Bioengineering

Abstract. This paper proposes an ordering of ideas to create politics that distinguishes itself from conventional politics. It is called extrapolitics. To define extrapolitics, the concept of politics, transhumanism and dialectic - dialogism have been briefly included. The  Politics Path has been schematized as a process of evolution that politics experiments and goes hand in hand with human evolution. A post-politicist proposal was suggested for the proper proliferation of transhumanist objectives, as well as an extension of the conventional political spectrum, one that includes the extra-political spectrum and arguments against human enhancement. It finalizes with the inclusion of two potential phenomena, one harmful and the other one ideal, that define the processes of application of extrapolitical policies, the bio-socio-political singularity and the bio-socio-political inflection, respectively.

Key words: transhumanism, politics, philosophy, extrapolitics, dialogism, ideologies, singularity, postmodernism, complexity.

The liver is a key organ that can communicate with many other districts of the human body. In the last few decades, much interest has focused on the interaction between the liver and the gut microbiota, with their reciprocal influence on biosynthesis pathways and the integrity the intestinal epithelial barrier. Dysbiosis or liver disorders lead to0 epithelial barrier dysfunction, altering membrane permeability to toxins. Clinical and experimental evidence shows that the permeability hence the delivery of neurotoxins such as LPS, ammonia and salsolinol contribute to neurological disorders. These findings suggested multi-organ communication between the gut microbiota, the liver and the brain. With a view to in vitro modeling this liver-based multi-organ communication, we describe the latest advanced liver-on-a-chip devices and discuss the need for new organ-on-a-chip platforms for in vitro modeling the in vivo multi-organ connection pathways in physiological and pathological situations.

We are currently witnessing a major epidemic caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The evolution of 2019-nCoV remains elusive. We found 4 insertions in the spike glycoprotein (S) which are unique to the 2019-nCoV and are not present in other coronaviruses. Importantly, amino acid residues in all the 4 inserts have identity or similarity to those in the HIV-1 gp120 or HIV-1 Gag. Interestingly, despite the inserts being discontinuous on the primary amino acid sequence, 3D-modelling of the 2019-nCoV suggests that they converge to constitute the receptor binding site. The finding of 4 unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV, all of which have identity /similarity to amino acid residues in key structural proteins of HIV-1 is unlikely to be fortuitous in nature. This work provides yet unknown insights on 2019-nCoV and sheds light on the evolution and pathogenicity of this virus with important implications for diagnosis of this virus.

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Background: The use of embryos in embryonic stem cell research (ESCR) has elicited ethical controversies as it entails the destruction of 5-day old human embryos to harvest stem cells. Objective: To explore the ethical positions of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Catholicism concerning the use of (1) left-over embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) also known as ‘surplus’ embryos and (2) ‘research embryos’ which are created by scientists to conduct research using embryonic stem cells. Methods: The opinions of religious leaders of Buddhist, Hindu, and Catholic faiths in Malaysia pertaining to ESCR were examined via in-depth, semi-structured interviews while Islamic responses are collected from local writings related to the derivation of fatwa on this issue. Participants’ responses on the ethics of human stem cell research are presented as a reflection of various scriptural texts of these four religions. These are presented and supported with the help of international bioethics lite...

Biosynthetic approach using an endophytic fungus is a novel way towards the development of safe, economically viable and green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and thus synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used in antibacterial formulations. We report the extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an fungus F.solani sp, and their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis ,Escheriachia.coli and Salmonella typhi. Detection of synthesized silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis, which showed a peak ranging between 420-450 nm indicating the formation of nanoparticles.

A high throughput screening (HTS) strategy was investigated for screening high-yielding cephalosporin C (CPC) using mutated Cephalosporium acremonium. The strategy was based on microtiter plates (MTPs) to culture the microorganisms and measure its products. The feasibility of MTPs was to replace the cultivation in shake flasks, and CPC production will be determined using turbidimetric assay by ELISA reader to replace HPLC assay. The HTS systems were verified by screening high-producing CPC mutants. By using this HTS strategy, two mutants, i.e. 5-A1 and 8-A2 were selected from the secondary mutagenesis. The volumetric productivity of Cephalosporin C from Cephalosporium acremonium was 7914.43 U/ml; 8639.24 U/ml in shake flasks. CPC production was improved about 246% and 269% compared with that of original strain.

ßeta-galactosidaseenzyme is greatly dispersed in plant tissues and it's known to be implicated in hydrolyzing terminal non reducingß.D.Galactosyl residues from polysaccharides. This study involved the selection of the best extraction of the enzyme among seven methods.The phosphate buffer (pH7) had given a highest activity of crude enzyme was 8.85 U. The aqueous crude of almond seeds was used to detect of some compounds by phytochemical screening tests and using Thin layer chromatography(TLC). The protein content was concentrated and precipitated by ammonium sulphate (0-40)% as apartial purification. The purification stages of crude enzyme were achieved by using gel filtrationchromatography (sephadex-75) at a yield of (136.4)% with activity was 4.4 u/ml. followed by ion-exchange column chromatography (DEAE-cellulose A52) and five iso-enzymes were obtained at a yield of 93% with 4.6 times of purification fold for iso-enzyme (I) while 49.6% and 4.2 times of iso-enzyme (V).

The Magnetotactic Bacteria is a hot point of research field extending their applications frequently in the field of modern Science. Magnetosome Bacteria are unique in nature due to the presence of Magnetosomes. Magnetosome are now replacing the synthetically prepared Magnetic Nanoparticles using widely. In this research, The Magnetotactic Bacteria strain were isolated from the soil samples collected from Keetham Lake-Agra (India) and screened to optimised in-Vitro culture technique for magnetotactic Bacteria by utilising Hungate technique with most of the modification in growth medium and inoculation procedures.

Objective: The objective of the present study is to produce silver nanoparticles from marine fungi from south west coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and evaluating their potentials with special reference to anticancer activity. Methods: Hand core pushing technique is adapted to collect marine sediment samples along the coastal environs. Distinguished Aspergillus colonies were isolated and identified by wet mount procedure. The characterized Aspergillus consortium was subjected to produce silver nanoparticles. The extracellularly synthesized nanoparticles were characterized. Silver nanoparticles were evaluated for anticancer activity against MCF7 cell line by MTT assay. The IC50 values were determined. Results: Aspergillus consortium consist of A. niger, A. michelle and A. japonicus. Silver nanoparticles were extracellularly synthesized by the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to metallic silver (Ag +) ions results in the transformation of pale yellow to dark red colour. Constant shift was observed at 420 nm while monitoring the solution by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The presence of important functional groups like – NH3 was confirmed by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Anticancer activity of the silver nanoparticles was evaluated against MCF7. There was 100% cell inhibition when concentration of the AgNPs reached 25 µg, 50 µg and 100 µg respectively in the test solution. Notably the IC50 value was found to be very lowest for the nanoparticles produced by A. japonicus and the value was found to be 1.47 µg/ml. Conclusions: Aspergillus consortium was found to be an ideal mycobiosystem for the production of silver nanoparticles with potential anticancer activity.

In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the development of drug delivery system. There are number of reasons for the intense interest in new system. Recognition of the possibility of repeating successful drugs by applying the concepts and techniques of controlled release parenteral depot formulation drug delivery systems coupled with the increasing expense bringing new drug entities to market has encouraged the development of new drug delivery system. New systems are needed to deliver the novel, genetically engineered pharmaceuticals, i.e. peptides and proteins to their site of action without incurring significant immunogenic or biological inactivation. Treating enzyme deficient disease and cancer therapies can be improved by better targeting. Therapeutics efficacy and safety of drugs, administered by conventional methods, can be improved by more precise spatial and temporal placement within the body. Thereby reducing both size and number of doses. INTRODUCTION Primarily due to the steadily increasing number of biotechnology-derived drugs, parenteral depot formulations and their drug delivery technologies have received much attention in recent years. For many compounds which cannot be administered via the oral route, injectable or implantable depot formulations are presently the only viable option for reducing the frequency of administration, thereby increasing patient convenience and potentially improving compliance. Depot formulations have been developed for a broad range of applications, providing therapeutic effectiveness over periods ranging from one day to several years. A significant patient benefit, which should be the driving force for initiating the development of any depot formulation, not only requires that the dosing frequency can be substantially reduced in comparison with the corresponding standard formulation, but also that dosage form-related risks, such as dose dumping or poor carrier tolerability, are largely avoided. The Parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with metabolic bio-availabilities drug for which the bio-availability in limited by high first pass metabolism effect of other physicochemical limitation and for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. For this reason, whatever drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also for potential to improve the quality of the therapy. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved, in practice, by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee that the release of the active drug substance happens in a slow and predictable manner[1] .