Biomedical Engineering

Background In 1982, the Lysholm score was first published as a physician-administered score in the American Journal of Sports Medicine. The Tegner activity scale was published in 1985. Hypothesis The Lysholm and Tegner scores are valid as patient-administered scores and responsive at early time points after treatment of anterior cruciate ligament tears. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods All patients were treated for an anterior cruciate ligament tear. For responsiveness, the Lysholm score (n = 1075) and Tegner activity level (n = 505) were measured preoperatively and 6, 9, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. For test-retest (n = 50), scores were measured at 2 years postoperatively and again within 4 weeks by questionnaire. For criterion validity (n = 170), patients completed the Short Form-12 and the International Knee Documentation Committee score in addition to Lysholm and Tegner instruments. For all other analyses, preoperative Lysholm score (n =...

The role of arm swing in running has been minimally described, and the contributions of arm motion to lower extremity joint kinematics and external force generation are unknown. These contributions may have implications in the design of musculoskeletal models for computer simulations of running, since previous models have usually not included articulating arm segments. 3D stance phase lower extremity joint angles and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were determined for seven subjects running normally, and running under two conditions of arm restraint. When arm swing was suppressed, the peak vertical GRF decreased by 10–13% bodyweight, and the peak lateral GRF increased by 4–6% bodyweight. Changes in peak joint angles on the order of 1–5 deg were observed for hip flexion, hip adduction, knee flexion, knee adduction, and ankle abduction. The effect sizes (ES) were small to moderate (ES<0.8) for most of the peak GRF differences, but large (ES>0.8) for most of the peak joint angle di...

THIS CHAPTER DESCRIBES general trends in the growth and diffusion of telemedicine worldwide. It begins with a description of the diffusion in the United States, and is followed by examples from a range of other countries. A theoretical model is then presented that contains factors that affect the adoption of new technologies, particularly in a free market economy and with a high degree of professional autonomy. Attention is then focused on the analysis of important factors slowing the spread of telemedicine on several different levels.

A novel type of nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) / polyurethane (PU) nano composite was created for application in tooth and bone tissue engineering in this work. The wet chemical precipitation technique was used to successfully manufacture nano hydroxyapatite. In this study, hydroxyapatite/polyurethane nano composites were produced, and the compound was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

This study evaluated the effect of framework design on the fracture resistance of metal-ceramic implant-supported crowns. Screw-retained molar crowns with a screw access hole composed of metal or porcelain were compared to a cement-retained crown (control). For each group (n = 10), five crowns were subjected to dynamic loading (1,200,000 x 100 N x 2 Hz at 37 degrees C). Afterward, all specimens were loaded to failure using a universal testing machine. Significant differences could be established between the cement- and screw-retained groups (P = or < .05), but no difference was found between the screw-retained groups and the specimens subjected to dynamic loading. Occlusal discontinuity of screw-retained crowns affects their resistance, and the metallic support on the screw access hole did not reinforce the crowns.

There is debate as to whether the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is beneficial after acute skeletal muscle injury. Some studies have suggested that NSAID use may be detrimental to injured muscle. To determine whether NSAID use affects recovery from skeletal muscle injury as assessed by strength loss, soreness, and/or blood creatine kinase level. Systematic review and meta-analysis. An extensive systematic review was completed searching 16 databases (eg, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE). Inclusion criteria were (1) acute injury to skeletal muscle, (2) use of a control condition, (3) certainty of the NSAID dose administered, and (4) use of 1 or more of the 3 desired outcome measures. A total of 5343 study reports were screened, of which 41 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion. The standardized mean difference was used as the effect size (ES) and was calculated such that a positive ES indicated NSAID efficacy. Meta-analyses were run using a random-effects m...

Phototherapy is the treatment indicated for the management of neonatal jaundice. There are different technologies to provide this treatment, including LED devices. For this study, a LED phototherapy lamp is developed to be used in neonatal jaundice. Its efficacy is compared with other devices by measuring the speed in reducing bilirubin levels. This lamp is built with an LED light source composed of a 15×25 LED array that generates 460nm. This device is characterized by being a very compact source of low energy consumption, long duration, and low cost. The obtained results are comparable with industrial manufacturing devices, but less expensive, therefore, more efficient in terms of health costs.

To improve efficiency of non-invasive monitoring of the internal brain temperature, a small-size single-channel microwave radiothermograph consisting of a miniature radiometer and a radiometric sensor based on a printed antenna was developed. Such solution is necessary to provide physicians with a system of non-invasive monitoring of diagnosis and treatment processes. Mathematical modeling and experimental verification of the technical solutions obtained are described in this paper. A miniature radiothermometer was developed. It is a balance modulation radiometer designed on the basis of the R.H. Dicke’s circuit with two loads. Taking into account the requirements of miniaturization, a radiometric sensor was developed by means of numerical simulation. As a result of calculations, optimum antenna dimensions were determined (the total size: ø30 mm, the size of the foil flane substrate: ø23 mm, dimensions of the emitter slot: 16 mm×2 mm). According to the mathematical modeling, the depth of detection of thermal anomalies was not less than 20 mm for the printed antenna which is practically the same as for the waveguide antenna successfully used at present in brain radiothermometry. The standing wave coefficient was determined for various head regions: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and the transient between the occipital and parietal regions. Experimental tests of the radiothermograph on water phantoms and biological objects have been carried out. A very good coincidence between the data of numerical simulation and the physical SWR experiment in a range of 1.04–1.8 was obtained. As a result of the study, it has been found that the radiothermograph with a printed slot antenna enabled measurement of internal brain temperature with an acceptable accuracy (±0.2 °C). This will ensure control of craniocerebral hypothermia in patients with brain stroke and allow doctors to promptly change the hypothermia tactics. Small size of the created unit will make it possible to combine it with medical robotic systems to improve treatment effectiveness.

We report a case of L4–L5 traumatic anterolisthesis. The patient was treated surgically 4 months after the injury. His radiological and operative findings showed L4 inferior facet tip fracture, L4–L5 anterior displacement and left L4–L5 foraminal disc protrusion. Decompression, reduction with L3, L4, L5 pedicular screw fixation, L4–L5 disc excision and interbody cage insertion with autologous bone grafts were done. Flexion type injury was thought to be the probable mechanism.

The review focuses on the methods currently available for estimating muscle fibre conduction velocity (CV) from surface electromyographic (EMG) signals. The basic concepts behind the issue of estimating CV from EMG signals are discussed. As the action potentials detected at the skin surface along the muscle fibres are, in practice, not equal in shape, the estimation of the delay of

Cataplexy and excessive daytime sleep (EDS) are the common symptoms in the sleep disorder namely, narcolepsy. In this paper we give the brief description about, what is narcolepsy? How it is evenly found in both types of gender and at what age it starts to show up its symptoms? Apart from introduction and symptoms, Meditation for treatment of narcolepsy is also discussed. MSLT (Multiple sleep latency test) and MWT (Maintenance of wakefulness test) are the existing tests for measuring sleepiness. Sleep Latency (SL) is the main measures of sleepiness computed in these tests.