Civil Engineering

This experimental field study interrupted the protection current offered by Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) to ten in-service reinforced concrete structures. The study aimed to identify the long-term effects of ICCP after it was recognised that some of the systems are now reaching the end of their design life and require a significant level of maintenance. It was found that after five or more years of ICCP, the steel remained passive for at least 24 months after interrupting the protection current despite chloride contamination that would represent a corrosion risk.

There is increased recognition of the value of resilience thinking yet few studies have examined key experiences and lessons for the transportation industry. This paper presents eight case studies on natural and man-made disasters focusing on transportation impacts, lessons learned, and efforts to increase resilience. The cases are the Atlanta snowstorm, I-35W bridge collapse, Boston Marathon bombing, Puna lava highway closing, superstorm Sandy, Hampton Roads sea level rise study, Fukushima disaster, and the Oregon Resilience Plan. The cases are used to inform transportation agencies to better respond to and recover from disasters, as well as improve the resilience of transportation systems. In addition to integrating resilience into the management of transportation assets, new technologies and tools relevant to transportation resilience are described.

The uses of pesticides, steroids and fertilizers has to be tremendously increasing the negative effects caused to the people in terms of health. Harmful pesticides enter into the human body through fruits and vegetables, so that optimal solution is needed to analyse the disease and the pesticides detected in the fruits the common man is consuming. Hardware design and software design are obtain an accurate and the real time outputs. In this Project, a prototype of the system is developed with the use of four sensors, Node MCU microcontroller and to get the information about the presence of pesticides. The high level of pesticide can be accept legally to be consumed by animals and humans is given by Embedded C Program. If a fruit is detected to belong in a range above or below the threshold level then it is said to contain pesticides. Through IoT, the pesticide content and the values obtained from each sensors are shown in Blynk APP.

This paper presents a validation methodology of the dynamic behavior of an active viscous damper. The damper has two flexible metallic bellows connected to a rigid reservoir filled with fluid. When one of the bellows is connected to a vibrating structure a periodic flow passes through a variable internal orifice and the damping effect is produced. The size of the orifice is adjusted by a controlled linear piezoelectric actuator that positions the conical core into a conical cavity. The device finite element structural model consists of the valve body and its conical core that are assumed rigid and the flexible bellows are represented by two pistons with elastic suspensions. The flow developed inside the damper is modeled considering the fluid-structure interation, using the Lagrangean-Eulerian formulation. To validate the proposed model a prototype was constructed and experimental tests and numerical simulations are accomplished in the time domain, applying harmonic excitations. The...

Textural analysis is an important aspect for quality control and the taste of the certain food products, and also determines the chew ability index of the products. Textural properties of the product encourage the consumer to taste the certain product again and again. Basically the consumer preference differs according to their opinion, some may like the chew able food product and some tends to choose the crispy food products. According to age group the food we eat differs for example during our childhood our mom gives as juicy or semisolid food and during adolescent period, we eat more crispy products, and also sometimes it differs according to the taste preference. Textural analysis is mainly done in food and pharmaceuticals industry to determine the digestibility and to identify the sensory characteristics of food, and also to determine the general food texture profile that includes initial, masticate and the residual (undigested food) food in the body. There are many texture profile analysis (TPA) instrument widely available in the market.

Environmental degradation, increased service loads, reduced capacity due to aging, degradation owing to poor construction materials and workmanships and conditional need for seismic retrofitting have demanded the necessity for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fibre reinforced polymers has been used successfully in many such applications for reasons like low weight, high strength and durability. Many previous research works on torsional strengthening were focused on solid rectangular RC beams with different strip layouts and different types of fibres. Various analytical models were developed to predict torsional behavior of strengthened rectangular beams and successfully used for validation of the experimental works. But literature on torsional strengthening of RC T- beam is limited. In the present work experimental study was conducted in order to have a better understanding the behavior of torsional strengthening of solid RC flanged T-beams. An RC T-beam is analyzed and designed for torsion like an RC rectangular beam; the effect of concrete on flange is neglected by codes. In the present study effect of flange part in resisting torsion is studied by changing flange width of controlled beams_ The other parameters studied are strengthening configurations and fiber orientations. The objective of present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of epoxy-bonded GFRP fabrics as external transverse reinforced to reinforced concrete beams with flanged cross sections (T-beam) subjected to torsion. Torsional results from strengthened beams are compared with the experimental result of the control beams without FRP application. The study shows remarkable improvement in torsional behavior of all the GFRP strengthen beams. The experimentally obtained results are validated with analytical model presented by A.Deifalla and A. Ghobarah and found in good agreement.

In world Market Scenario billions of tons of wastages are available in all over the world. We can't burn or landfill those tyres due to pollution problems. There is no other use of these waste tyres. So few Engineers have found a solution for this wastage tyre. The process involve separation of all the contents from waste tyres and make it a complete renewable process. Tyre Recycling is a unique renewable technology that has come up with a concept of setting new standard in renewable energy that includes using of waste tyres as a raw material and producing green fuel oil, carbon black, steel and gas. With global warming and utilization of rubber, it has now become necessary to recycle the waste and convert it in fuel oil in such a way that it is environment friendly. This is a unique technology and can change energy market scenario in a big way.

Although the RCC structures are designed as per codes not always constructed properly using correct techniques and methods. As a result, the structures start showing signs of distress which requires repair and rehabilitation work. In this project, a case study of (G+7) multistoried building whose ground floor was damaged due to the flood of 2006 has been represented. The repair strategy was to assess the quality of structural members of the ground floor of the building with the help of Non-Destructive and Semi Destructive Tests such as Rebound Hammer, UPV and Concrete Core Test. All the flood-affected members were tested and proper treatment to each of them was applied such as anticorrosion coating, injection grouting, micro concreting and also jacketing of columns at ground level. Strict quality control in materials and workmanship was adopted. All the rehabilitation work was done to increase the durability and service life of the building. After the engagement of all the professionals and cooperation of the residents for rehabilitation work was carried out. Some of the recommendations and conclusion have also been given to prevent further damage and to increase the service life of the building.

Waste is an important issue, which needs to be tackled smartly. Wisely we segregate the waste at our homes for ease at processing and recycling .We absorbed trash cans/trucks come irregular to home creating a devastate of household. Due to this many civilians empty their overloaded dustbins in open spaces this in turn increases environmental pollution. This system aims to monitor trucks by finding shortest path for almost filled waste bins which have produced harmful gases and also provide a route for collection. The system will consist of setting up the smart waste bins/trash cans for society which will be Lora enabled. During this paper, sensible bin is constructed with Ardunio microcontroller that is interfaced with URAT and IR sensors. These smart bins will transmit information about its fill status and harmful gas levels and also provides estimated dates for collection of waste, real time bin status, expected fill up dates for bins and optimized shortest path for waste collection. The system will summarize the collected information and generate reports.

 Abstract-Aeronautical Data Chain is a conceptual representation of the path that a set or element of aeronautical data takes from its origination up to end-use. There are classical databases such as navigation or terrain database and configuration files for modularity and portability purposes. These databases can be used to activate or deactivate software items, adapt the software computation to the aircraft configuration, or provide computation data. The RTCA DO-200B establishes three Data Process Assurance Level (DPAL) as the level of rigor, representing the amount of verification and validation tasks performed, during data processing to assure data quality. This paper presents four different and complementary validation techniques to ensure correctness for Aeronautical Databases. This work aims to cover the existing gap in the available standards, presenting and exemplifying some proposed techniques. It also presents some techniques and provides different comparisons and specific intentions. At the end, some relevant needs of qualified tools are discussed to ensure that the use of techniques can be automated, and credits can be sought using tools.

Phosphogypsum disposal from Dinh Vu DAP company was used to separate phosphate and make gypsum by (NH¬4)2SO4. The reaction time was 120 min. The percentage of P2O5 after removal was 0.72 % and met the Vietnam Standard 11833:2017 issued by Institute of Building Materials. The components in phosphogypsum could be applied to manufacture cement. The final product was mixed by PG120 : clinker : fly ash with ratio 5:80:15% (w/w), respectively to manufacture cement. The cement was tested compressive strength. The strength was 55 N/mm2 after 28 days. Index Terms-Phosphate gypsum (PG), CaHPO4.2H2O, CaSO4.2H2O, P2O5, cement, diammonium phosphate (DAP).

Microorganisms are present in stormwater. Their numbers and diversity is influenced by the microbial flora of that environment and they can come from different sources namely the air, soil and through human activity. Stormwater runoffs carry pollutants including microorganisms. Stormwater runoffs that contain organic materials and some pathogenic microorganisms when discharged into bodies of water can lead to outbreaks of infections if such receiving bodies of water are not treated to remove the microbial contaminants. Another effect of microbial presence in a stormwater runoff discharged into a body of water without treatment is the possibility of creating anoxic condition in the receiving water body. This happens when the aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the water body multiplies thereby utilizing the dissolved oxygen in the water. The end result is the death of fish and other aquatic organisms that require oxygen for survival. Stormwater runoffs can be treated biologically through activated sludge process, trickling filter or through the oxidation pond method to reduce the organic and microbial load. The effluents resulting from such treatment can then be disinfected to destroy the remaining microorganisms and organic matter in the water.

Keywords: stormwater, microorganisms, runoff, pollution

https://www.ijert.org/study-on-bitumen-modified-with-crumb-rubber

https://www.ijert.org/research/study-on-bitumen-modified-with-crumb-rubber-IJERTV8IS050422.pdf

Bitumen is the main component for the road constructions which provides binding and adhesive properties. Bitumen is bio product of refined petroleum products and is used with aggregates for road construction. Bitumen plays a major role in binding of aggregates. This paper investigates the changes in properties of bitumen after adding crumb rubber, varying its percentages in the bitumen. Bitumen is actually the liquid binder that holds asphalt together. The term bitumen is often mistakenly used to describe asphalt. A bitumen-sealed road has a layer of bitumen spread and then covered with an aggregate. This is then repeated to give a two coat covering.
The design and performance of bituminous concrete depends on the quality and percentage of binder used. As a part of this study it is tried to stabilised the bitumen by adding crumb rubber waste in shredded and fine form of particles

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates fabricated in autoclaves have wide application in industries manufacturing aircrafts, super vehicles, submarines etc. These kinds of FRP laminates are light and have superior mechanical properties in fiber direction but weak inter laminar shear stress (ILSS). Hence, aim of this paper is to find the optimum curing pressure in autoclave for maximum ILSS, keeping temperature module constant. Laminates were fabricated at curing pressure of 0, 2, 5 and 8-bar following temperature module in which highest temperature was 135°C. ILSS test by following DIN standard were conducted on ten samples fabricated at each pressure (0, 2, 5 and 8-bar). The failure load obtained by UTM was used to find ILSS by using formula based on beam theory. On interpolation maximum ILSS value of 75.15 MPa was observed at a pressure of 3.43-bar which is 19.39 % higher in comparison with laminates fabricated at 0-bar.

— In digital communication system, digital information can be sent on a carrier through changes in its fundamental characteristics such as phase, frequency and amplitude. The use of a filter plays an important part in a communication channel because it is effective at eliminating spectral leakage, reducing channel width, and eliminating interference from adjacent symbols (Inter Symbol Interference) ISI. It describe the developed and dynamic method of designing finite impulse response filter with automatic rapid and less error by an efficient genetic and neural approach. GA and Neural are powerful global optimization algorithm introduced in combinational optimization problems. Here, FIR filter is designed using Genetic, Neural approach by efficient coding schemes. We need to design these filters with some constraints imposed by requirements of the communication system in which we are going to use them. The use of optimization techniques have been proved to be quite useful towards the design of those digital filters with certain specifications. This paper reviews about the uses of optimization systems in digital filter design.

 Abstract— Data Leakage can be referred as the unauthorized transfer of classified information from a computer or data centre to the outside world. Big data is an evolving term that describes any voluminous amount of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data that has the potential to be mined for information. The data loss in such huge massive data sets may cause critical vulnerabilities. In this paper we proposed a novel model in Hadoop master/slave architecture for data leakage prevention with LRA algorithm. The LRA algorithm evaluates the Least Reliable Agent and sends it to the DLA (Data Leakage Avoider). DLA prevents the NameNode from allocating data to these agents.

A model for highway development is presented, which uses geographic information systems (GIS), genetic algorithms (GA), and computer visualization (CV). GIS serves as a repository of geographic information and enables spatial manipulations and database management. GAs are used to optimize highway alignments in a complex search space. CV is a technique used to convey the characteristics of alternative solutions, which can be the basis of decisions. The proposed model implements GIS and GA to find an optimized alignment based on the minimization of highway costs. CV is implemented to investigate the effects of intangible parameters, such as unusual land and environmental characteristics not considered in optimization. Constrained optimization using GAs may be performed at subsequent stages if necessary using feedback received from CVs. Implementation of the model in a real highway project from Maryland indicates that integration of GIS, GAs, and CV greatly enhances the highway development process.

The electrochemical behaviour of reinforcing steel in plain and blended cement concrete specimens placed in sulphate, chloride and sulphate-chloride environments was investigated. The effect of cement composition and the exposure condition on the corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel was evaluated by measuring corrosion potentials at periodic intervals and conducting potentio-dynamic scans after two and half years of exposure. The corrosion potential data indicated passive corrosion in plain and blended cement concrete specimens placed in the pure sulphate environment. The time to initiation of reinforcement corrosion, however, was higher in blended cements than plain cements in all chloride and chloride-sulphate environments. The concomitant presence of suphate and chloride salts did not significantly influence the time to corrosion initiation. The corrosion rate, however, was significantly influenced by the quantum of sulphate ions associated with the chloride salts. The superior performance of silica fume blended cement, in terms of longer time to corrosion initiation and lower corrosion rate, indicates its potential in enhancing the useful service life of reinforced concrete structures placed in the chloride-sulphate environments.

Rainwater harvesting is being promoted to solve water problems for agricultural and domestic uses in the semiarid loess regions of China. In recent years, however, the current rainwater harvesting practices are still confined to rural family units to supply household water needs and for very limited supplemental irrigation purposes due to low runoff efficiencies of the limited catchment types and consequently low amount of collected water. The current runoff catchments mainly include rooftops, courtyards, earth and asphalt-paved roads. It is necessary to test artificial catchment treatments to select optimum treatments for large-scale use in the region. This study evaluated runoff characteristics of six surface treatments relative to rainfall amount and intensity and antecedent rainfall during naturally occurring rainfall events in the semi-arid loess regions of northwest China. The surface treatments included two basic types, i.e., earthen (natural loess slope and cleared loess slope) and barrier-type surface treatments (concrete, asphalt--fiberglass, plastic film, and gravel covered plastic film).The results of the study indicated that runoff and runoff efficiency of the earthen surface treatments were closely related to the rain intensity, while runoff from the asphalt fiberglass, plastic film, gravel-covered plastic film, and concrete surface treatments was more governed by the amount of the rainfall. Asphalt fiberglass had the highest average annual runoff efficiency of 74–81%, followed in decreasing order by the plastic film (57–76%), gravel-covered plastic film (56–77%), concrete (46–69%), cleared loess slope (12–13%), and natural loess slope (9–11%). Antecedent rainfall had an obvious effect on the runoff yield for the cleared loess slope, natural loess slope, and concrete. The threshold rainfall was 8.5, 8.0, and 1.5 mm for the natural loess slope, cleared loess slope, and concrete treatments, respectively, without antecedent rainfall effects and 6.0, 5.0, and 1.2 mm, respectively, with antecedent rainfall effects. Due to the impermeable surface, antecedent rainfall had little effect on the runoff yield for the asphalt fiberglass, plastic film, and gravel-covered plastic film treatments, which had a threshold rainfall of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.9 mm respectively.