17th-Century Studies

The Medicean project aimed to the establishment of exiled Moriscos in the marshes of Pisa and Siena was previously known only through brief references, and so far it was not even possible to ascertain its actual realization. Based on the discovery of unpublished archival documents, this paper reconstructs its origin, circumstances and outcomes between 1610 and 1614, from the first unsuccessful attempts conducted by Tuscan agents in Madrid, Marseille and Rome, up to the actual waves of arrival of «Moreschi» in Livorno and the subsequent difficulties in employing them as settlers. This process allows us to discover the international network then deployed by Medicean diplomacy, as well as the religious problems caused by the ambiguous identity of the newcomers: the biographical paths of some of them will be reconstructed. This project is finally considered within the broader context of Medicean policy of repopulating the uninhabited territories of the Grand Duchy during the modern age.

Der Dreißigjährige Krieg: Zeugnisse vom Leben mit Gewalt (The Thirty Years War: Testimonies from Living with Violence). Goettingen: Wallstein, 2018.

Historical treatments of the Thirty Years War have heretofore been mainly political and military history. These grand narratives neglect people’s perceptions and experiences of violence, survival, and remembrance, as well as how the contemporary media presented events. 

Hans Medick’s documentary micro-history provides new insights into how people lived with violence in the Thirty Years War und how this violence was perceived. By choosing an episodic non-linear approach to the history of this war, and by avoiding retelling an epic narrative, he arrives at an alternative assessment of its consequences and the uncertain peace concluded in 1648. The book uses numerous firsthand accounts, many of them never published before, as well as materials from the nascent media of the time. The experience of violence is examined from the perspective of individual women and men from all levels of society, such as mercenaries and soldiers, peasants, city dwellers, and noblemen. Medick thereby brings to light astounding, even horrifying, findings that cast new light on the complex events of the war. 

Medick has not only made accessible how contemporaries perceived and coped with the everyday experiences of the war, but he has also written a new, historical-anthropological, and medial history of the Thirty Years War. 

Hans Medick has been a pioneer of micro-history and the history of everyday life. He was a tenured fellow at the Max-Planck-Institute for History in Göttingen and Professor of History at the University of Erfurt. He also taught at the University of Göttingen, the University of California - Los Angeles, Washington University in St. Louis, Johns Hopkins University, as well as the Universities of Basel and Zurich.
His other publications include his magnum opus, Weben und Überleben in Laichingen 1650-1900: Lokalgeschichte als Allgemeine Geschichte (Göttingen 1996), the collection Selbstzeugnis und Person: Transkulturelle Perspektiven, co-edited with Claudia UIbrich and Angelika Schaser (Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2012), and the textbook Experiencing the Thirty Years War: A Brief History with Documents, with Benjamin Marschke (Boston, New York 2013). 


Deutsches Abstract:
Der Dreißigjährige Krieg »aus der Nähe«, untersucht und erzählt aus Dokumenten.

Die historischen Abhandlungen zum Dreißigjährigen Krieg bestehen bisher überwiegend aus Großerzählungen der Politik- und Militärgeschichte. Was darin jedoch entschieden zu kurz kommt, sind die konkreten Gewalterfahrungen, Lebensbewältigungen und Erinnerungen der Menschen sowie deren Darstellung in den zeitgenössischen Medien.

Das Buch von Hans Medick bringt hier neue Einsichten. In Form einer dokumentarischen Mikro-Geschichte führt es das Leben mit Gewalt im Dreißigjährigen Krieg vor Augen. Zahlreiche, zum Teil unveröfentlichte Selbstzeugnisse und die aufkommenden Massenmedien der Zeit bringen erstaunliche, ja erschreckende Befunde zu Tage. Es ist das Erleben von Gewalt aus der Perspektive einzelner Personen aller gesellschaftlichen Schichten, wie Söldner und Soldaten, Bauern, Bürger und Adelige, das neues Licht wirft auf einen komplexen kriegerischen Ereigniszusammenhang.

Damit macht Hans Medick nicht nur die Wahrnehmungen und Verarbeitungen des Kriegsalltags zugänglich, er schreibt auch eine neue, historischanthropologisch fundierte Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.

La Relación del reino del Nipón a que llaman corruptamente Japón es el testimonio único de un seglar en lengua española sobre la gente de Nagasaki, las persecuciones religiosas y el valor de los cristianos japoneses, algunos de ellos amigos suyos, sobre los que escribe mostrando una honda y sincera admiración. Este viajero español del siglo XVII sabe que ciertos temas están reservados para misioneros y conquistadores, escritores más autorizados que él. Su condición de plebeyo le permite narrar con libertad temas que sabe asombrarán a un público urbano en el otro extremo del mundo. Redactada en tres momentos diferentes (1598, 1615 y 1619), no conservamos la primera y solamente sabemos, de forma incompleta, el itinerario de una de las copias de la segunda. En 1933 los historiadores franciscanos Doroteo Schilling (1886-1950) y Fidel de Lejarza (1901-71) comenzaron la primera edición en la revista Archivo Ibero-Americano, que abandonaron a causa de la Guerra Civil Española. La presente es la primera edición completa de esta obra.

V Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna Sevilla 2019
A partir de que los virreinatos americanos iniciaron el comercio con Asia a través de las Filipinas, poco tardaron en aflorar recelos. La Corona sufrió la fuga de plata hacia el continente asiático y los mercaderes de Sevilla vislumbraron la ruina de sus mercados vitales. A partir de entonces inició una política mercantil que buscó limitar al máximo aquel comercio de manera que sólo existiera como una manera de garantizar el sustento del archipiélago filipino. No obstante, los productos asiáticos eran tan codiciados y generaban tan grandes ganancias que de poco sirvieron las cédulas reales, generando innumerables conflictos dignos de estudio. En este trabajo se propone un estudio de caso sobre un decomiso específico de mercaderías de la China efectuado por el virrey príncipe de Esquilache en 1615. Mediante él, sacar a la luz una parte de la realidad comercial de la Monarquía Hispánica en la Edad Moderna: estrategias de contrabando, investigaciones, pesquisas y sentencias; corrupción y cohecho de funcionarios de la Corona, así como conflictos de poder entre estos y rivalidades entre diversas instituciones. También determinar en qué grado tenía efecto la legislación sobre la realidad.
Since the American viceroyalties began trade with Asia through the Philippines, misgivings soon arose. The Crown suffered the flow of silver to the Asian continent and the merchants of Seville glimpsed the ruin of their vital markets. From then on, started a mercantile policy that sought to limit trade to the máximum, so that it only existed as a way to guarantee the sustenance of the Philippine archipelago. However, Asian products were so coveted and generated such great profits that the royal orders were of little use, generating numerous conflicts that are worthy of studying. This paper aims to study a specific seizure of chinese merchandise carried out by the viceroy prince of Esquilache in 1615 in order to unveil a part of the commercial reality of the Hispanic Monarchy in the Early Modern Age: contraband strategies, investigations, inquiries and sentences; corruption and bribery of king’s officials, as well as conflicts of power between them and rivalries between various institutions. Also determine to what extent the legislation had an effect on reality.

The purpose of this research is to publish a manuscript of the treatise Sefer Habri’a (The Book of Creation), written in 1670 by Rabbi Avraham Binyamin Nathan ben Elisha Chaim Halevi Askhenazy, also known as Nathan Ghazzati or Rabbi Nathan of Gaza. It has been copied into several manuscripts, which ended up scattered around the world, until they were ultimately collected by professor Chaim Wirszubski Z.L. of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the 1930s and 1940s. Wirszubski set out on a project of conducting a scientific edition of the treatise, and even published a small part of it.  However, misfortune has prevented him from finishing his great work, and he was called upon to teach in the Great Yeshiva in heavens. Now, the reader is presented with a full edition, accompanied by a comprehensive and methodical research. The research is separated from the original text, to allow the reader to focus on the text itself, if they so wish. Those who would seek to also delve into the analysis, can easily do so.
It is not everyday that a person is awarded the great privilege of returning a lost book to the collective Jewish library. Even more so when it is a book written by one of the greatest rabbis in recent generations, least of all a halakhic figure of the magnitude of Rabbi Nathan. We are faced with an unparalleled text in Rabbinic messianic and Hebrew literature. It is the central text of the Sabbatean movement after Sabbatai Zevi’s conversion to Islam. Sefer Habri’a was written by the progenitor of the movement, Rabbi Nathan of Gaza. Rabbi Nathan was famously considered a prophet by the spiritual leaders of the Jewish world in his time, and was one of those who declared Sabbatai Zevi to be a messiah. He was the one who explained the profound meaning of Zevi’s conversion, and the one who tried to prevent the masses from converting along with him.
If we wish to be certain that we can indeed declare “thou art our brother” to Nathan, we must look at this renewed text from every possible perspective. The text’s uniqueness, it’s complexity, length and meaning introduce many challenges, both on the technical-philological level and on that of semantic analysis. We should also pay heed to how socially problematic the Sabbatean movement is, following the heated debates that arose several generations after Zevi’s conversion. On that subject, we can view Sefer Habri’a as a treatise which ascribes profound meaning to Zevi’s ‘foreign acts’, through the Ha’ari’s hyper-nomic system. That is, the Lurianic Kabbalah, which unequivocally accepts the Jewish Halakha as sacred, is the treatise’s main method of discourse. It seems that the survival and continuity of Jewish tradition after the crisis was Rabbi Nathan’s main motivation in writing this immense work. That is, the desire to give a profound kabbalic meaning to the commandments of halakha, in the face of a shifting historical reality is at the heart of the text.
Sabbateanism is a grave subject in Jewish history. Therefore, whenever a new Sabbatean document is published, we must ask ourselves how its publication will affect the existing knowledge we have. When people read new material that contradicts what they perceive to be true, they often develop a ‘resistance front’, assuming that every new claim must be proved out of the existing body of knowledge, as if the unknown can be explored from the confines of the known. The problem here is evident - new information cannot be added in this way, and true learning cannot be achieved. All that can happen is that we pour old knowledge into a slightly different mould, at best. That said, there are times when a newly published document is so important that it demands of us to re-examine all of our previous held knowledge. More often than not, those who are tasked with preserving knowledge are not enthusiastic by the appearance of a new research which undermines the well known system to which they adhere. Therefore, if we wish the new knowledge to be properly accepted by people in that position, upon publishing such a document we must present in detail what we retain, and what we reconsider. It is possible that Sefer Habri’a would lead us into rethinking the Sabbatean movement in its entirety. It is, after all, a fundamental text written by the movement’s progenitor, immediately after the conversion. We will soon see that Sefer Habri’a would lead any observant reader to a clear understanding that it is a Kabbalah book that follows directly the writings of the Ha’ari. It is a direct continuation, and some would even say the highlight, of the Lurianic corpus. In this manner we can also see that Torat Israel, the Jewish halakha and the well-being of the nation at a time of crisis were undoubtedly on the mind of the author, Rabbi Nathan of Gaza, and that he was a loyal grand sage of Israel.

During the reign of James II/VII Stuart (1685-1688), the political, diplomatic and cultural relations between the British court and the Italian states flourished as never before. This was due above all to the Roman-Catholic faith of the king and the lively personality of his consort Maria Beatrice d’Este («Mary of Modena»), while the growing English economic power was acquiring commercial dominance in the Mediterranean area. With the help of thousands of unpublished papers, the book by Alessandro Cont reconstructs the British diplomatic network in Italy during this period, the personalities and orientations of the ministers of Italian princes accredited to the court of Whitehall, the queen’s dynastic policy and the peculiar characteristics of her Italian entourage of chaplains, servants, artists and musicians.

This most recent edition of the bibliography contains almost 21,200 titles in English (64%) and French (36%), with an introductory section on historiography. It deals with every aspect of Italian history and culture from the Late Renaissance to the French Revolution.

After the Diet of Sopron in 1625, Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665) honoured the efforts of Count Miklós Esterházy, the freshly elected palatine of Hungary (1625–1645), towards the election and coronation of Archduke Ferdinand Ernest as King of Hungary by promising him membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In a report to the King of Spain from Sopron dated 28th of November 1625, the Spanish Ambassador, Francisco Moncada, Count of Ossona, reported the Archduke’s election as King. On the same day, the Ambassador also wrote a letter requesting Philip IV to pay tribute to the associated merits of Péter Pázmány, the Archbishop of Esztergom, by awarding him the annual pension requested by him already years before, and the merits of Palatine Miklós Esterházy by granting him membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece.
In letters from Zaragoza dated the 15th of January 1626, Philip IV expressed his gratitude to Miklós Esterházy and Péter Pázmány for their eager support of the dynastic cause. In the letter written to the Palatine, he stated that Esterházy would be included in the Order of the Golden Fleece as a sign of thankfulness and appreciation as soon as a vacant position would become available (Appendix, no. 1.).
Finally, three years had to pass before the solemn ceremony took place on the 31st of December 1628 in the Antecamara of the Hofburg Palace, Vienna. Esterházy received the insignia of the Order from Ferdinand II. The diary entries of Jean Hervart, King of Arms of the Order of the Golden Fleece, serve as a particular source for this event. (Appendix, no. 6.)
In the present paper, I publish only the most important sources, written between 1626 and 1646: the appendix contains the letter written by Philipp IV to the Count of Miklós Esterházy, in which the king informed Esterházy about the conferral of the Order (nr. 1.); the letters written by Count of Ossona, related to the bestowal (nr. 2 and nr. 5); the texts of the diploma issued by Philipp IV, in original and Latin translation (nr. 3/A, nr. 3/B); an other letter written by Philipp IV to Esterházy, from 1628 (nr. 4); a letter written by the Count of Ossona in favour of Esterházy, requesting the realization of the conferral of the Order of the Golden Fleece to Esterházy (nr. 5); the description of Jean Hervart about the investiture ceremony of Esterházy (nr. 6); the acknowledgement document issued by the Count of Miklós Esterházy, aknowledging the receiving of the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece (nr. 7); and several letters written by Esterházy to the King of Spain, to Conde-Duque of Olivares and to the chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece (nr. 8, 9 and 10); a remarkable report written by Jean Hervart, King of Arms of the Order of the Golden Fleece to Esterházy, from 1632, reporting the news relating to the Order, additionally a list of the names of the living and died members of the Order (nr. 11); and finally, a short note written by Farkas Esterházy (1614–1670; nephew of Miklós Esterházy), giving us the information that after the death of the Count of Esterházy, the insignia and the original version of the Statute Book of the Order (exemplar of Esterházy) were restored by the Count of Ladislaus Esterházy (1626–1652), son of the Count of Miklós Esterházy, to the Emperor, in Linz, at the end of January 1646 (nr. 12).

Abstract: Initial excavations at the Salisbury Site took place over 75 years ago as part of the Works Progress Administration under the tutelage of an early pioneer of New Jersey archaeology, Dr. Dorothy Cross. Since Cross’ excavation, archaeologists have interpreted thousands of prehistoric artifacts excavated from the Salisbury Site with scant explanation of 17th-century historic material, such as nearly 650 tobacco pipe fragments, that are housed at the New Jersey State Museum. This paper will explore these forgotten 17th century artifacts from the Salisbury Site through the lens of 21st century archaeology and suggest a revised interpretation of the site that links these historic artifacts to early settlers of New Jersey.

Проводится анализ изменений, внесенных редакторами в текст Акафиста Богоматери в рамках исправления Триоди постной и других богослужебных книг в Киеве в первой половине XVII в. и в Москве при патриархе Никоне в середине XVII в. Предложенная классификация исправлений позволяет установить их основные причины и роль в дальнейшей истории текста и церковнославянского языка в целом. Отмечается рост влияния греческого языка на церковнославянский, связанный со стремлением книжников свести к минимуму элемент интерпретации при переводе сакральных текстов и достичь как семантической, так и формальной корреляции между исходным и принимающим языками. Ключевые слова: Акафист Богоматери, церковнославянский язык, Триодь постная, книжная справа, Епифаний Славинецкий, реформы патриарха Никона.

http://www.cir17.info/colloques/princeton
Ce colloque pluridisciplinaire se propose d'examiner la place des pratiques collaboratives dans la culture française du XVIIe siècle. Alors que se renforce la monarchie absolue, incarnée par un souverain unique, il règne dans le domaine des arts et des lettres un esprit (ou impératif) de collaboration d'où résultent de nombreuses oeuvres plus ou moins collectives. Il s'agira d'étudier ces productions sous tous leurs aspects (genèse et réception, formes et idées, style et sens), d'interroger leur réussite ou échec, et de les situer par rapport aux ouvrages plus « solitaires ». Pourquoi écrire à quatre mains, voire plus ? Comment peut-on travailler en commun avec son frère ou son maître, un compositeur ou un graveur ? La Bruyère avait-il raison d'écrire : « L'on n'a guère vu jusques à présent un chef-d'oeuvre d'esprit qui soit l'ouvrage de plusieurs » ?

En el siguiente trabajo presentamos una reflexión acerca de la cuestión del lenguaje en Descartes, considerando que el lenguaje es la prueba fundamental que establece para diferenciar al ser humano de los animales y el reconocimiento de la posesión de una mente. El lenguaje, como veremos, trata de un elemento de distinción ontológica fundamental en la filosofía del pensador francés y plantea importantes preguntas acerca de la naturaleza de los animales.

During his research on the printed tradition of the history of the Miracle of Blessed Sacrament written in the seventeenth century by canon Étienne Ydens († 1615), Renaud Adam not only studied the personality of the author, but also the way the story of the Eucharistic miracle in Brussels had been adopted for politico-religious purposes. The canon of Saint Gudule used the text on the profanation of the hosts dating from the last third of the fourteenth century, to attack Protestantism and the - according to him equally dangerous - witchcraft. The study of the seventeenth century editions showed that the tone of the work gradually became less controversial, proving that Protestantism and witchcraft were considered a less significant threat than at the time of the redaction of the story by Ydens.

The Theses LVI belong to a series of hitherto unpublished early manuscripts of the Dutch humanist and jurisconsult Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) that were acquired by the University of Leiden in 1864. It is not certain when the Theses were written, but preliminary research on the physical manuscript and the sources cited indicate two possible windows. The first is around 1602-1605, that is roughly at a time when Grotius was also working on his Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty (De Iure Praedae Commentarius). The second dating places the genesis of the manuscrbipt around 1613-1615.
In the context of Grotius’ writings, the Theses LVI assume an important position for several reasons: They raise questions about state formation, the duty of citizens to the state and the right of political resistance in far greater detail than in any other work of the celebrated Dutch humanist. The Theses LVI also feature important reading notes that yield priceless insights into the sources that Grotius directly consulted and their influence on his ideas. The manuscript grants modern scholars a unique glimpse into the working mind of its author. Evidence points not only to the ferocious haste with which Grotius wrote his works, but also the occasional sloppiness of his reading and research habits."""

This article surveys the occupations detected in Brazil, throughout the 17 th century, mainly in inquisitorial cases. In order to open the occupations' research in this colonial society to global comparisons this work adopted the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO). This methodology is being applied for the first time to the early modern Brazil. With the results collected the occupations' distribution was analyzed in different levels of description. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the occupational necessities of the different captaincies of Brazil, during the 17 th century, and under different conjunctures. The Portuguese advancement to the hinterland from some coastal settlements followed by an increasement of the military necessities is one of the evidences. The development of an economy strongly connected with the sugar production, with human contingents mostly in Pernambuco and Bahia dedicated to the several tasks in this industry, is also visible.

Abel Eppens was a learned man, a farmer from Eekwerd. His school- days in Groningen were followed by a peregrinatio academica through the universities of Louvain, Cologne and Wittenberg. He subsequently married a woman from a prominent family, took over his family’s farms and fathered eight children. He was a landowner of importance in the village, involved in the church and in local politics and the settlement of water management disputes. However, Eppens is remembered for more than just references in contemporary records or account books; while in exile he took up his pen and composed a detailed chronicle of his times.

Free download: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/y3DipH2m3WDBKSa2QB65/full

One of the most renowned pages of Pascal's Pensées offers an astonishing phenomenology of the all-powerful action of imagination in human life. This article retraces the genesis of this text and reassesses the sources of Pascal's conception of imagination. It argues that Pascal builds up his definition of the imagination as an ‘anti-theodicy’ which carefully recalls and then criticizes the Cartesian ‘theodicy of error’ and the foundation of the ‘general rule’ of truth proposed by the Fourth Meditation. In doing so, Pascal undermines the major aim of Descartes's Meditations, which is to secure human nature against any doubt as to its intrinsic perfection. Where, according to Descartes, human knowledge is finite yet perfectly secured in its accomplishments when we use the faculties of our mind correctly, Pascal describes imagination as a deceptive faculty that seems to have been given to us specifically to lead us into necessary error.

En este artículo se ofrece un análisis de la época histórica en la que vivió Lady Ann Fanshawe -la Inglaterra del siglo XVII-, utilizando un enfoque neohistoricista y tomando como fuente primaria su autobiografía, escrita entre 1676 y 1678, así como las cartas que su marido, Sir Richard Fanshawe, escribió durante su estancia en España, sobre ciertos eventos acontecidos en las décadas de los años 40, 50 y 60, a fin de documentar su pasión por España. Las memorias de lady Ann Fanshawe nos proporcionarán acceso a ciertos detalles de la vida privada de una mujer apasionante, anglicana y monárquica, que representa un sector de la población que, hasta hace unos años, no había sido considerado por la Historia tradicional, y que participó en determinados acontecimientos de gran interés histórico.

Pourquoi recourir à un modèle collaboratif au XVIIe siècle ? Quelles sont les contraintes matérielles qu’implique ce fonctionnement ? Quels problèmes de valorisation et de reconnaissance la création collective suscite-t-elle ? Cet article prend pour objet le Mercure galant, qui constitue l’une des plus grandes entreprises collaboratives du siècle de Louis XIV. Roman du règne et chronique mensuelle de l’histoire culturelle et politique du royaume de France, cette entreprise incita Donneau de Visé à recourir à la fois aux contributions de ses lecteurs et à recycler des sources imprimées variées. On démontre ainsi que l’œuvre collective n’est pas seulement une affaire d’écriture, mais aussi de logistique et de commerce.

FEDORČÁK, Peter. Jesuit Mission in Košice and Circumstances of the Foundation of the University of Košice. In: Mesto a dejiny, 2014, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 49-55.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the political and other influences on the foundation of the University of Košice in 1657. The surprising hesitation of the Hungarian king Leopold I and the Jesuits in Vienna, in particular, leads to some probable interpretations. The contemporary speculations within the Austrian Society of Jesus regarding the partition of the province in two parts and establishment of an autonomous Hungarian province are in the centre of attention.
KEYWORDS: Košice. 17th century. University of Košice. Education.

The book introduces the reader to the time, place and participants of the tsar’s feasts, talks about ware, table setting, food and drink, reveals the subtleties of ceremonial and etiquette, indicates the changes that have occurred in this area during the XVII century. Simultaneously the book exposes complex mechanism of the feast, hidden from the eyes of its members and affiliated with the preparing king's feast and decorated banquet chamber. Special value of edition has publication of historical documents, describing the tsar’s feasts of the XVII century, and images of unique items from the collections of the Moscow State Integrated Museum-Reserve.
Книга знакомит читателя со временем, местом и участниками царских пиров, рассказывает о предметах посуды, сервировке стола, кушаньях и напитках, раскрывает тонкости церемониала и этикета, указывает на изменения, произошедшие в этой сфере на протяжении XVII века. Одновременно обнажается сложный «механизм» застолья, скрытый от глаз его участников и связанный с организацией царского пира, заготовкой продуктов и оформлением пиршественной палаты. Особую ценность изданию придают публикуемые в нем фрагменты исторических документов, характеризующие царские пиры XVII века, и изображения уникальных предметов из фондов Московского государственного объединенного музея-заповедника.

Les deux tomes des œuvres complètes de Samuel de Champlain rassemblent, en français moderne, tous ses ouvrages imprimés de son vivant, avec toutes les cartes des éditions originales, ainsi que tous ses manuscrits, dont trois mémoires inédits. Un système de concordance permet au lecteur de retrouver rapidement les textes cités des éditions antérieures de Biggar et de Laverdière. Finalement, une solide introduction, des notes explicatives et un index complètent cette édition finale des textes de Champlain.

Les récits de Champlain sont un témoignage capital des débuts de la présence française en Amérique du Nord. Il y raconte les fondations de l'Acadie et de Québec, ainsi que les explorations des provinces maritimes, de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, de la vallée du Saint-Laurent et de l'Ontario. Il y rapporte les alliances avec les Micmacs, les Etchemins, les Montagnais, les Algonquins et les Hurons. Il rappelle tout ce qu'il a vécu aux côtés des autres fondateurs, en particulier Pierre Dugua de Mons et François Gravé, mais il révèle aussi ses démarches auprès du pouvoir royal et certains aspects inconnus de sa vie.

Tome 1

Bref discours (1600-1601) • Mémoire sur un établissement dans les Terres-Neuves (1603) • Des Sauvages (1603) • Voyages (1613) • Mémoires au roi et à la Chambre du commerce (1617-1618) • Voyages (1619)

This article presents an overview of the long term trends in the trading patterns for salted herring in the area of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea and their hinterlands in the period of c. 1600-1850. The market is defined as ‘the interaction between supply and demand to determine the market price and corresponding quantity bought and sold.’  In this period the north European herring market underwent several changes. This is analysed from four different points of view:
The first main section examines the main trading routes for herring in Northern Europe by use of records from the Sound toll registers as well as from accounts of herring imports in the German North Sea and Baltic cities. Then a number of price series for various parts of northern Europe give indications for the long term development of prices of herring. Following this an analysis of the consumption patterns of salted herring is carried out, and finally the influence of mercantilist policies is evaluated.