours politiques et les images médiatiques, les manifestations de solidarité et les minutes de silence, ainsi que des dizaines de milliers de messages adressés aux victimes, son enquête révèle toute l’ambivalence de notre rapport aux attentats islamistes. Et met au jour les ressorts de cette solidarité qui, dans nos sociétés individualistes, finit par se dire à la première personne du singulier plutôt que du pluriel : « Je suis Charlie », « Je suis Paris ».

What does the shockwave after the November 13th massacres in Paris reveal? How can we explain the extent of the reaction to the attacks on Charlie Hebdo and the Kosher Hypermarket? To ask these questions is to attempt to understand what happens to a society that finds itself facing the ordeal of terrorist attacks; to try to comprehend what makes millions of people feel concerned by the events, even though they have no direct link with any of the victims. In sociological terms, Géréme Truc elucidates the recent events by recalling how ordinary people, like us, experienced and responded to the 9/11 attacks, or those in Madrid on March 11, 2004, or July 7, 2005 in London. Analysing the political speeches and media images, the demonstrations of solidarity and minutes of silence observed, as well as the tens of thousands of messages sent to the victims, his investigation reveals all the ambivalence of our relation to lslamist attacks. (To be published in English by Polity Press in 2017.)

https://www.puf.com/content/Sid%c3%a9rations_Une_sociologie_des_attentats

On the Transmigration of Souls, an orchestral work written and published by Adams in 2002, facilitates human recovery from a different angle than composers have previously taken in pre-September 11th memorial music. Instead of merely commemorating the tragic events of that day, Adams sought to take the audience through a complete process of grieving, and then go even farther. He hoped to help them remember what happened, acknowledge their hurt, and then begin to move beyond it, or “transmigrate” in a unique and highly individualized way. Instead of composing with the intent that each audience member will feel a specific emotion, Adams leaves space for each person to be alone with his or her thoughts. His primary goal was that the emotions felt by each individual should be genuinely his or her own. He successfully creates this new form of expression through the use of various modern compositional techniques, the manipulation of time and text, the creation of musical space, and the allowance for an individual experience full of meditation and introspection.

Publisher: BBC News
Date: 2004

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3032147.stm

Bush Doctrine, Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Fascism, George W. Bush, Iraq War, National Security State, Neo-Conservatives, Osama Bin Laden, Paul Wolfowitz, Pre-emptive War, Project for the New American Century, PNAC, Regime Change, Saddam Hussein, September 11th Attacks, Terrorism, U.S. Empire, U.S. Foreign Policy, War On Terror

These "Interventions" were submitted by participants in the University of Michigan's International Institute Summer Seminar, “Sacred Spaces and Heretical Knowledge: National Universities and Global Publics” (August 2002) in response to the original position paper written by David William Cohen and Michael Kennedy, and published in the volume Responsibility in Crisis: Knowledge Politics and Global Publics, edited by David William Cohen and Michael D. Kennedy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

At the National September 11 Memorial Museum, the material culture of everyday life infuses the heart of a story in which ordinary people, on an otherwise unexceptional workday, were thrust into the vortex of a global event. Within the Museum, objects serve as proxies for the thousands of individuals that confronted drastic choices. Personal possessions recovered in the wreckage and objects that speak to a victim’s life, are especially poignant when their meaning is explained by loved ones.

This chapter explores the complex issues of curatorial practice, collection building and memorialization of shared traumatic experience. It also addresses some of the digital culture related to 9/11, and how the unification of the material and digital and use of technology in the museum space, offer unique opportunities for storytelling, and memorialization of victims of mass violence. Although the National September 11 Memorial Museum chronicles an event of continuing global consequence, this chapter seeks to emphasize the importance of gathering evidence of the human impact of any disruptive contemporaneous event that is emotionally sensitive, politically charged and historically unsettled.

In the past, military power was the only decisive factor in the “balance of power” among nations. Its strength ensured their expansion and influence while its weakness precipitated their fall and disintegration. Though, it is still an important element, many other factors like economy, ideology, political stability, statesmanship and diplomacy have played substantial role in determining the status of a country among the comity of nations in this globalized world.
        The World Order has been more dynamic due to the unprecedented developments in international affairs in the last century-ranging from multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. The US has enjoyed unilateral and unparalleled status in the international affairs. But as history repeats itself, the might of American power is visibly diminishing due to neoconservative and imperialistic policies, and new centers of power are emerging to shape the “multipolar world order”.1
      This essay is a study on the effects of the international terrorist organization of the world system. I will focus on how countries changed the security policy together with the effect of the terrorist activities. The 9/11 attacks showed how a small investment by terrorists could cause extraordinary level of damage. 
        Firstly we will focus on how was the world order before the collapse of Soviet Union and 11/9 Attacks. We will see how the international system is changed after the collapse of Soviet Union. I will discuss about ‘New World Order’.  In chapter two, we will look at the international system after the attacks. How it changed? What are the new actors of International Relations? What is the important thing for regional powers to become more powerful? Then, in chapter three, we will focus on some scholar’s comments about effect of 9/11 attacks on the international world politics. Chapter four will show us how are the security perceptions changing with 9/11 attacks. Last Chapter will show us the general idea of the essay.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare the evolution of key counterterrorism
legislations passed into law by the governments of the United States and
United Kingdom after 9/11 that have allowed for enhanced surveillance methods to be
carried out. To begin, the debate surrounding a ‘definition of terrorism’ and the
influence it has in the development and implantation of counter-terror laws has been
discussed. Moving on, the legislations primarily scrutinized within are the PATRIOT
Act of the US and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act of the UK. This paper
goes further to investigate the relationship and effects these new laws have had in
regards to human rights privacy provisions in both states, legal cases that have
challenged them and the debate between state security over the protection of rights, as
well as public opinion on this debate. This study is a literature-based review that has
highlighted contributions made to this area by academic experts, as well as judicial
outcomes and opinions, statistical research conducted by human right activist groups
and scholarly articles. The conclusion of this paper draws on the point that without
the ECtHR as an external regulator, the UK might well place state security of human
rights, as the US is perceived in doing. The concluding remarks also provide
recommendations for future research on this topic.

The Secret War marks a new direction in the cultural history and theory of intelligence gathering and state secrecy in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. While historical truth remains hidden from the public, Eva Horn finds in political fiction, which serves as both an indicator and a tool, a means to analyze political secrets. Starting with a general theory of treason and military intelligence as a specific type of political knowledge, the book charts the history of intelligence gathering from 1900 to 9/11. The Secret War analyzes literary and cinematic depictions of espionage from Rudyard Kipling and T. E. Lawrence to John Le Carré and Steven Spielberg. Horn considers these fictional accounts against the historical development of Western secret services from their inception in World War I to their struggle against current terrorist networks. The Secret War shows the crucial part fictions play in shaping conflicts, constructing “the enemy,” and deciding political strategies.

This book hopes to explain the reasons behind the creation of violent ideologies as alternative modes of governance given perceived injustice. Emotion and sentimental attachment form an important part of developing one’s politics and preferences. Politics and thus shaped by an emotional reaction to an existing structure of knowledge which then constructs human behavior. In this sense, politics is far from objective, rational process of the mind. The purpose of any political ideology, whether Democracy, Fascism (and its varieties), or Communism, is to escape human suffering by combining ideas, emotion, and people to produce fundamental societal change. Ideologies must possess these three variables to attain the necessary power to succeed as a political force. Power gives the ideology the structural ability to transform society, trapping the once free individual into the ideology. The theory also explains democracy’s success and the failure of Communism and the Fascism.

Después de los atentados del 11 de septiembre fue común la teoría que sostenía que el ataque había sido en realidad un auto-atentado. En este libro se exploran la bases históricas, políticas y sociológicas sobre las que se construye esa hipótesis.

The sports film has become one of commercial cinema's most recognizable genres. From classic boxing films such as Raging Bull (1980) to soccer-themed box-office successes like Bend it Like Beckham (2002), the sports film stands at the interface of two of our most important cultural forms. This book examines the social, historical and ideological significance of representations of sport in film internationally, an essential guide for all students and enthusiasts of sport, film, media and culture.

Sport and Film traces the history of the sports film, from the beginnings of cinema in the 1890s, its consolidation as a distinct fiction genre in the mid 1920s in Hollywood films such as Harold Lloyd’s The Freshman (1925), to its contemporary manifestation in Oscar-winning films such as Million Dollar Baby (2004) and The Fighter (2010). Drawing on an extensive range of films as source material, the book explores key issues in the study of sport, film and wider society, including race, social class, gender and the legacy of 9/11. It also offers an invaluable guide to 'reading' the sports film as well as an analysis of the place of the genre within national cinemas, including case studies of the British, Australian and Indian sports film.

English courts had not received a more appropriate and comprehensive approach to contractual interpretation than the five principles introduced by Lord Hoffmann. Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society Ltd  is considered one of the most significant cases within English contract law as Lord Hoffmann’s ratio decidendi is regarded as having moved the courts away from a textualist approach towards a contextualist approach.

Stressing that the pronoun "I" picks out one and only one person in the world (i.e., me), I argue against Hunt (and other like-minded Rand commentators) that the supposed "hard case" of destructive people who do not care for their own lives poses no special difficulty for rational egoism. I conclude that the proper response to a terse objection like "What about suicide bombers?" is the equally terse assertion "But I don't want to get blown up."

The focus of this study is to illustrate how the movie Independence Day served as a hegemonic vehicle for unobtrusively reinforcing the Bush administration’s interpretive framework of the 9/11 events. The impetus for the paper was offered by the numerous intertextual references to the movie that appeared in mainstream media from the outset of the tragedy. Following Kellner’s (1995) concept of “ideological critique,” I first examine the narrative of Independence Day through a comparison with Fight Club. Both movies portray analogous scenes of crumbling towers but in two different ideological contexts, which the comparison intends to highlight. Second, I examine the ideological subtext of Independence Day with those of two key speeches given by president Bush. This second ‘diagnostic’ comparison offers evidences that a similar ideology underlies Independence Day and Bush’s speeches. I argue, therefore, that the intertextual references between Independence Day and the WTC tragedy were functional in activating and promoting the hegemonic ascent of an interpretive framework that is consistent with the one proposed by the Bush administration.

Gerek bütün yeryüzünde, gerek kendi bölgesinde, gerek ülkesinde ve gerekse yakın çevresinde, ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmeleri menfi yönde etkileyen ve toplum kesimlerini yönlendiren merkezleri ve bunların yöntemlerini bilmeyen, bilse de baş edemeyen lider ve hükumetlerin, olumsuz gelişmeler karşısında "ne yapalım, birileri düğmeye basınca bunlar oluyor" cinsinden mazeretlere sığınması, kendi acizliklerinin ve çaresizliklerinin ifadesi ve ispatıdır.

Bu kitapta siyaset ve stratejiyle ilgili genel kavramları, temel kurumları ve bunların çağdaş yorumlarını, ilmi ve İslami esaslarla ortaya koymaya ve Siyonizm'in şeytani düzenlerine karşı toplumu uyarmaya çalıştık.

Evenimentele nedorite din 11 septembrie 2001 reprezintă punctul culminant în modul de percepție și atitudine a nemusulmanilor față de Islam și musulmani. După această dată nimic nu avea să fie ca înainte, în sensul că, uneori musulmanii au ajuns să fie priviți ca fiind „cei răi”...Chiar și musulmanii din țară aud voci, mai în glumă mai în serios, care spun „Plecați în țările voastre!”, Mi-ați stricat ziua!”, „Te-a obligat soțul să te acoperi?”, „Aaa! Nu ești arab?”, Uite-l pe Ben Laden!” etc.
Pe de altă parte, multe dintre publicațiile despre Islam din librării, nu fac decât să dezvolte stereotipurile și prejudecățile despre Islam și musulmani.

İlk defa 2004 yılında Q-Matris yayınevi tarafından Matrix’in 11 Eylül Kurgusu, daha sonra ise Karakutu yayınlarınca Net Kırılma adıyla 2005’de basılan bu kitap, yenilendi. Gazeteci ve yazarlar Fehmi Koru’nın ifadesiyle belgeseli çekilecek derin bir araştırmadır. Nuh Gönültaş’ın tabiriyle, 21.yüzyılın en büyük yalanı ile kıyamete doğru gittiğimizi anlatıyor. 3 Mayıs 2011’de Matrix’in kurguladığı dünyaya yeni balonlar sunuldu. Yeni sorular ortaya çıktı. Bin Ladin, öldürülmeden uzun bir süre önce Amerikan güçlerinin elinde ve kontrolünde miydi? Ladin, 6 Şubat 2009’da Pakistan’da hastalıklarından dolayı mı öldü? Dondurulan Ladin’in cenazesi, İran gizli servisi tarafından Kuzey Irak’ta Peşmergelere ve kod adı Turan olan Türk subayına neden teslim edildi? El Kaida’nın yeni lideri gösterilen Zevahiri ve lider kadrosu, hasta olan bin Ladin’i öldürüldüğü Abbottabad’a 2004’de yerleşmeye neden ikna etti? Sahte Ladin kasetlerini halen kim piyasaya sürüyor?


Netkırılma kitap

Yaşananlar ne bir rüyaydı ne de bir Hollywood filmi. 21. yüzyılın en büyük yalanı ile kıyamete doğru gidiyoruz. Bu kitabı okuduktan sonra Matrixin kurgusu 11 Eylüle farklı bir gözle bakmaya başlayacaksınız. Ya sunduğumuz delillerle tatmin olacak, Matrixin fanusdan çıkacak ve beyinlerinize, kalplerinize vurulmuş zincirlerinizi kıracaksınız veyahut da hepsine komplo teorisi deyip Matrixin size sunduğu aldatıcı hayal dünyasında, yaşamınıza, gerçekleri yok sayarak devam edeceksiniz. Hangi dünyanın gerçek olduğuna kara vermekte zorlanacaksınız. Gerçeği savunan Matrixin ajan Smithleri mi yalancı yoksa karşı cennahta Matrixin dünyayı yok etmesine engel olmak isteyen Neolar mı beklenen kurtarıcı? Pes etmeyen 100 bin İnternet Komiseri tüm dünyada açtıkları web sayfalarıyla Matrixin balonlarını patlatmaya çabalıyor. Bir iğne de siz batırın.

Bu kitabı okuduktan sonra 11 Eylül saldırılarına, Afganistan ve Irak´ın ABD tarafından işgaline ve petrol savaşlarına farklı bir gözle bakmaya başlayacaksınız. Ya, sunduğumuz delillerle tatmin olacak, veya ´bunların hepsi komplo teorisi´ deyip size sunulan aldatıcı hayal dünyasına sığınarak yaşamınıza devam edeceksiniz. Veya aşağıdaki soruların cevabını arayacaksınız… İngilizler tarafından İslam´ı bölmek adına ortaya çıkartılan Usame Bin Ladin´in de bağlı bulunduğu Vehhabizm tarikatına karşı, ABD Başkanı Bush´un mensubu olduğu Hıristiyan Evanjelizm tarikatının, yıllar sonra Afganistan ve Irak´ta karşı karşıya getirilerek çatışma haline sokulması bir hesabın sonucu mu? 11 Eylül saldırıları ile Evanjelistler, ABD´de bir iç darbe mi gerçekleştirdi? Hem Hıristiyan hem de Yahudi kökten dinciler. El Aksa Camii´nin yıkılmasını neden savunuyorlar? Ladin, Eylül 2003 yılında ABD birliklerince yakalandı mı? ABD-İsrail-İngiltere, Kuzey Irak´ta bir Kürt devleti kurmak için ne tür bir işbirliği içerisine girdi? ABD, Kürtler üzerinde planlanan oluşumda PKK´ya nasıl bir rol biçti? Evanjelistler, Ortadoğu´da İsrail için uygulanan bir politikanın devamını nasıl sağlıyor? ABD Başkanı Bush´un başlattığı savaşları Tanrı adına yapıyor olması, bir dinler savaşının alt yapısını mı oluşturuyor? Evanjelistlerin son hedefi, PKK aracılığıyla Türkiye mi? Daha önce Matrix´in 11 Eylül Kurgusu ismi ile yayımlanan bu kitap 11 Eylül´ün, Irak işgalinin ve petrol savaşlarının altındaki bizlerden saklanmak istenen gerçekleri ortaya çıkarmak için ter döken ´Cesur Yüreklerin´ eseridir.

Les auteurs rendent compte d’une analyse systémique des surprises stratégiques qu’ils illustrent par quatre
échecs de la CIA et qu’ils expliquent par le poids de l’identité des services de renseignement qui occulte des
réalités pourtant accessibles simplement.

An analysis of North American national defense policies and their implications on transnational and border security. Issues of migration and organized crime are also touched upon in the literature, providing readers with an greater, in-depth understanding of security problems faced by the region as a whole.

Alors que le phénomène du terrorisme islamique est en expansion dans les sociétés occidentales, les attentats suicides continuent de semer la terreur et de propager une vive interrogation au sein des populations visées. Ce genre d’attaque est particulièrement choquant pour la plupart, car diamétralement opposé aux valeurs modérées et prônées par les démocraties à travers le monde. C’est aussi un phénomène qui est impressionnant du point de vue du nombre de victimes qu’il provoque et de la violence scénarisée qui l’entoure. Mais plus que cela, l’attentat suicide a fait ses preuves dans sa capacité à créer des turbulences dans les affaires internationales, comme nous avons pu le voir avec les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 qui ont mené à l'entrée en guerre des États-Unis au Moyen Orient. Cet évènement meurtrier et symbolique représente une sorte de rupture. En effet, il semble y avoir un avant et un après 11 septembre au niveau de la diffusion du phénomène, de son utilisation et de sa banalisation. Dans les années 1980-1990, la majorité des attaques ont pris place dans une poignée de pays comme Israël, le Liban, la Turquie et le Sri-Lanka. Ensuite, les attentats suicides ont peu à peu été utilisés lors de conflits globaux et déterritorialisés, ce qui implique que l’on retrouve ce type d’acte meurtrier à divers endroits du globe et notamment en Occident. En d’autres termes, ce mode opératoire n’est plus cantonné à des guerres locales et de plus en plus de pays observent ce type d’attaque sur sol national bien que le pays ne soit pas en guerre. Aujourd’hui, ce sont les organisations terroristes islamiques qui sont responsables de la majorité de ces actes, en ayant fait leur marque de fabrique. Le rapport que les candidats aux attaques suicides entretiennent avec la mort est particulier et interpellant. Des motivations d’ordre différent semblent expliquer leur décision de « passer à l’acte ». En ce sens, les organisations terroristes salafistes justifient leurs attentats suicides en invoquant la foi musulmane et la guerre contre l’ennemi occidental pour « libérer les terres musulmanes d’une occupation impie ». Or ce discours religieux peut cacher des explications plus politiques.

This study reads four contemporary novels as both responses to and engagements with the cultural climate of the late twentieth-century. Paul Auster’s Leviathan (1992), Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club (1996), Bret Easton Ellis’s Glamorama (1998), and J.G. Ballard’s Super-Cannes (2000) all gesture toward an interrogation of the value system of late-twentieth century life and an indictment of the cultural sphere. I employ the term ‘epochal anxiety’ to map the culturally specific phenomena that these novels internalise and reflect. Taking into account recent scholarly conversation on literature of the 1990s, this study will also consider the temporal significance of the texts in light of their proximity to the events of September 11.

Singer-songwriter Björk, the most famous Icelander since explorer Leif Eriksson, has been met with both praise and criticism, almost always directed at her difference – from Westerners, pop musicians, adults, even from humans. Known for her innovative, expressive music and quirky persona, Björk both rebels against conformity and yet is drawn to problematic concepts such as nationalism, multiculturalism, and gender essentialism. 

As star musical guest at the 2004 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony, she exposed the international audience to Iceland’s feminist nationalist imagery in a message of peace.  Embodying Nordic scholar Eiríkur Magnússon’s 1864 nationalist icon “Iceland as a Mountain Woman,” Björk became Mother Ocean, uniting countries and athletes as stemming from one source, a metaphor made almost material through her dress, which unfurled as she sang, enveloping the entire field of athletes.  Icelandic feminism developed simultaneously with the move for national independence (begun in the late 18th century and eventually achieved in 1944), through an embrace of traditional gender symbolism that made space for maternal perspectives in sovereign, ethical governance.  However, Björk’s Olympics message utilized this legacy not to invest in nationalism but to perform peaceful world unity as a feminist reaction to the aftermath of 9/11/01. 

Her performance draws on a gender difference model unpopular with contemporary critical theory but informed by both Icelandic feminism’s challenging relationship with nationalism as well as the body-politics of the American Vietnam War-era counterculture.  I use this context to analyze Björk’s avant-garde a capella album Medúlla (2004), which contains her Olympic song “Oceania” as well as two songs “Pleasure is All Mine” and “Mouth’s Cradle” ground-breaking for their sensual maternalist aesthetic, which map out a nuanced politics of peace to challenge both terrorism and counter-terrorism.  Themes of motherhood, terror, and mortality are further developed in her subsequent work, the protest album Volta (2007), which features an array of instrumental collaborators (questionably) symbolizing the artist’s sense of humans as “one tribe.” A collaboration with Malian kora virtuoso Toumani Diabate, “Hope,” explores the troubling Western media reactions to a pregnant Palestinian suicide bomber.

Often misunderstood as an elf-like outsider to human experience or a hysterical extension of Iceland’s dramatic landscape, Björk is musically exploring difficult concepts of nationalism, difference feminism, and multiculturalism to address the most challenging and important questions of our time – the significance of identity and the future of humankind in a culture of war.

Abstract
Background
A comprehensive review of the design principles and methodological approaches that have been used to make inferences from the research on disasters in children is needed.
Objective
To identify the methodological approaches used to study children’s reactions to three recent major disasters—the September 11, 2001, attacks; the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami; and Hurricane Katrina.
Methods
This review was guided by a systematic literature search.
Results
A total of 165 unduplicated empirical reports were generated by the search and examined for this review. This included 83 references on September 11, 29 on the 2004 Tsunami, and 53 on Hurricane Katrina.
Conclusions
A diversity of methods has been brought to bear in understanding children’s reactions to disasters. While cross-sectional studies predominate, pre-event data for some investigations emerged from archival data and data from studies examining non-disaster topics. The nature and extent of the influence of risk and protective variables beyond disaster exposure are not fully understood due, in part, to limitations in the study designs used in the extant research. Advancing an understanding of the roles of exposure and various individual, family, and social factors depends upon the extent to which measures and assessment techniques are valid and reliable, as well as on data sources and data collection designs. Comprehensive assessments that extend beyond questionnaires and checklists to include interviews and cognitive and biological measures to elucidate the negative and positive effects of disasters on children also may improve the knowledge base.

Originally published in the Al-Mustaqbal Al-Arabi magazine, October 2008, no. 356; pp. 25-29; given as a lecture by invitation at the Medina Theater in Beirut, Lebanon.

Translation published in Heinrich Boll Stiftung Publication, Series on Democracy, "Emerging Powers and the Middle East – Competition or Partnership in a Multi-Polar World Order?“ , Volume 22, December 2010, pp. 9-32.

The article explores the ethical and political relationship between Jonathan Safran Foer’s 'Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close' and the photographs of those who fell (or leapt) from the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. Drawing on Judith Butler’s theorization of the ethics of vulnerability, the article briefly outlines ongoing debates around the photography of atrocity in order to suggest that rather than reaffirm tropes of American exceptionalism and victory culture in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, Foer’s novel and its engagement with the falling body may prompt readers to consider ethical recognition and responsibility to others.

Temporalities of the images in the War on Terror

The essay analyses the images connected with some of the major events of the War on Terror: the at- tack on the Twin Towers, the torture at Abu Ghraib and bin Laden’s death.
The strategies of representation of the events and the effects of social discourses will be analysed through a “heuristic of anachronism”, that allows to find traces of the images of the past and their reactivation within the images broadcast by western media during the War on Terror, with particular attention to the rhetoric of terror and the passions produced in the audience.

This chapter examines the history of counter-terrorism and the terrorism and terrorist threats to which it responded in the United States pre-9/11. Part one will provide an overview of the different types of domestic and international terrorism and movements that have affected or targeted America historically and been the focus of counter-terrorism. Part two will examine the history of counter-terrorism in the United States, looking at different developments, policies and approaches, and examine the ways in which counter-terrorism has changed in response to both threats and attacks, political and ideological agendas and interests, pressure and criticism, as well as challenges, mistakes and failures.

Winter, A. 2018. 'The United States of America: Counter-Terrorism Pre-9/11'. Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism. ed. Andrew Silke. Abingdon: Routledge.