Ancient Greek History

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716031

Babylonian hermeneutics has been the subject of several studies in recent years that have showed that speculative thought exploited the potentiality of the cuneiform system through analogical reasoning in order to find and create new meanings according to phonetic, semantic and graphic similarities. Analogical hermeneutics was prompted by the polysemic and homophonic nature of cuneiform writing and was intended as an inquiry into the cuneiform system itself. Analogical reasoning is also well known in ancient Greece particularly in Heraclitus producing semantic proliferation and ambiguity. A comparison between Mesopotamian and Greek sources shows that Heraclitus’ fragments share with cuneiform scholarship a similar epistemic reasoning based on analogy. The present contribution aims at setting the Babylonian epistemological system in light of Heraclitus' philosophy.

The fact that the Achaemenids controlled Anatolia for two centuries provokes a question about the extent of Greek, Anatolian, and Persian contacts and exchange during this period. The growing
evidence for foreign domination has been accompanied by new and revised evidence of the region’s acculturation, which appears to have been a natural process. Archaeological finds from funerary contexts provide
a large amount of information and testify to the cosmopolitan art and culture. Artists and craftsmen spread their artistic styles far and wide along with iconographic norms closely connected to exchange networks, circulation of people, and common lifeways.

After the bloody Battle of Asculum in 279 BCE, Pyrrhus famously remarked:
“If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.” This is the origin of the phrase “Pyrrhic victory”. The coinage of Pyrrhus is complex. Most cities he occupied continued to strike their
traditional designs. These are generally catalogued with a phrase like “time of Pyrrhus”. For types inscribed ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ (“of King Pyrrhus“), the mint is often uncertain, some were struck in Italy, others back in Epirus. Although his peers, the other Hellenistic kings, were proudly placing their own portraits on coinage, Pyrrhus never did. Our picture of his appearance comes from Roman copies of idealized Greek sculptures made long after his death.

Lykia Bölgesi, Anadolu'nun, güneybatıda Akdeniz'e uzandığı Teke Yanmadası'nda yer alır. Bölgenin kuzeydoğusunda Pamphylia, kuzeyinde Phrygia ve Pisidia, batısında ise Karia Bölgeleri bulunmaktadır. Lykia doğu-batı yönünde 120; kuzey-güney yönünde 60 km'dir ve böylelikle 5083 km2 alana yayılmıştır. I Dağlık bir bölge olan Lykia'nın en yüksek dağı güneydeki 3086 metrelik Kızlar Sivrisi ile Beydağlan'dır. Lykia'nın iç kısımlannın en karakteristik coğrafik özelliği, kuşbakışıyla, bölgenin büyük bir kısmını kapsayan bir atnalı ile karşılaştınlabilecek büyük dağ sıralandır.2 Bölgenin merkezindeki büyük dağ sıralannın yanında, bunlardan derin vadilerle aynlmış dağlık alanlar vardır. Lykia Bölgesi'nin topoğrafyasında dağlar kadar nehirler de belirleyici bir öneme sahiptir.3 Bunlar, doğudan batıya doğru Alakır Çayı (Gagas?), Limyros (Göksu), Arykandos (Başgöz-Aykırıçay), Myros (Demre Çayı) ve Ksanthos'tur (Eşen Çayı). Bu nehirlerden en önemlisi olan Ksanthos, Antik Dönem'de Lykia kültürünün merkezi konumundaydı. Bölgenin yerleşimi, bu dağlar ve nehirlerin oluşturduğu vadiler ile nehirlerin sahilde oluşturduklan alüvyon ovalarda yoğunluk kazanmaktadır. Sahil yerleşiminde aynca, denizyolu ulaşımının kolaylığı ve deniz aşın ticaret de rol oynamıştır. Lykia'daki doğallimanlar bu yüzden önemlidir.

Dünyaya ilk adımını attığı andan itibaren insan için en önemli mesele hayatta
kalmak ve türünü devam ettirmek olmuştur. Bunun için tıpkı diğer canlılar gibi üreyen
insan, genlerini türevlerine aktarmış ve soyunu devam ettirmeye çalışmıştır.
Ölümsüzlük isteği tüm insanların hayatlarında ve amaçları arasında görülür. Ölümsüz
olma çabalarının yanında insan ırkı, tarih boyunca bilinmeyenden korkmuş ve onu
gizemli addetmiştir. Nitekim Eskiçağ’da İstros (Tuna Nehri)’un kuzeyinin kötü
ruhlarla dolu bir yer olarak nitelendirilmesi bu gizemin bir yansımasıdır. Ölüm de tıpkı
İstros’un ötesi gibi bilinmeyen bir olgu olduğu için insan, bu gerçekten de korkmuş ve
ölümü olabildiğince az düşünerek yaşamaya çalışmıştır. Her ne kadar hiç
ölmeyecekmişçesine hayat sürse de insanın bilinçaltında ölüm olgusu var olagelmiştir.
Bu olguyu zihninde en gerilere iten birey, ölümsüzlüğü elde etmek uğruna dünyada
birtakım çabalara girişmiştir. Kimi kişi bir şaheser niteliğinde binalar inşa ederek
ölümsüzlüğü aramışken kimisi de olabildiğince çok çocuk yaparak adını ve genlerini
yaşatmaya, bir nevi kendini ölümsüzleştirmeye çalışmıştır. İnsanlık tarihi bilhassa
soyunu devam ettireceğini düşündüğü için erkek çocuk sahibi olmaya çalışan; ancak
bu isteği karşılayamayan kadınlarını boşayıp başka bir kadınla evlenen erkeklerle
doludur. Ancak şu vardır ki bir insanın adını hatırlayan ve onu tanıyan son kişi
öldüğünde o insanın da ölecek olması tarih boyunca göz ardı edilen bir gerçek
olmuştur.
Ölümsüz olma çabalarından biri de bir eser ortaya koymaktır. Bu eser, bir bina,
katedral, manastır vb. gibi yapı olabileceği gibi tarih metni, şiir, roman gibi edebi bir
eser de olabilmiştir. Nitekim Herodotos da yazdığı eserle ölümsüzlüğü arayan bir insan
olmuştur. “Tarihin Babası” olarak anılan ünlü tarihçi Thukydides’in dediği gibi bir
araştırıcı meraklılığıyla konularını takip edip araştırmış; ancak geleceğe yararlı bilgiler
sunmak amacıyla değil, merak uyandırarak daha fazla okunmak ve ilgi çekmek
amacıyla yazmıştır. Bu yüzden her ne kadar “Tarihin Babası” olarak anılsa da onun
yazdığı tarih bilimsel değil, rivayetçi geleneğe ait olmuştur. Tarihin bilimsel temele
oturmasının ilk yapı taşını atansa sonraki yıllarda yaşamış Thukydides olmuştur.

This article proposes a function for the dates in the Behistun inscription of Darius I: that alongside its telling of an authorised story of righteous accession it made possible, and perhaps even established, a calendar of historical commemoration. The article makes observations about DB’s internal chronography – its synchronisation of the Persian and Babylonian calendars, the function of its single-year container for the battles’ day-month dates, and the stability, panimperial distribution, and continued availability of this information; it establishes parallels for annual victory calendars in Mesopotamia and Judea; and it identifies good, if infrequent, testimony to an Achaemenid concern with the institution of anniversary celebrations and battle commemorations.

This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach combining research methods in history and political science to propose that the fundamental cause of Rome’s entry into and later domination of the Greek world was its reaction to a series of geopolitical developments in the Mediterranean region around the years 219 – 188 BCE. The thesis contends that the dominant paradigm in current scholarship on Roman imperialism assigns too much value to the internal structures of Roman society and consequently overlooks the importance of developments in the interstate system, in which the Roman state was a participant.

Following Alexander’s unexpected death in 323, his subordinates waged constant warfare for the next four decades to divide the spoils of his vast empire. By the 280s, these wars subsided, and an unstable balance of power emerged in the east Mediterranean, between the Antigonid, Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties.

This balance of power shattered seventy years later due to a sudden decline in Ptolemaic power, caused by a massive native uprising in Egypt, chronic domestic maladministration and a series of unfortunate coincidences. Ptolemaic collapse triggered what political scientists term a power-transition crisis, as it motivated the Antigonid and Seleucid rulers to launch aggressive wars with the aim of capturing Ptolemaic territory. Their aggression threatened the independence of minor Greek states, which attempted to recreate a tripolar balance of power in the region by appealing to Rome for intervention in the crisis.

With the Roman defeat of the two great dynasties and the collapse of the third, a new interstate system emerged in the Mediterranean: hegemony under the government of the Romans.

https://www.habelt.de
Nováková, L. 2019. Greeks who dwelt beyond the sea: people, places, monuments.  Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 333. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt. ISBN 978-3-7749-4216-5.
The Greek civilization, whose legacy remains visible to the present day, developed in several places on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks often came into contact with different, sometimes significantly older and more developed cultures that helped them to advance in the sciences, arts and trade. One such crossroads of civilizations was Anatolia, a land that was the literal meeting place of east and west with an incredibly diverse population. This was reflected in the diversity of its cultures, languages and religions. There is a growing volume of new research – papers, articles and monographs – aimed at determining at least in part how these ancient societies defined themselves. The answer to this relatively complex question can only be sought in the written and archaeological evidence. We can get to know the Hellenes from written sources and their unique artistic heritage, while grave art helps to fill in the rich mosaic of their Anatolian neighbors. The term “Greeks dwelling beyond the sea” is a paraphrase of the name for the Greeks in foreign sources (Yaunā), which referred to the inhabitants of the distant lands beyond the western frontier of the Persian Empire. In this case, the term refers to the Greeks who crossed the Aegean Sea and settled on the Anatolian mainland and nearby islands.
https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020.09.34/

The paper evaluates works of ancient authors who mention and provide details of the burial of fallen soldiers in ancient Greece, and then it compares them with preserved archaeological finds. Textual analysis shows a long-term tradition of war graves on battlefields. The commanders of the troops provided funeral services in the first place, as the extradition request of bodies was equal to the recognition of defeat. In most cases both sides had enough time to take care of their fallen after the battle, but there were exceptions when the last honors were rather provisional. In addition to burial directly on the battlefield, it seems that, depending on the circumstances, the removal of the remains to the hometown or burial outside the battlefield and outside the home also applies. The tombstones could have various forms, in the case of collective burials, tumuli with stelae bearing the names of the deceased were preferred, in the case of burial of military commanders, tombstones took the form of a monumental statue. Cremation burial is thought to have prevailed over inhumation.

Resumo: O presente artigo busca discutir a ficção para além do ψεῦδος (pseûdos) no mundo grego. Para tanto, examino o estatuto da ficção e do ficcional a partir de moedas falsas. Na relação do homem grego com sua moeda, falsa ou verdadeira, deparamo-nos com situações em que moedas falsas são autorizadas a integrar a circulação, tornando-se, consequentemente, equivalentes às verdadeiras; há também moedas falsificadas capazes de pôr em xeque as verdadeiras; e ainda as falsas que podem se tornar mais verdadeiras do que as reais. É preciso notar que o contraste vocabular entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) não permite perceber a fluidez da fronteira entre uma ideia e outra. Donde, talvez, a contribuição de observar como essa mesma fronteira se comporta nas práticas do mundo grego pouco familiares às noções de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (como no caso das moedas), mas que, inevitavelmente, participam de sua elaboração e sofisticação. Tais práticas ajudam, assim, a explicar o pacto de ficcionalidade no teatro clássico.
Palavras-chave: falsificação; moedas falsas; moedas verdadeiras; ficção; teatro.

LA CONTREFAÇON ET LE THÉÂTRE GREC: DEUX FACES D'UNE MÊME PIÈCE
Résumé: Dans cette réflexion, je voudrais discuter la fiction au-delà du ψεῦδος (pseûdos) dans le monde grec. J'examine, pour ce faire, le statut de la fiction ou du fictionnel, en particulier dans les fausses pièces. Dans la relation de l'homme grec avec sa monnaie, tant réelle que fausse, on est confronté à des situations où il y a des pièces fausses qui sont autorisées à intégrer la circulation et, par conséquent, sont équivalentes aux vraies; ainsi que pièces contrefaites qui sont capables de mettre en échec la vraie monnaie; et encore des contrefaites qui peuvent devenir plus réelles que les réelles. Il faut noter que le contraste entre ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (alétheia) ne permet pas de percevoir la fluidité de la frontière entre une idée et l’autre. D’où, peut-être, la raison d’observer comment cette même frontière se comporte dans les pratiques du monde grec, en principe pratiques peu habituées aux notions de ψεῦδος e ἀλήθεια (comme dans le cas de la monnaie), mais qui, inévitablement, ont participé à leur élaboration et à leur sophistication. Et qui aident (ces pratiques) à expliquer le pacte de fiction au théâtre classique.
Mots-clés: contrefaçon; fausses pièces; varies pièces; fiction; théâtre.

No comedies are preserved from 413 or 412 BC. But we do have two — Aristophanes' Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae — that were performed in 411. The plot of Lysistrata is overtly political. Scholars have nonetheless found it difficult to detect specific traces within the play of the tumultuous events of 411, much less any concrete recommendations for how to deal with what everyone in the city must by then have realized was a terrible military and political situation. I argue that the play is best understood as evidence for the even more confused and ambiguous situation in mid-412 or so, and that the heroine's plans, procedures and complaints, and how the opposition to them is characterised, offer insight not so much into the ideology of the committed oligarchs who briefly seized power a year or so later, as into widely dispersed patterns of political and social thought that made that seizure possible.

This course offers an introduction to the history of ancient Greece from the Bronze Age to the end of the Hellenistic Age (roughly the 16th to the 1st centuries BCE), drawing on both source materials and modern works. This is a student-driven seminar based on a balance of lectures, readings, and in-class discussions on the societal, religious, and political developments of the Greek world in antiquity. Students will become familiar with the Bronze, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and early Roman periods of Greek history.

The foundation of this course is the geopolitical history of the expanding Greek world; however, students also will engage the importance of ancient Greek culture, literature, religion, art, and gender roles. Through the investigation of texts, architecture, and archaeology, students will gain an appreciation of not just the ruling classes of the ancient Greek world, but also of the daily lives of normal Greeks and Hellenized native peoples.

Territoires multiples des cités grecques : définitions, limites, évolutions Hébergement du webinaire : École française d'Athènes Inscription au webinaire : https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_oUJKrlmYTkWFT57KZVKfpg Le but de cette journée d' études est de s'interroger sur les représentations politiques, identitaires, religieuses et sociales que se faisaient les Grecs de leurs espaces quotidiens en variant les échelles d'approche, de la rue à l'Hellas. Grâce à l'analyse par catégorie d'acteurs et par l' étude de leurs territorialités propres, définies par les limites naturelles ou construites qu' établissaient les différentes catégories d'habitants des cités grecques, nous tenterons d'appréhender au mieux les multiples territoires.

Any building can be perceived as the summation of specific actions surrounding the gathering and construction of a precise volume and variety of materials. By working backwards and quantifying its individual aspects, a structure can be estimated in terms of labour costs spent in construction. This methodology, traditionally called architectural energetics, is becoming more common in historical and archaeological analyses and can provide new avenues through which to interpret past societies via structures. Three-dimensional (3D) technologies are continually being applied to historical research in new and exciting ways. One such application comes in 3D reconstructions of past buildings. In this project, a residential structure at Kasmenai, Archaic period southeast Sicily, was reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and historical comparanda. From the volume calculations provided by Blender, volumetric analyses can be completed to aid in estimating labour costs for constructing the building. This project compares the traditional, mathematical format of architectural energetics to that aided by 3D design. The advantages of the latter demonstrate clearly the benefit of incorporating digital technologies into historical research.

This paper focuses on the portrait of Miltiades in the sources between 4th cent. B.C. and 1st A.D., thus after Herodotus and before Plutarch and the Second sophistic. After the first paragraph, devoted to an introduction to the issue, the second one considers sources of the 4th century: the orators usually praise Miltiades and therefore they rehabilitate his reputation after he died in disgrace (par. 2.1); then his figure is analysed in authors like Plato, Aristotle (par. 2.2) and Theopompus and Ephorus (par. 2.3). The third paragraph focuses on the sources between 1st cent. B.C. and 1st A.D.: the only Greek-writing author is Diodorus (par. 3.1), but we have a number of Latin sources, like Nepos, Cicero, Seneca the Elder, Valerius Maximus and others (par. 3.2). In the fourth paragraph it is provided a list of rare pieces of information preserved by the sources, concerning the battle of Marathon (par. 4.1), the events after the battle (par. 4.2) and other episodes (par. 4.3): the aim of this section is not to ascertain the reliability of these pieces of news, that is usually very low, but to use them in order to understand which portrait of Miltiades these sources intended to provide. The fifth paragraph offers final remarks and suggests that, notwithstanding Miltiades’ rehabilitation, due both to Cimon’s propaganda and to the new conditions of 4th century Athens, his imagine remains at least partly controversial: criticisms are attested (e.g. by Plato), but also ambivalent judgments, such as that of Nepos, who wrote the only biography of Miltiades.

A description (in Dutch) of the new website Rondompericles.nl ('Around Pericles') opening up the text of Pericles' famous funeral oration in Thucydides book 2, and related text, with annotations, commentary and background, for a general readership as well as undergraduate students. (online in autumn 2018)

Neste estudo pretendemos apresentar brevemente sobre os conceitos que circundam e perpassam o universo da prostituição, na Atenas do V século a.C.. Com o objetivo de nos
debruçarmos sobre as conexões que fazem parte desse universo, tentaremos tecer algumas considerações sobre o que afeta e reflete suas ações, tanto em âmbito público quanto privado. Para auxiliar nesta tarefa analítica, nos apoiaremos metodologicamente em representações, concepções sociais, políticas e jurídicas para refletir ao universo de transito, público e privado, da prostituição. Desta maneira evidenciaremos a importância destas agentes sociais, a partir de suas especificidades, para compreender a complexidade a cerca da imagem da prostituta ateniense na Antiguidade Clássica.

This article seeks to demonstrate how the myth of Troy is still relevant to modern-day European culture and identity, drawing on Gregor Feindt et al.’s concept of “entangled memory” as a theoretical foundation. In order to support this claim, it discusses Wolfgang Petersen’s movie Troy (2004), the successful exhibition Troy—Dream and Reality that opened in Germany in 2001; the heated debate sparked by this exhibition among German scholars; and the political discussion about Turkey’s unsuccessful application for membership in the European Union, in which references to Troy played a surprising role.

Xenophon is known for trusting the audience to detect his subtle and unobvious intensions in his writings. However, one scene that presents Socrates’ encounter with Theodote in his Memorabilia still confuses many modern readers and motivates the debate about Xenophon’s intention of including this scene at all. Since Xenophon’s works have very careful structure, I’m going to examine this scene’s place Xenophon’s Memorabilia. Furthermore, I’m going to try to detect Xenophon’s intentions of including this scene in order to portray Socrates character.

The topic of this paper (delivered at a recent seminar in Chieti, 13 December 2018) is the vision of democratic politics implicit in Aristophanes' Wasps, with particular attention to Cleon. In particular, I argue that what Cleon represents has changed over the last few years, as has the significance of the late 5th-century Athenian democratic experiment, as a result of the rise of Donald Trump. The paper will eventually appear in the Atti of the conference, but I am posting it in advance of that due to the timeliness of the topic. Readers interested primarily in Cleon and Trump may wish to skip the central section of the paper, which is largely occupied with Aristophanic politics.

Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean World, A Brill Companion to Classical Studies Series Series Editor: Lee L. Brice Aims and Scope The aim of the series is to publish high-quality, useful volumes each focused on a specific topic related to warfare in the ancient Mediterranean world. Where appropriate, volume coverage should include the eastern Mediterranean, including Assyria, Persia, Anatolia the Levant, and Egypt as well as Greece and Rome. The intended audience includes scholarly specialist and non-specialist students of the ancient world. Topics already published or in process include insurgency and terrorism, dealing with defeat, food and warfare, discipline/indiscipline, and Late Antiquity. We are seeking new volume proposals on a variety of topics covering a wide range of issues and methodologies. Specific topics we are interested in include: religion, topography/geography, reception of ancient warfare, medicine/death, Persia, Hellenistic world, archaeology/material culture and warfare, auxilia, the Pax Romana, navies, and peace, but we welcome proposals on any appropriate topic.

PORTUGUÊS – DESCRIÇÃO E OBJETIVOS
A Revista Mundo Antigo é uma publicação científica semestral sem fins lucrativos de História Antiga, Medieval e Arqueologia do Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT) do curso de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes.
A Revista Mundo Antigo tem por objetivo:
• Promover o intercâmbio entre pesquisadores, professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Disseminar pesquisas de professores e pós-graduandos do Brasil e do exterior.
• Permitir acesso ágil e fácil à produção acadêmica de modo a ser usada em pesquisas futuras por discentes e docentes.
• Estimular a produção de conhecimento sobre a História Antiga, História Medieval e Arqueologia Antiga.
• Divulgar publicações, eventos, cursos e sites, quando possível, de modo a contribuir com a pesquisa docente e discente.
• Estabelecer uma relação entre mundo antigo e mundo contemporâneo, quando possível, para uma melhor compreensão dos processos históricos.

Todos os direitos reservados aos autores.
Os artigos são de responsabilidade de seus autores.

ENGLISH – DESCRPITION AND OBJECTIVES
The Mundo Antigo Journal is an open journal (free of charge)  publication of Ancient History, Middle Ages and Archaeology  from  Núcleo de Estudos em História Medieval, Antiga e Arqueologia Transdisciplinar (NEHMAAT - Center for Studies in Middle Ages,  Ancient History and Interdisciplinary Archaeology) of undergraduate program in History, of University Federal Fluminense – Instituto de Ciência da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional – ESR – Campos dos Goytacazes city (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil). 


The Mundo Antigo Journal aims to:
• To promote exchange between researchers, teachers and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Disseminate research professors and graduate students from Brazil and abroad.
• Allow access faster and easier to scholar research in order to be used in future research by students and teachers.
• Stimulate the production of knowledge about Ancient History, Medieval History and Ancient Archaeology.
• Disseminate publications, events, courses and sites in order to contribute to the research staff and students.
• Establish a relationship between ancient and modern world, when possible, to a better understanding of historical processes.

All rights reserved to the authors.
The articles are the responsibility of their authors.

PORTUGUES - LINHA EDITORIAL E DE PESQUISA
Usos do Passado no Mundo Moderno e Contemporâneo.
Visa analisar a utilização ou apropriação de elementos do mundo antigo e medieval como forma de legitimidade cultural, social e das relações de poder no mundo moderno e contemporâneo.

Cultura, Economia, Sociedade e Relações de Poder na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa no que se refere à Antiguidade e a Idade Medieval. Com relação à Antiguidade pretende-se privilegiar culturas tais como: Egito, Grécia, Roma, Mesopotâmia, Pérsia e Índia em princípio.

Religião, Mito e Magia na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.
Permite ampla possibilidade de pesquisa sobre práticas mágico-religiosas e relações sociais e de poder.


Cultura, Religião e Sociedade na África Antiga e Medieval.
Visa analisar sociedades africanas complexas e a ocupação de certas regiões da África pelas civilizações do Mediterrâneo tomando por base as contribuições européias, norte-americanas e sul-americanas, bem como as contribuições de pesquisadores africanistas.

ENGLISH - LINE EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH
Uses of the Past in Modern and Contemporary World.
Aims to analyze the use and appropriation of elements of ancient and Middle Ages to promote cultural and social legitimacy in the modern and contemporary world.

Culture, Economy, Society and Power Relations in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to study with regard to the antiquity and Middle Ages. Regarding the antiquity intended to focus on cultures such as Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia and India in principle.

Religion, Myth and Magic in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Allows ample opportunity to research magic-religious practices, and social  relation of power.
Culture, Religion and Society in Ancient Africa and African Middle Ages.
Aims to analyze African societies and the occupation of Africa (certain areas by Mediterranean societies) based upon Europe, North America and South America contributions as well as the African researchers.
Prof. Dr. Julio Cesar Mendonça Gralha (UFF-ESR)
(Editor)

Ever since man started to study systematically medicine for the first time he recognized the value of the knowledge of Anatomy in order to safely cut and treat the human body. However, over the centuries it has been proved that Anatomy is more than just a scientific field of medicine. The fact that Anatomy requires the use of human cadavers as an object to study brought to the surface many moral issues, which adumbrated its turbulent past. Additionally, Anatomy and its inextricable element, illustration, has many times been a source of inspiration for both the anatomists and the artists. This paper aims on the one hand to provide a condensed overview of the history of Anatomy and on the other hand to investigate the way Anatomy penetrates Art and, conversely, Art penetrates Anatomy.

Edited and Translated into English by Brian Duvick XXXVII. After the Trojans saw this, Antenor, Aeneas, and Polydamas came to Priam, pleaded with him to convene the council and deliberate about their future fortune. Priam convened the council. Those who requested the opportunity to speak he ordered to state what they wanted. Antenor recalled that the principal defenders of Troy, Hector and his other sons, had been killed with the foreign leaders, that the Argives still had their bravest-Agamemnon, Menelaus, Neoptolemus, who was no less brave than his father, Diomedes, Locrian Ajax, and several others, including men of the highest good sense-Nestor, Ulysses. In contrast, he said, the Trojans had been shut up and worn out with fear. He argued instead to return Helena and the goods that Alexander had taken with her companions and to make peace. After they talked about procuring peace with lengthy speeches, Amphimachus stood up, a young son of Priam, very brave, delivered a horrid speech against Antenor and those who had consented. He upbraided their deeds, argued instead to muster the army and invade the camp until victorious or fall for the fatherland defeated. After he concluded, Aeneas stood up, contested Amphimachus with calm and gentle words, argued to seek peace from the Argives with urgency. Polydamas persuaded the same.

Stásis as a political phenomenon arises in Archaic Greece as a consequence of the absence of written law, tyrannical governments and the iniquities due to the excessive accumulation of wealth by the aristocratic class. Didactic epic, elegies and iambus describe social unrest in the different póleis. The stásis is narrated, sometimes explicitly, sometimes indirectly, in poems and fragments that transmit the state of permanent conflict during the first centuries of history of the Greek póleis.

RESUMEN:

La stásis como fenómeno político surge en la Grecia Arcaica a consecuencia de la ausencia de leyes escritas, la preeminencia de las tiranías y las injusticias asociadas a la excesiva acumulación de riquezas por parte de los nobles. La épica didáctica, las elegías y los yambos dan cuenta de la agitación social en las distintas póleis. La stásis se narra, a veces explícitamente, a veces de manera indirecta, en poemas y fragmentos que transmiten el permanente estado de discordia de los primeros siglos de historia de las póleis griegas.