(nano & Micro Electronics) &(software Programing)

Measuring blood hematocrit noninvasively is reviewed in this paper. Although there is an inclination to
measure the hematocrit by determining the bioelectrical impedance of the blood, in vitro experimental
methods still remain practically inapplicable. The blood sample size is determined when blood samples
are examined. Determining the impedance and volume of blood is the biggest challenge in measuring
the hematocrit noninvasively without drawing a blood sample. Calculating the blood impedance in vivo
requires developing an impedance measurement using a multi-frequency method and also calculating
the change in pressure simultaneously during the heart’s pulsatile cycle.

... to thank a lot more people but Brian tells me I'm running out of space so I'll just list a small number of people I have to thank for many reasons: Adam Somlai-Fisher, Ailadi Cortelletti, Alberto Pezzotti, Alessandro Germinasi, Alessandro Masserdotti, Andrea Piccolo, Anna Capellini ...

Boron doped and undoped Poly(vinyl) alcohol/Zirconium-yttrium acetate (PVA/Zr-Y) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using PVA as a precursor. The effect of boron doping was investigated in terms of solution properties, morphological changes and thermal properties. The effect of boron doping on calcined yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fibers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. XRD
analysis revealed varying amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia present in the undoped fibers calcined at 800oC. The average crystallite sizes of the undoped YSZ were increased from 9.28 to 22.79 nm with calcining temperature increasing from 250 to 800 °C. The crystallite size was enhanced with boron doping. The systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers were employed by scanning electron microscopy.

The Morpheus Analytics Cryptocurrency Dashboard Sydney Meetup on Tue, Mar 10, 2020 was run  by David Auton, Managing Director, Morpheus Analytics. Guest speakers were Niall Clerkin, founder of Employee First, Employee First Digital and Blockchanger, and Tim Lea, CEO of Fractonium

This thesis contains a theoretical treatment of the time-dependent quantum transport of electrons through molecular junctions. In particular, the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method is used to obtain the time-dependent current and current fluctuations in response to an arbitrarily time-dependent spatially homogeneous bias in the leads and molecular region. All subsystems in the nanojunction are assumed to be noninteracting throughout, and in addition the wide-band limit approximation (WBLA) is made in order to simplify the treatment of the lead-molecule coupling.

The theoretical work involves a complete analytical solution in the two-time plane of the Kadanoff-Baym equations for all components of the molecular region Green's function defined on the imaginary time Konstantinov-Perel' contour. This enables the derivation of expressions for time-dependent quantities such as the particle number in the molecular region and a generalized time-dependent Landauer-Büttiker (LB) formula for the current through an arbitrarily large conducting molecule. The partition-free approach is assumed for the switch-on of a bias in the leads, which enables us to study the effects on the transient transport of the initial coupling between the subsystems of the nanojunction.

The analytical expression for the full two-time Green's function is then used to study the quantum correlations between currents in the different leads. Using many-body methods, the two-time current correlation function is expressed in terms of a matrix product of Green's functions which are all known exactly. Therefore, in similar fashion to the generalized LB current, the current correlations generalize the LB theory of shot and thermal noise so that it is (i) partition-free and (ii) valid for an arbitrary time-dependent bias. To check its generality, this formula is shown to reproduce results for the zero- and finite-frequency current noise that are known from the literature on this topic.

The formulas for the current and current fluctuations are originally obtained in terms of integrals over the frequency and time planes. To render these formulas useful for calculations on large molecules they are then re-expressed with all frequency integrals replaced with special functions, which may be computed via the Padé expansion of the Fermi function. This results in a formalism which is ideally multiscale in time, i.e. which does not get more expensive with increasing number of time steps, and which can therefore be used to study the short-time transient and steady-state transport quantities with identical computational expense. Some numerical calculations of the current and noise response to the switch-on of a time-dependent bias are then performed.

The first kind of time-dependent driving considered in this thesis is periodic. Some preliminary calculations are performed on periodically-driven quantum dots, and the effect on the current of varying the driving frequency, temperature, lead-molecule coupling and driving amplitude is studied. Next, the problem of quantum pumping is considered, and sufficient conditions are found for a periodically driven system with zero time-average bias to generate a net time-averaged current through the system. The effects of finite size on the current response to static and periodic biases are investigated, again using the molecular wire as an illustrative model. Next, calculations of the quantum pump current are presented for a particular biharmonic bias model, and in particular the effect on this current of breaking the sinusoidal shape of the driving field. Finally, the discussion turns to calculations of the cross-lead current correlations in extended systems in response to static and periodic biases. By investigating molecular wires of different lengths and internal hopping parameters, a signature of the traversal time for electrons crossing the sample is found in both the transient and steady-state cross-lead current correlations.

As there are no restrictions on the nature of the time-dependent bias driving the system out of equilibrium, one can use this formalism to study the electronic response to a classically fluctuating bias in the leads. The second kind of time-dependent driving studied in this thesis is therefore non-deterministic, and exact formulas for the bias-averaged current response to a stochastic bias are derived for the first time. This problem is formally analogous to the use of the Langevin equation approach to obtain a relation between the conductance in a classical circuit and the strength of fluctuations in an external driving bias: the so-called Nyquist theorem. An exact quantum version of the Nyquist theorem is derived for a driving bias with colour noise which relates the strength of fluctuations, the correlation time of fluctuations, the temperature and conductance in a molecular junction. Due to the nonlinear relation between current and driving bias in these junctions, it is not always true that the conductance will decrease with increasing fluctuation strength. Instead, there can be particular intermediate values of the fluctuation strength at which peaks in the conductance are observed, in a stochastic resonance effect.

Increase in use of power electronics in power system addressed power quality problems. Converters are widely used in industrial area for different application. They are non-linear devices and degrade power quality of system. In this paper, 12 – pulse ac – dc power supply is taken as non-linear load example. Power supply, here discuss is use in low voltage, high dc current application. High dc current is generated by connecting four M3 converters in parallel. Phase-shifting transformer is also introduce for require phase displacement. Converter can affect power quality in terms of inject harmonics and decrease power factor. It can be used as dynamic load; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate active and reactive power for different loading condition. This paper represents assessment of power quality for such system.

This paper presents a smart energy meter for automatic metering and billing system. The integration of a mircocontroller and GSM short message service (SMS) provides the meter reading system with automatic functions that are predefined. The GSM module requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Direct current (DC) components are used to control alternating current (AC) loads. To isolate these components from each other, relays with a network of resistors and diodes are used. Users can recharge and control loads remotely. Utility companies also have remote access to the system such as fault diagnosis and communicating with clients. The proposed energy meter system (EMS) transmits data like consumed energy in kWh and generates a bill over a GSM mobile network. Other advantages include that the system provides domestic power consumption accurately, safely and with a relatively fast update rate. Keywords—SMART ener...

This paper is a presentation of a proposed solution to traffic congestion or gridlock problem pose by trucks queuing at one side of a dual carriage road to load from depot, ports, farm or industry located at the road side of such dual carriage road.

It offers government-firm bilateral solution to such traffic congestion or gridlock caused by the citation of such firm along the dual carriage road side or by narrowness of the road which is an expected responsibility of the government to widen it.

Introduction The porous composite material of the fractal structure (bio polimineral composite material) formed from organic and inorganic substances and provides a spatial arrangement of the material and the various aspects of the practical use, and relates to the field of ecology home and industrial environment, preferred field of use of this group of inventions will be a construction, primarily finishing etc. works made in order to protect the living environment of people and quality of life. The use of meta-analysis and conducted a systematic review of publications in various disciplines and areas of basic and applied sciences allowed to form and reinforce the understanding and purpose of experimental and research work. Performed experimental and research work based on the principles of bionics / biomimetics, that is, the scientific direction which regards the study of the structure and functions of biological systems and objects as models for the creation of engineering solutions. It is known that the microorganisms and living cells have their own energy and constantly use a large amount of protein and minerals to build (create) self-organizing way cellular materials micro and nano-meter size. Thus, the examples from the world of nature are the basis for the creation of engineering solutions. Based on what is currently known composite materials with the structures of micro and nano levels produced, both of synthetic and of biological materials (proteins, collagen, etc.), Natural minerals, produce membranes like membranes for reverse osmosis (i.e., delay and neutralize organic compounds) and that the proteins have a natural ability to form a regular structure in the form of crystalline lattices, and the ability of bacteria to absorb (leaching) metals, it becomes possible to offer bio polimineral composite material, which is a hierarchical structure from the pores. Proposed bio polimineral material is a composite material made of proteins, microorganisms, and collection of the desired, compounds based on inorganic components (i.e., inorganic and / or organometallic compounds). Construction bio polimineral structure of the composite material is carried out by self-assembly with the participation of microorganisms in a managed and controlled impact on the process. Construction of composite structures by self-assembly is carried out with the participation of microorganisms in a managed and controlled impact on the process. The possibility of practical use of the composite material is based on the phenomenon of biomineralization, which will be a preparatory step to the main biochemical process technology, which forms a film coating structural pores (cells carrying the appointment of photo electrochemical cells) and for bonding them in the formation of the porous structure. The term biomineralization (induced biomineralization), that is producing minerals under the influence of microorganisms introduced in a scientific revolution in palaeontology. As an example of induced biomineralization may be brought mineralogical thiol bacteria side of life (oxidizing) and sulphate-reducing bacteria. It is known that the microorganisms and living cells have their own energy and constantly use a large amount of protein and minerals to build (create) self-organizing way cellular materials micro and nano-meter size. Thus, the examples from the world of nature are the basis for the creation of engineering solutions.

Now becoming a software developer is my challenge cause, last night my mom threw me a challenge and told me that you couldn't be a software developer without programming degree after hearing my mom's reproach, I ask myself and start searching for How do I become a Software Developer without having any programming degree? besides on software development relevant question and answers :

1. How do I become a Software Developer? :

2. How does others are becoming a software developer without any degree?

3. Why isn't possible to me to become a software developer without knowing any programming language?

4. How is it possible to become a software developer without any programming degree?

5. What's the ultimate guide to learn software development?

Here is the interesting fact is my first search term was the ultimate guide to learn software development for zero coders and I found a properly optimized SEO content in programming and thereafter I drive myself towards to the Software Developers through to becoming a successful web developer after that I completely entered myself into the software developers world, Where the developer cum author recorded his learned lessons as:

I said that, it needs a proper planning to learn anything. Thus I will try to provide you advice from my real life experience. I think to learn Software Engineering it is better if it is learnt in eight steps:

First step is to select a platform of your own choice.

Such as, learn web application development to build web application.

Learn android application development to build android application.

The majority of the Software Developers are Web Application Developers as there is a great demand of web application. I think Web Application Developer can build their career easily and quickly.

Second Step is to learn programming in a platform of your own choice.

Such as, learn web programming if web application is your choice.

Third step try to solve 5 of your real life problems through application.

I have solved my problems by developing Pension Calculator BD and GPF Calculator BD

Fourth step know all the steps of the Software Development Life Cycle.

Fifth step learn what work to be done in every steps of the Software Development Life Cycle.

Sixth step learn project planning to develop software. I have faced the following problems during learning about Web Development and tried to solve it through Learn Web Development Easily with a project planning

1. What should be learned to be a Web Developer ?

2. Which language shall I need to learn after completing one language ?

3. How much skilled am I in the language that I have learned ?

4. Is there any mistake in my learning ?

5. What should I do to increase my skill ?

6. Am I skilled enough to learn a new language ?

7. Have I become a Web Developer ?

Seventh step create a skilled team to give real look to the project planning and be skilled to manage the team.

Such as- I have created a team to develop Learn Web Development Easily.

Eighth step after completing Software Engineering of a platform do the Software Development of other platform to be a professional Software Engineer.

After reading this software development guidance, I felt happiness and starting trust on me that I can be a software developer without any computer degree.

What have I learned from this software development guideline (programming career guideline) by WDguideline (a site about software engineering and programming languages)?

I learned form there:

1. The guideline for the beginners

2. The importance of programming language

3. Can I build my Career by Learning Programming Languages?

4. How can I Acquire knowledge on Computer Technology?

5. Programming Career

6. What is Internet?

7. What is Server, IP Address?

8. What are Domain, DNS Server and Web Hosting?

9. How Many Kinds of Domain are there?

10. What is Website?

11.What are WWW and http?

12. Can a website be called Software?

13. What is Web Development?

14. Importance of Web Development

15. How's Web Development as a Profession?

16. Who is Called Web Developer?

17. Types of Web Development.

18. Can I Learn So Many Languages?

19. What is Front-End and Back-End of Website?

20. What is Web Design?

21. Where to learn Web Development?

22. What's My Duty before Learning Web Development?

23. How long will it take to learn Web Development?

25. How to become a Front-End Developer without a degree?

26. How to become a Back-End Developer without a degree?

27. Can't Solve some Problems and Errors in Programming?

28. How to become a Full Stack Developer without a degree?

29. How to become a Webmaster?

building career in programming without any programming degree

30. How to Help Learn Web Development Easily to Learn Web Development?

31. What's My Benefit if Skill is tested at Learn Web Development Easily?

32. What is Freelancing?

33. What is Outsourcing?

34. What is Freelance Marketplace?

35. How Does Freelancing Marketplace Make A Profit?

36. How Does Freelancing Marketplace Work?

37. How do I get the freelance marketplace dollars?

38. How to Become a Freelancer?

39. What Should I Know to be a Skilled Freelancer?

40. How to Establish a Company?

41. How to Establish a Web Development Company?

42. What is Programming Language?

43. What is a Program?

44. How does Programming Language Work?

45. What is Software?

46. How Many Kinds of Software?

47. Who is called a Programmer?

48. How to become a Programmer without a degree?

49. How to Learn Programming Language?

50. Who is Called Software Developer?

51. How to become a Software Developer without a degree?

52. How to Learn Software Development?

53. Who is called a Software Engineer?

54. Who is called a Computer Scientist?

55. What is Software Engineering?

56. What is the Importance of Software Engineering?

57. How to become a Software Engineer without a degree?

58. What is the Software Development Life Cycle?

59. To be a skilled Software Engineer, what issues should be emphasized?

60. Software Engineering Seems Difficult

61. What is Hacking?

62. How Does Hacker Hack?

63. Type of Hacker?

64. How Much a Hacker is Skilled?

65. Wrong Idea about Hacker

66. Career of Hackers

67. Advice

All the above 67 chapters have described in details under the nine sections as:

1. For beginners.

2. About web technology.

3. Guideline for beginner web developer.

4. Freelance career guide.

5. How companies made.

6. About programming.

7. About programming career.

8. Software engineering guideline.

9. About hacking.

Is this site about programming career and programming language was helpful to a degree less developer, especially those are willing to learn and want to be a software developer without any degree in computer science?

Of course, It's resourceful and helpful to me cause and I have learned a lot in programming and web development over the above 67 chapters those has helped me to become a complete software developer that's because of I would like to invite you to visit- Programming Career Guideline (English) if you have any thirstiness in software programming.

Author


SEO Consultant Momenul Ahmad founding the owner of The SEO Siri

Momenul Ahmad is the owner of The SEOSiri.com SEO, SEOCopywriting, SMM, SEM, SMO, Marketing, Content Marketer @seosiri, the one who help biz's To Gen Lead & Love Social Networking.Online marketing and advertising expertise famed and named him as an SEO Consultant Momenul Ahmad.

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It’s a great resource for someone with a modest amount of professional programming experience and a basic knowledge of data structures and algorithms. Bentley covers a wide range of topics relevant to the working programmer, including multiple chapters with case studies of algorithmic development from Bentley’s life as a professional developer, a chapter on the importance of choosing the right data structure(s) for your program, program performance/tuning, and finally a number of chapters that discuss specific algorithms and data structures.

Phase-locked loops are widely employed in radio, telecommunications, computers and other
electronic applications. They can be used to demodulate a signal, recover a signal from a
noisy communication channel, generate a stable frequency at multiples of an input frequency
(frequency synthesis), or distribute precisely timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits such
as microprocessors. Since a single integrated circuit can provide a complete phase-lockedloop
building block, the technique is widely used in modern electronic devices, with output
frequencies from a fraction of a hertz up to many gigahertz.
This thesis contains discrete components involving the Phase Detector and Voltage
Controlled Oscillator and Filter. The Phase Detector and the Voltage Controlled Oscillator
are designed with 50nm CMOS technology. The Filter is designed with microstrip
transmission line.
The Phase Detector, Voltage Controlled Oscillator and Band Pass Filter are designed and
simulated using the softwares- LTSPICE, HSPICE, ADS. The simulated results are in good
agreement. Process Scattering and Temperature variation have been applied in this thesis.

View the online version of the publication:
https://developing-an-organic-web-channel.ghost.io/2018/04/25/what-is-mvc-and-how-is-it-different-from-other-oop-applications/

MVC stands for model view controller. This software design pattern creates applications in a modular design separating the tasks into three separate programming modules or areas. The idea has existed historically for decades and according to Wikipedia model-view-controller was introduced in the 1970’s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. MVC can be used in desktop applications, web development projects and in embedded software applications as well.

Although a software engineer could use a similar approach in almost any object oriented programming language for both desktop applications and web applications, it is in recent years that MVC is becoming popular for web applications.

This project describes the steps for making a machine that automates the process of preparation and assay reaction mixtures needed to analyze a biological fluid of the body (blood, urine, or effusion puncture). It includes primarily a theoretical study of the CNC machine with three axes and two carousels which support the test tubes, followed by a description of the steps of the realization, simultaneously, the Visual Basic programming interface friendly from which the process must be controlled via the RS232 serial link and a control board that integrates the microcontroller CB220 family CUBLOC Comfile society.

The reaction mixture is prepared by the determination of the biological fluid with a reagent (a chemical compound) through a tool for sampling and assay precision. A choice must be made for this tool.

Keywords: CNC, Microcontroller, assay
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ce projet décrit les étapes de réalisation d’une machine qui automatise le processus de préparation et de dosage des mélanges réactionnels nécessaires pour faire l’analyse d’un liquide biologique de l’organisme (sang, urine, liquide d'épanchement ou de ponction). Il inclut en premier lieu une étude théorique de la machine à commande numérique à trois axes et des deux carrousels qui supportent les tubes à essai, suivie d’une description des étapes de la réalisation, simultanément, la programmation en Visual Basic d’une interface conviviale à partir de laquelle le processus doit être commandé à travers la liaison série RS232 et une carte de commande qui intègre le microcontrôleur CB220 de la famille CUBLOC de la société Comfile.
Le mélange réactionnel se prépare par le dosage du liquide biologique avec un réactif (un composé chimique) via un outil de prélèvement et de dosage de haute précision. Un choix doit donc être fait pour cet outil.

Mots-clés : Machine à commande numérique à trois axes, Microcontrôleur, Dosage

(Nano molecular memory) By using the structure of nanomolecular memory, the size of memory bits can be
substantially reduced, thereby increasing the density and efficiency of magnetic memory and lowering its cost and cost. Nano-lithographic methods are now being used to
provide some very powerful memories. Nanoelectronics Science and Technology offer
different nano-molecular memory capabilities. Photofraction materials, for example,
represent only one type of optical memory. In fact, with the use of nanotechnology, the
storage capacity of information can be increased by a thousand times or more. Data
storage is a very important and necessary topic that can be done in various ways
through nanomolecular memory. One of the new data storage tools is the use of nickel
quantum dots in nanometer sizes that are expected to Use terabytes of data storage.
Due to nano molecular memory, there is a high potential for activity in this field

In the building of nanostructures
(nanoplasmonics) , the volume created by the
electromagnetic field is localized, compressed and
improved. Slight changes in the dielectric around
the nanoparticle affect the intensification of surface
plasmons, so that these changes are reflected in the
amount of beam scattered, the absorbed beam, or
the change in wavelength.
Nanostructure is defined as any structure with one
or more dimensions and is measured in the
nanometer scale range. Nanostructures are
materials or structures that have at least one
dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers . The
importance of nanoscale in changing the properties
and characteristics of materials in these
dimensions. Properties such as electrical
conductivity, electromagnetic properties and so on.
The beginning of changing the properties of a
material by shrinking it depends more than anything
on the type of material and the desired property. For
example, as the dimensions of a material shrink ,
some of the nanomolecular electromagnetic
properties of materials, such as the conductivity of
nanoparticles in materials, generally improve. This
increase in strength does not occur only in the
range of a few nanometers, and the strength of
materials of several tens or even hundreds of
nanometers may be very high. Be larger than
large-scale bulk material. These changes can be
measured using optical characteristics

Nano Systems Nano Systems are composed
of various organic or inorganic materials that have
capabilities and properties such as their size from 1
to 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles are the main
components of Nano Systems.
The first broad description of nanotechnology refers
to the specific purpose of precision-manipulation
technology for atoms and molecules to make
large-scale products, also known as the Nano
System.Nano System Nano System is a function at
the molecular scale. This includes both current work
and more advanced concepts. At its core,
nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to
make items from the bottom up, using techniques
and tools that are produced to make complete,
high-performance products. Nano System Nano
System introduced the idea of "assembly" at the
nanoscale that could make its own copy. Another
case of arbitrary complexity with atomic control in
Nano Systems Nano Systems is very widespread
and practical. Nanocomputers and nanoassemblers
are also a subset of Nano Systems. Nanoparticles
are the main components of all nanosystems.To
produce nanoparticles with the help of
nanotechnology, changes can be made in atoms by
controlling the properties. When materials are
studied at the nanoscale, the reactions and behavior
of atoms are quite different from those studied at
the molecular level, because in this realm the
physical properties of the material change.

The range of change in nanoparticle activity depends on the nature and shape of the nanostructure. However  , if the nanoparticle field energy is comparable to the electromagnetic radiation energy, and if within a certain  wavelength range chemical reactions occur in the irradiated material, the activity  of the nanoparticles up to 100 nm will be significant. One new data storage tool is the use of nickel quantum dots in nanometer sizes that are expected to be used for storage.

Nano  -quantum effects are important in most materials and have different properties than what we are familiar with on a macroscopic scale. Nanophysics forms the basis of many medical phenomena, life sciences and chemistry and is an important link with these sciences. Electronic and optical properties and surfaces of various materials are interesting and new. Nano-quantum is based on the continuous development and modification of nanoscale imaging techniques whose resolution reaches the atomic scale. Nanoelectronics enters new materials and different fields of nutrition technology (nanoscale measuring devices, instruments for medical diagnosis, energy efficiency and storage, and solar technology) . Quantum physics phenomena can be represented by electrons, atoms, or Photons have been observed in dense material systems such as metals or semiconductors that play an important role in our daily lives. In the world of nano-quantum,

that have capabilities and properties such as their size from 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles are the main components of  Nano Systems.
The first broad description of nanotechnology refers to the specific purpose of precision-manipulation technology for atoms and molecules to make large-scale products,  also known as the Nano System.Nano System Nano System is a function at the molecular scale. This includes both current work and more advanced concepts. At its core, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to make items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools that are produced to make complete, high-performance products. Nano System Nano System  introduced the idea of ​​"assembly" at the nanoscale that could make its own copy. Another case of arbitrary complexity with atomic control in  Nano Systems Nano Systems is very widespread and practical. Nanocomputers and nanoassemblers are also a subset of Nano Systems. Nanoparticles are the main components of all nanosystems.To produce nanoparticles with the help of nanotechnology, changes can be made in atoms by controlling the properties.

The dielectric nanoplayer is a barrier between positive and negative charges that has a very small thickness. And nanomaterials are electrolytes that contain both positive and negative ions. By placing the potential between the capacitor electrodes, the negative ions move towards the positive electrode and the positive ions move towards the negative electrode. Finally, two capacitors are obtained, which are connected in series.
Supporting nanostructures (NRAMs)  are memory chips made of  carbon nanotubes,  although the discovery of small but  very strong, flexible, and conductive carbon nanotubes with dimensions similar to DNA strands has been  used. Absorb micro-chlorophyll-like organic molecules  instead of charge storage capacitors in DRAM and NRAM memory chips.  Nanocrystals, the use of which will increase the lifespan of flash memory. And the development of a magnetic material based on the protein ferritin, which will be used to make disk drives and memory chips.

Graphene Molecular Nano Memories  A new non-volatile charge trapping memory using isolated nano-graphene crystals and uniform distribution is used as a nano floating gate with excellent controllable capacity and uniformity. Nano-graphene load trapping memory with large memory gate (4.5V) at low operating voltage (8V), chemical and thermal stability (1000 ° C), as well as adjustable memory performance using different tunneling .

Graphene has outstanding nanoelectronic properties, very high electron mobility and unparalleled nanoscale conductivity. It is so conductive that it transmits electrons ten times faster than silicon. These properties make graphene an ideal candidate for future-generation nanoelectronic applications such as  graphene molecular nano particles  .The interaction of absorbed nano-graphene electron particles  changes the  electrical conductivity at the surface  of the Nano Memory Moulcolar  . Absorption  of small amounts of nanoelectrons  by very low molecular motion alters the resistance of nano-graphene  , which is commensurate with  the molecular nanoparticles of Nano Memory Moulcolar  . Graphene Nano Memory Moulcolar  is a transparent flexible nano-graphene floating gate transistor memory device made by combining an active single-layer graphene channel with gold nanoparticle trap elements. Systematically the dimensions of the gold nanoparticle trap elements, the thickness of the dielectric tunneling layer and the graphene doping surface are very important in its production. In particular, conductivity differences (  e.g.  , memory window) between programming and clearing operations at a specific gate voltage can be maximized by doping. Graphene Nano Memories The result is molecularly developed, excellent programmable nanoscale memory performance compared to previous graphene memory devices and a large memory window (12 volts), fast switching speed (1 microsecond), strong electrical reliability it shows. Graphene molecular nanoparticles  show unique electronic properties, and their small size, structural strength, and high performance make them very promising as a charge storage

Nano-Microelectronics introduces new
methods for making nanotransistors on a small
scale, measuring several tens of nanometers, which
is derived from a science called nanotechnology.
Unlike today's nanotransistors, which behave based
on the mass motion of electrons in matter, new
devices follow the phenomena of nanoscale
quantum mechanics in which the discrete nature of
the electron can no longer be ignored. By shrinking
all the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the
transistor, the electric charge density in the various
regions of the nanotransistor increases, or in other
words, the number of electrical charges per unit
area of the nanotransistor increases. This has two
negative consequences: First, by increasing the
density of the electric charge, the possibility of
discharging the electric charge from the insulated
areas of the transistor increases , and this event
causes damage to the transistor and its failure. This
is similar to the discharge of additional electrical
charge between the cloud and the ground in the
phenomenon of lightning, which ionizes air
molecules into negative and positive ions. Secondly
As the density of the electric charge increases, the
electrons may move out of the radius of an atom
and into the radius of the adjacent atom, under the
influence of thrust or abduction forces that have
now increased. In quantum physics, this is called
tunneling. Electron tunneling from one atom to an
adjacent atom is a phenomenon that occurs on a
small scale between electrons. This phenomenon is
the basis of some electronic components and some
nanoscopes. But in nanotransistors this is not a
useful phenomenon, because the tunneling of
electrons from one atom to an adjacent atom may
continue and cause an electric current. Although
this electric current may be very small, because it is

s IEEE Std 1-1986 (R1992). IEEE Standard General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Rating of Electric Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation. These principles are intended to serve as a guide in the preparation of IEEE and other standards that deal with the selection of temperature limits and the measurement of temperature for specific types of electric equipment. Fundamental considerations are outlined, and the elements to be considered in applying the principles to specific cases are reviewed. Guiding principles are included for the development of test procedures for thermal evaluation of electrical insulating materials, thermal evaluation of insulation systems, and thermal classification of insulation systems for use in rating electric equipment.

Nanoelectronic Materials: Fundamentals and Applications
This book presents synthesis techniques for the preparation of low-dimensional nanomaterials including 0D (quantum dots), 1D (nanowires, nanotubes) and 2D (thin films, few layers), as well as their potential applications in nanoelectronic systems. It focuses on the size effects involved in the transition from bulk materials to nanomaterials; the electronic properties of nanoscale devices; and different classes of nanomaterials from microelectronics to nanoelectronics, to molecular electronics. Furthermore, it demonstrates the structural stability, physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, electrical, thermal, electronic and mechanical properties of the nanomaterials. Subsequent chapters address their characterization, fabrication techniques from lab-scale to mass production, and functionality.

In turn, the book considers the environmental impact of nanotechnology and novel applications in the mechanical industries, energy harvesting, clean energy, manufacturing materials, electronics, transistors, health and medical therapy. In closing, it addresses the combination of biological systems with nanoelectronics and highlights examples of nanoelectronic–cell interfaces and other advanced medical applications.

The book answers the following questions:

• What is different at the nanoscale?

• What is new about nanoscience?

• What are nanomaterials (NMs)?
• What are the fundamental issues in nanomaterials?

• Where are nanomaterials found?

• What nanomaterials exist in nature?
• What is the importance of NMs in our lives?

• Why so much interest in nanomaterials?

• What is at nanoscale in nanomaterials?
• What is graphene?

• Are pure low-dimensional systems interesting and worth pursuing?

• Are nanotechnology products currently available?
• What are sensors?

• How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology work together?

• What are the recent advances in nanoelectronic materials?
• What are the latest applications of NMs?

This paper deals with the basic knowledge for engineers to study about the basic need of earthing, types and applications of earthing. In addition IE rule, recommended specification and factors affecting the earth resistivity were mentioned in this paper.

it is clear that as we approach the 21st century the remarkable revolution in information services has permeated our society. This rapid growth of information technology has led to new services hungry for transmission capacity. Communication, which in the past was confined to narrowband voice signals, now demands a high quality visual, audio, and data context for services such as Voice over-Internet protocol (VoIP), video streaming, broadcasting of TV programmes, high-speed file sharing, E-commerce and E-Governance need a transmission medium with very high bandwidth capabilities for handling vast amounts of information. The telecommunications industry, however, is struggling to keep pace with these changes. Earlier predictions were made that current fiber capacities would be adequate for our needs into the next century but they have been proven wrong but these fiber-optics, with its comparatively infinite bandwidth and by employing the latest multiplexing technique, i.e. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has proven to be the solution.

Keywords— SONET, EDFA; Optical window; SDH, FWM

IET indexes its books and journal in SCOPUS and IEEE Xplore.
Computer Vision (CV) and Sensors play a decisive role in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), but there exists a void when it comes to analysing the extent of their impact on the entire UAV system. In general, the fact that a UAV is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is not taken into account. In this proposal, we propose to expand on earlier books covering the use of CV and sensing in UAVs. Among other things, an entirely autonomous UAV can help to (i) obtain information about the environment, (ii) work for an extended period of time without human interference, (iii) move either all or part of itself all over its operating location devoid of human help and (iv) stay away from dangerous situations for people and their possessions. A Vision System (VS) entails the way CV data will be utilized, the appropriate architecture for total avionics integration, the control interfaces, and the UAV operation. Since the VS core is its sensors and cameras, multi-sensor fusion, navigation, hazard detection, and ground correlation in real time are important operational aspects that can benefit from CV knowledge and technology. This book will aim to collect and shed some light on the existing information on CV software and hardware for UAVs as well as pinpoint aspects that need additional thinking. It will list standards and a set of prerequisites (or lack of them thereof) when it comes to CV deployment in UAVs. The issue of data fusion takes a centre place when the book explores ways to deal with sensor data and images as well as their integration and display. The best practices to fuse image and sensor information to enhance UAV performance by means of CV can greatly improve all aspects of the corresponding CPS. The CPS viewpoint can improve the way UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine CV with Virtual/Augmented Realities.

VOLUME 1-CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE: This tome explores how sensors and computer vision technologies are used in unmanned aerial vehicles for the navigation, control, stability, reliability, guidance, fault detection, self-maintenance, strategic replanning and reconfiguration of the entire system. It helps analyse the manner UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle still imagery, video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine computer vision with virtual/augmented realities (VR/AR).NB: This is planned to be the companion volume of Estrela, Hemanth, Saotome (Eds) / Imaging and Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Volume 2-Deployment and Applications

Majority of  engineering  colleges, universities and
the technical institutions are undertaking all initiatives to stay competitive. Efforts are exerted to continuously improve the curriculum in order to provide quality and relevant education for the students in response to global call for outcomes-based education. This paper presents the procedures, techniques, methods,  and advantages of using Altium Designer software in teaching electronic circuits. Altium Designer is a schematic capture, simulation, and PCB design software, dedicated to analyzing electronic circuits which is based on interconnected icons of electronic components. The approach makes it easier for the students to visualize the system they are attempting to design, model, and study. Likewise, it makes debugging and error correction simpler. Moreover, an example has been provided  also  to show how to use  the software for teaching and research in electronic circuits.