Cryptography

In recent years, media has become ubiquitous
and important for networking and content
sharing. Interest in the impact of media on the
“real world” is as old as media itself. At the
dawn of a new era, vast expansion in the
advancement of technology have placed
media on an important platform The
conventional mass media has been replaced
by up-to-date most complicated and most
sophisticated means. The technological
revolution has made the information process
expedient. The importance of media
technology is widely recognized as a body of
work which has focused almost exclusively
on technology as a driving force of social
change. Then we go further and examine how
the development and application of
technology have advanced the media means.
This discussion takes into account, the
technologies that form the basis of our media
and how it can be a revolution to whole of the
world. In recent years, the explosion of new
media has caused new anxieties. In this
respect a research is needed to enhance the
use of media+ technology in detection of
crimes, corruption live telecasting etc.,
making the work much more easier for the
society to face and handle everyday life in a
secured and peaceful manner.
So, finally we focus some researches
to be made in the field of media + technology
that how it can be used for crime detection,
medical and live telecast and also how it can
be made easier for the blind ,the deaf and the
illiterate to get cognizant of everyday
happenings all over the world and get
updated.

This book is 260 pages long and I include a table of organization of the US military intelligence and the OSS and its behind the lines commando operations.  I focus some on the developing of US signals intelligence and military history that has been declassified, but I think is still censored in our high school history books regarding US war crimes and etc.  I have been adding to this book over the years since the last time I published in on Academia.edu and this is edition as of Nov. 2019.  research.

The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed digitalization and digitization across all industry sectors and blockchain is considered an innovative frontrunning technology with regards to applicability and usability in these challenging times. Blockchain technology has enabled access, through the process of tokenization, to assets that, until now, could not be traded quickly and easily. Tokenization is one of the cornerstones of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and a native functionality of multiple blockchain architectures. The properties and features of a token unlocks a variety of economic possibilities, besides the main function of using it as fuel for the network itself. A basic definition of a token refers to a digital asset that is created, issued and managed on a Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) infrastructure, and is designed to be highly secure with an instant transferability property. With the advancement of smart contracts, some built-in functionalities have been developed and programmed, which helped push the tokenization process to new heights. From real estate security tokens that represent fractionalized properties to platformspecific tokens that incentivize the use of a particular application, tokens have emerged as a secure and digital alternative for users across the world to access, trade and store value. The Content Creators and Art industry is going through a paradigm shift with the introduction of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), as the space is acquiring a large number or artists hoping to capitalize on the innovation and distribution power that blockchain technology is offering. What digitization first removed from art, blockchain is trying to bring it back, reshaping the art world with viable tools for provenance, authenticity and distribution. In this paper we will assess the innovative approach of NFTs in different sectors, with an in-depth analysis of their usability and impact. We will be focusing on the features of NFTs to ensure scarcity, traceability and proof of ownership, amongst the most essential properties needed to create, store and maintain the value of an asset.

Most computer systems are currently being integrated into networks. The purpose of integrating a computer system into a network is to make it more effective and easy to access. Various data and information are usually stored within a file in a server of this integrated computer network system. On the other hand, the data, information and file stored in a server might have the potential of being violated by intruders. The concept of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) can relatively deal with the issues of computer security and to date, is still being used for applications such as electronic mails. Thus, in this study, the PGP concept was applied to enhance the security level for a digital file associated with a common text. This paper views the concept of PGP in general. The methodology used for applying the PGP concept as the security program for a digital file was explained. The changes on the digital file content for each changing processes of cryptography and compression were presented as...

SNOW 3G is a synchronous, word-oriented stream cipher used by the 3GPP standards as a confidentiality and integrity algorithms. It is used as first set in long term evolution (LTE) and as a second set in universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks. The cipher uses 128-bit key and 128 bit IV to produce 32-bit ciphertext. The paper presents two techniques for performance enhancement. The first technique uses novel CLA architecture to minimize the propagation delay of the 2 32 modulo adders. The second technique uses novel architecture for S-box to minimize the chip area. The presented work uses VHDL language for coding. The same is implemented on the FPGA device Virtex xc5vfx100e manufactured by Xilinx. The presented architecture achieved a maximum frequency of 254.9 MHz and throughput of 7.2235 Gbps. Keywords: Cryptography FPGA SNOW 3G Stream cipher VHDL Wireless network security This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. 1. INTRODUCTION Security of the records is important in the systems where personal and financial matters are involved. Hiding of information from unauthorized users becomes essential in such systems and services. Cryptography is one of the widely used techniques for securing information from eavesdroppers. Considering the need to secure information many researchers are working in the area of information security. To maintain advanced network security, the concern network architecture must change from traditional security to advanced security. The same may be achieved by sinking holes in the security wall. Cryptography algorithms and their associated key are more secure when it is implemented on a hardware platform [1]. Side-channel attacks and fault attacks may exist. However, developed algorithms must be fast enough to support autonomous protocols. These protocols use different encryption algorithms for a different session. Many recent autonomous protocols like secure sockets layer (SSL) and internet protocol security (IPsec) use different ciphers for different sessions. Hardware implementation of the cryptographic algorithm on FPGA devices is attractive solutions because FPGAs are reconfigurable [2-8]. This property provides flexibility for dynamic system development and capable of implementing a wide range of functions/architectures/algorithms. It seems to be significant to emphasize FPGA based implementations of cryptographic algorithms, especially high throughput architectures [9]. SNOW 3G algorithm is the core of the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) algorithms UEA2 and UIA2. The 3GPP is a joint attempt between telecommunication associations (TG) to make globally applicable specifications for long term evolution (LTE) mobile phone systems [10, 11].

Resumen-El criterio estricto de avalancha (SAC) es una de las propiedades deseables en las funciones para ser utilizadas con fines criptográficos. En este trabajo se expone una aplicación de este criterio para evaluar la difusión presente en algoritmos de generación de números pseudoaleatorias (PRNGs). De manera tal, que permita medir la independencia estadística de las salidas con respecto los parámetros de entrada. Palabras Clave-SAC, correlación estadística, difusión, PRNGs Abstract-The strict avalanche criterion (SAC) is one of the desirable properties in the functions to be used for cryptographic purposes. This paper presents an application of this to evaluate the present diffusion algorithms pseudo-random number generation (PRNGs). So, to measure the statistical independence of the outputs towards the input parameters. Keywords-SAC,, statistical correlation, diffusion, PRNGs. I. INTRODUCCIÓN En la criptografía, la difusión y la confusión son dos propiedades que deben de satisfacer los algoritmos de cifrado simétrico, según los criterios de Shannon [1], para prevenir el criptoanálisis. La difusión se centra en la aplicación de ciertas transformaciones con el objetivo de aumentar la complejidad de la dependencia funcional entre la entrada y la salida de un algoritmo criptográfico. Generalmente, en los algoritmos de cifrado en bloque la difusión [2] se obtiene a partir de cierta forma de sustituciones, denominadas s-cajas [2, 3]. Una de las herramientas que han surgido para el análisis de estas es el criterio estricto de avalancha (SAC) [4, 5], con el objetivo de medir la dependencia entre su entrada y salida. Este enfoque es el que se persigue en este trabajo, de manera que puedan verse los PRNGs como una función a la cual se le mide la dependencia estadística entre la entrada y la salida. Así, se podría establecer la dependencia entre las sucesiones generadas y sus respectivas entradas. Además, para evaluar la fortaleza de los PRNGs frente a entradas relacionadas de esta forma. II. DEFINICIONES BÁSICAS Sea el campo binario finito de elementos y el espacio vectorial-dimensional sobre , una función booleana es una aplicación de en , denotada como. De esta manera, se define la función , como la función , expresada como , tal que,

The new information technology is becoming an important factor in the future development of financial services industry, and especially banking industry. Growing international trading and problems in transferring money have motivated researchers to introduce a new structure. Online banking is the newest delivery channel for retail banking services. Online banking facilitated by various Electronic Commerce technologies, has helped commercial banks to stay competitive through productivity gains, transaction cost reduction and customer service improvement. Security for online banking has changed considerably during the relatively short period that online banking has been in use. In particular, authentication in the early implementations was, and sometimes still is, vulnerable to various attacks such as phishing. It is known that the quantum cryptography protocols are able to detect immediately any attempt to attack the key exchange and the authentication process. This paper presents an introduction of online banking and quantum cryptography. In this paper we are proposing a model for authentication in online banking system with quantum cryptography.

In this paper an analysis of the existing video information protection methods is made. Analysis of current H.323 protocol stack has been made. A new encryption/decryption layer has been suggested. An approach for partial data encryption in the H.323 protocol stack is proposed and sample architecture of a Virtual Private Video Network is given.

Now a day’s Steganography plays an important role in defence, public sectors works and internet. Cryptography created as a technique for securing the secrecy of communication and many different methods have been developed to encrypt, decrypt data in order to keep message secret .Unfortunately sometimes it may not be enough to keep the contents of a message secret .It may also be necessary to keep the existence of the message secret .The technique used to implement this is called Steganography and it different from cryptography in the sense cryptography focuses on keeping contents of a message secret Steganography focuses on keeping the existence of message secret for more security we proposed new methods that combines with both cryptography and Steganography. There are two types of techniques are implemented, The first technique implemented sequentially starting with the top left pixel and then encodes information from top to bottom and left to right, and another techniques implemen...

Blockchain " Is a decentralized database that stores a registry of assets and transactions across a peer-to-peer network. Is basically a public registry of who owns what and who transacts what. The transactions are secured by cryptography, and over time, that transaction history gets locked in blocks of data that are then cryptographically linked together and secured. This creates an immutable, unforgeable record of all the transactions across this network. This record is replicated on every computer that uses the network. " —Bettina Warburg Blockchain is often associated with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, but they are not the same thing. Bitcoin was the first to implement the concept of the Blockchain. The structure of a blockchain, a growing list of records, can be applied to many other fields such as digital identity, supply chain and even democracy (https://www.democracy.earth/). Even though blockchain can be applied to a big range of problems, it is not the solution to everything. This technology is usually used to solve problems where the parts don't trust each other.

With the technological advancement in body area sensor networks (BASNs), low cost high quality electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis systems have become important equipment for healthcare service providers. However, energy consumption and data security with ECG systems in BASNs are still two major challenges to tackle. In this study, we investigate the properties of compressed ECG data for energy saving as an effort to devise a selective encryption mechanism and a two-rate unequal error protection (UEP) scheme. The proposed selective encryption mechanism provides a simple and yet effective security solution for an ECG sensor-based communication platform, where only one percent of data is encrypted without compromising ECG data security. This part of the encrypted data is essential to ECG data quality due to its unequally important contribution to distortion reduction. The two-rate UEP scheme achieves a significant additional energy saving due to its unequal investment of communication energy to the outcomes of the selective encryption, and thus, it maintains a high ECG data transmission quality. Our results show the improvements in communication energy saving of about 40%, and demonstrate a higher transmission quality and security measured in terms of wavelet-based weighted percent root-mean-squared difference.

Abstract— With the continuous development of the wireless technology, securing wireless sensor networks became more and more a crucial but also a demanding task. In this paper we propose a combined strategy that is meant to discover malicious nodes within a wireless sensor ...

In cryptography, a hybrid cryptosystem is one which combines the convenience of a public-key cryptosystem with the efficiency of a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share a common secret in order to communicate securely (among other useful properties). However, they often rely on complicated mathematical computations and are thus generally much more inefficient than comparable symmetric-key cryptosystems. In many applications, the high cost of encrypting long messages in a public-key cryptosystem can be prohibitive. This is addressed by hybrid systems by using a combination of both. A hybrid cryptosystem can be constructed using any two separate cryptosystems: • a key encapsulation scheme, which is a public-key cryptosystem, and • a data encapsulation scheme, which is a symmetric-key cryptosystem. The hybrid cryptosystem is itself a public-key system, whose public and private keys are the same as in the key encapsulation scheme. Note that for very long messages the bulk of the work in encryption/decryption is done by the more efficient symmetric-key scheme, while the inefficient public-key scheme is used only to encrypt/decrypt a short key value. All practical implementations of public key cryptography today employ the use of a hybrid system. Examples include the TLS protocol which uses a public-key mechanism for key exchange (such as Diffie-Hellman) and a symmetric-key mechanism for data encapsulation (such as AES). The OpenPGP (RFC 4880) file format and the PKCS #7 (RFC 2315) file format are other examples. Example To encrypt a message addressed to Alice in a hybrid cryptosystem, Bob does the following:

Network security refers to any activities designed to protect the network, which includes the authorization of information access in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Network security has turned out to be more important to personal computer users, Organizations, and military and it covers an assortment of computer networks, both public and private, that are utilized as a part of everyday jobs conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Network security is the procedure by which digital information resources are protected, the objective of security are to ensure confidentiality, maintain integrity, and assure availability, so viable network security focuses on a variety of threats and prevents them from entering or spreading on the network. Social network sites created a new way of communication, it brought about new information security issues such as identity theft, privacy leak and junk information. In This paper we mainly concentrate on the network security also we present some major issues that can influence the network along with existing problems of the online security of the computer, and precautionary measures

During the last decades, Steganography has found many applications. Many steganographic systems have been developed and used in various areas, e.g., in digital assets (DRM), Telecommunications, Medicine etc. In this paper, we prove that the set CF, which is a union of a certain set of Fibonacci numbers and a certain set of Catalan numbers, satisfies conditions, similar to those of Zeckendorf's Theorem. Therefore, it can be used for the encoding of data. Using this result, we propose a method that improves the Fibonacci data hiding technique.

Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show significant improvement in protocol.

In the 21st century, we have plenty of data available in the society of education. Importantly, today's education system has changed, it takes place through all the available channels and one of the significant means is the digital learning e-learning. Large amounts of data are available for the students as well as teachers to access the digital data online. Today security of the data became an important concern in the society and at the education sector level. Further, we need to extract the precise data and improve the existing education system through e-learning by using Educational Data Mining. In this paper, we will focus on the security of the online education resources and the extraction of the data based on the student's level by using the mining techniques that will be helpful for the students.