Dharma saṁjñā Corporate badges of Indus Script Corpora, ceramic (stoneware) bangles, seals, fillets Data mining of Indus Script Corpora reveal the purpose of ceramic (stoneware) bangles (22), seals, fillets as dharma saṁjñā, 'badges of responsibility'.They are Corporate badges, with deciphered Indus Script inscriptions. Socio-cultural framework of a workshop (smithy-forge as a temple) for a cluster of Vedic villages unravels organization of artisanal-seafaring merchant society as a Corporation with ancient guilds. The reference to an archaeological settlement of Sarasvati civilization is based on the finds of fire-altars in many sites (80% or over 2000 sites out of 2600 sites of the Indus valley civilization are on the banks of Vedic River Sarasvati), exemplified by the octagonal brick found in Binjor fire-altar (close to Anupgarh and Ganweriwala). At Anupgarh, the river forks into two channels: one flowing southwards towards Jaisalmer and another westwards towards Ganweriwala. Binjor Indus Script seal PLUS fire-altar with octagonal brick (a signature tune of Vedic culture). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/12/binjor-seal-with-indus-script.html Binjor seal with Indus Script deciphered. Binjor attests Vedic River Sarasvati as a Himalayan navigable channel en route to Persian Gulf 1 Locus of Binjor, near Anupgarh on Vedic River Sarasvati There are clear intimations of precursors to corporate life in ancient Bharatam with the social organization of the samajam governed by the weltanchauung of dharma. By unambiguous allocation of socio-cultural responsibilities governing the economic activity and businesses (production and marketing) of Bharatam Janam in clusters of villages, dharma was enshrined as the inviolate principle of all cosmic phenomena manifested in material aspects of living. There are clear indications that cororate form (sreni) was used for the business of people. One one ceramic (stoneware) bangle (m1639) such a sreni is clearly identified headed by a sreshthin, guild-master. Thus, millennia before the Roman proto-corporations, Bharatam Janam, 'metalcaster folk' had evolved a system of socio-cultural organization of commonwealths (janapadas) for conducting businesses. Assets of the sreni were deposited into the treasury of the commonwealth and were distinct from the assets of the individual members of the sreni, many of whom were artisans and seafaring merchants. 2 Location of Balakot, a site of Saraswvati civilization where a ceramic (stoneware) bangle with inscription was found. (Balakot 06) See: http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/shell-working-at-ancient-balakot-pakistan/ Shell working at Ancient Balakot, Pakistan (Expedition, UPenn., Vol. 19, Issue 2, January, 1977) Balakot 06 Ceramic (stoneware) bangle with inscription Intimations of such janapadas are seen in the way distinct badges (as corporate badges) evolved for specific functionaries. Roots of the corporate form detailed in Kautilya's Arthas'astra are to be found in the corporate identities indicated by distinct structural elements in Indus Script corpora such as ceramic (stoneware) bangles, fillets, seals -- all with inscriptions -- as Dharma 3 saṁjñā Corporate badges. For an Economic History of Corporate form in Ancient India, see a paper by Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005): http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=796464 It is possible to read the sã̄gāḍā°ḍī 'lathe, portable furnace' hieroglyph-multiplex as rebus: sanghar 'fortification'; jangada 'consignments on approval' The pronunciation in Gujarati is jangaḍ relatable to jangāḍiyo ‘a military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’ (of the commonwealth or guild)(Gujarati). Such a dharma saṁjñā 'corporate badge' may be the gold fillet with 'lathe' hieroglyph. Gold paṭa, 'fillet'. Punctuated design on both ends. Mohenjodaro. Executive summary: Socio-cultural framework of Vedic village clusters of Bronze Age The workshops evidenced by circular platforms are Corporations of the Bronze Age, with the emergence of guilds of artisans with specific functions and responsibilities to promote the Corporation as a commonwealth. It was a smiths' guild at work on circular platforms of Harappa using tablets as category 'tallies' for the final shipment of package with a seal impression. each functionary in the guild had a recognizable paṭa 'badge' (Corporate badge of dharma, of responsibility assigned in a socio-cultural organization of the samajam). A Bronze Age village of Bharatam Janam or a cluster of such villages was a janapada, a Corporation of artisan guilds. Three paṭa 'badges' are shown on the stone statue of the so-called 'priest-king' who wears a fillet on his forehead and also on hi right shoulder. A third badge is signified on his uttariyam (shawl) which is embellished with the hieroglyphs of 'trefoils' signifying tri-dhAtu 'three mineral' strands of dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', with assigned functional responsibility.of a Potr 'purifier'. It is suggested that many such badges were worn by artisans of a Vedic village of the Bronze Age; such badges were ceramic (stoneware) bangles. 4 An "eye bead" made of gold with steatite inlay, Harappa. Fired steatite beads appear to have been extremely important to the Indus people because they were incorporated into exquisite ornaments, such as this "eye bead" made of gold with steatite inlay found in 1995 at Harappa [Harappa Phase]. https://www.harappa.com/slide/gold-disc The central ornament worn on the forehead of the famous "priest-king" sculpture from Mohenjo-daro appears to represent an eye bead, possibly made of gold with steatite inlay in the center. https://www.harappa.com/slide/priest-king-forehead 5 The weltanchauung, 'world perception' of artisans in a Vedic village was governed by 1. dharma, assigned responsibilities and 2. the metaphor of a kole.l 'smithy-forge' as a kole.l 'temple'. Male head probably broken from a seated sculpture. Finely braided or wavy combed hair tied into a double bun on the back of the head and a plain fillet or headband with hanging ribbons falling down the back. The upper lip is shaved and a closely cropped and combed beard lines the pronounced lower jaw. 6 Male head shows the typical arrangement of the hair in a double bun, held in place by a thin fillet (badge) tied on the forehead. Functions assigned were recognized by distribution of ceramic (stoneware) bangles worn as paṭa, 'socio-cultural honour-badges'. Such a paṭa m. slab, tablet, metal plate ,was distinct from the seals and tablets. Such a paṭa was a gold fillet with the inscribed sã̄gāḍā°ḍī 'lathe, portable furnace' hieroglyphmultiplex . Hieroglyph: स ंगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. स गं डीस धरणं To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.Rebus 1Ś Sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ1 to sing, proclaim, cp. gāyati & gīta] 1. a promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479; sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i.247ś J (Pali) Rebus 2: ã̄gaḍa 'catamaran'. Such a स ंगड [ sāṅgaḍa ] is alsoa hieroglyph-multiplex, f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Such a paṭa were two anthropomorphs of copper/bronze with spread legs of a human body. The rebus reading of the hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext) on the badges: 1. helmsman, merchantman, (metal) suercargo, engraver, merchant, worker in wood and iron; 2. helmsman, (metal) supercargo, iron worker Spread legs on both anthropomorphs signify कणणक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman' This is an apparent link of the ‘fish’ or 'boar' broadly with the profession of ‘metal-, wood-work’ and 'seafaring merchantman'. The ‘fish’ sign is apparently related to the copper object which seems to depict a ‘fighting ram’ symbolized by its in-curving horns. The ‘fish’ sign may relate to a copper furnace. The underlying imagery defined by the style of the copper casting is the pair of 7 curving horns of a fighting ram ligatured into the outspread legs (of a warrior). The badge was shaped like a person with ram's (or markhor's) horns, with spread legs and inscribed with hieroglyph-multiplexes or metaphors. Decipherment of Varāha anthropomorph: বরাহ barāha 'boar' Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' barea 'merchant', कंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ PLUS Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́ l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic). ayo, ‘fish’ rebusŚ aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' Such a paṭa was a seal with distinct pictorial motifs (such as one-horned young bull, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, ox, zebu, further distinguished with the pattar 'trough' hieroglyph. The pattar,'trough' signifies profession of patthar, 'merchant'. The animal hieroglyphs shown in front of these troughs on seals signify: kariba 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron'; rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter'; baDhi 'boar' rebus: baDhi 'merchant, worker in wood, iron'; barad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin'; meD 'markhor' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic); kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'; kuTi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'; karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNaka 'helmsman'; meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron'; eraka 'raised arm' rebus: eraka 'moltencast copper'. 8 Rebus 'merchant, artisan': vartaka, pattar 'merchant' Pattharika [fr. patthara] a merchant Vin ii.135 (kaŋsa˚). (Pali) ப்த்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths. Pattharika [fr. patthara] a merchant Vin ii.135 (kaŋsa˚).(Pali) battuḍu. n. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as vaḍla b*, carpenter. battuḍu. n. A worshipper (Telugu)It was a smiths' guild at work on circular platforms of Harappa using tablets as category 'tallies' for the final shipment of package with a seal impression. कणणक 'helmsman' PLUS mēd̃ , mēd 'body' rebus: mēd̃ , mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic). Thus the body hieroglyph signifies an iron helmsman seafaring merchant. The fish hieroglyph signifies a metallic mint and the boar hieroglyph signifies a merchantman. The rebus readings of the composite hieroglyphs on the anthropomorphs may be suggested: 1. khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' खंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) ‘Pannier’ glyph: खंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a क बं ळ , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kũdār ‘turner, brass-worker’. कंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ 9 (Marathi) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́ l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) RebusŚ meḍ (Ho.)ś mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) कणणक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karNi 'supercargo'; meṛed 'iron' rebus: meḍh 'merchant' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; 2. कणणक 'spread legs' rebus: 'helmsman', karṇi 'supercargo' Indicative that the merchant is seafaring metalsmith. karṇadhāra m. helmsman Su r. [kárṇa -- , dhāra -- 1]Pa. kaṇṇadhāra -- m. helmsman ś Pk. kaṇṇahāra -- m. helmsman, sailor ś H. kanahār m. helmsman, fisherman .(CDIAL 2836) baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’ baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’ś badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) বরাহ barāha 'boar'RebusŚ bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) ब रकश or ब रकस [ bāraka a or bārakasa ] n ( P) A trading vessel, a merchantman. See examples of 'trough' glyph are shown in front of wild, domesticated and composite animals - an evidence for the use of 'trough' glyph as a hieroglyph, together with the 'animal' glyph. Maybe, the 19 circular working platforms of Harappa were used for assembling 19 'types' of products -- the 'trough' glyph denoting the working platform and the 'animal' glyph denoting the product type (e.g. copper, gold, metal alloy, output of furnaces (of various types), minerals). Ku. pathrauṭī f. pavement of slates and stones .(CDIAL 8858) Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvilś paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865). pathürü f. level piece of ground, plateau, small village ś S. patharu m. rug, mat ś Or. athuripathuri bag and baggage ś M. pāthar f. flat stone ś OMarw. pātharī precious stone .(CDIAL 8857) Signifying a feeding-trough in front of even wild animals like wild-boar or tiger, is an indicator that the 'trough' is a hieroglyph of Indus Script. 10 Sharply defined inscriptions on each of the 22 ceramic (stoneware) bangles indicate 22 sharply assigned responsibilities within the guild for metalwork, for e.g. 22 functional allocations of responsibilitie of artisans delineated in a Vedic village: 1. iron smelting, furnace work (m1659) 2. metal casting, engraving, documenting supercargo (m1647) 3. bronze (casting)(m1646) 4. gota (laterite) (m1641) 5. Seafaring merchant, magnetite ingot workshop (m1643) 6. Smithy, forge (m1641) 7. Moltencast copper, brass (m1640) 8. Alloy metal mint, weapons, implements workshop, guild master workshop (m1639) 9. Bronze ingots, implements, magnetite ingots (m1638) 10. Metalcasting workshop (cire perdue?)(m1637) 11. Metal implements, weapons, smithy, forge (m1636) 12. Blacksmith, seafaring merchant (m1634) 13. Helman for supercargo boat, iron furnace work, metals workshop (m1633) 14. Metal casting, alloy mixing workshop (m1632) 15. dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', supercargo of implements (m1631) 16. Magnetite ingots, furnace work, supercargo engraver (m1630) 17. Iron furnace work, metal casting of tin, helmsman supercargo of metals, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ metalworker (m1629) 18. Minerals workshop guild (h2576) 19. Magnetite ingots, smelter (h1010) 20. dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu, '‘three minerals (H98-3516/8667-01) 21. Seafaring merchant, supercargo engraver(Blkt-6) Sign 403 Squirrel + Sign 403 These are two inscriptions on two ceramic (stoneware) bangles. What do they signify? At the outset, thanks to Asko Parpola for the brilliant identification of 'squirrel' hieroglyph in Indus Script Corpora. (www.harappa.com/script/indus-writing.pdf page 128). This orthogrraphic identification is accepted, but Parpola's decipherment of the hieroglyph as aNIl or aNilpiLLai 11 [from caṇilů (Tulu) or variant] (http://www.harappa.com/script/script-indus-parpola.pdf) is, however, refuted. Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus Palmarum Squirrel hieroglyph of Indus Script: Nindowari Damb seal Nd-1; Mohenjo-daro seal m-1202; Harappa tablet h-771; Harappa tablet h-419. 12 Nindowari seal Nd-1 13 m1202 h771 h419 Hieroglyph: khāra, 'squirrel', rebusŚ khār ख र ् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). The prefix Sign403: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. bracelet (→ S. ḇālo m. bracelet worn by Hindus ), bālī, bārī f. small ear -- ring , OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. wire , pl. ear ornament made of gold wire ś M. vāḷā m. ring , vāḷī f. nose -- ring .(CDIAL 11573) Rebus: bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel'. Thus, the sequence of hieroglyphs Squirrel + Sign 403 signifies two professional responsibilities/functions merchant, blacksmith. Hieroglyph: squirrel (phonetic determinant): ख र (p. 205) [ khāra ] A squirrel, Sciurus palmarum. ख री (p. 205) [ khārī ] f (Usually ख र) A squirrel. (Marathi) 14 A homonymous hieroglyph or allograph: arms with bangles: karã̄ n.pl. wristlets, bangles .(Gujarati)(CDIAL 2779) khār ख र ् । लोहक रः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 ख र; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 ख रन,् which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khārabasta 'bellows of blacksmith'. खडी (p. 193) [ khaḍī ] f खटी S) A squirrel खडू (p. 193) [ khaḍū ] f खडूळ f A squirrel.gilaḣri गगल्््ह; or gilaḣri गगलह; f. a squirrel (Gr.M.). (Kashmiri) खडी (p. 193) [ khaḍī ] f खटी S) A species of steatite used to rub over the writing-board, or to whitewash walls: also an unctuous and whitish stone, a sort of pipeclay. 2 A composition (of talc, gum &c.) for raising figures on cloth: also the figures raised. Datamining of all inscriptions on bangles is presented in the following section. Consistent with the architecture of Indus Script Corpora, there are between, number of hieroglyphs incised on each stoneware bangle range from one to five. The bangles are from the sites of Balakot (1), Harapa (4 including 2 trefoil decorated bangle fragments) and Mohenjo-daro (18). The longest inscription with 5 hieroglyphs occurs on m1629 and m1639bangles. Squirrel+bangles sequence occurs on m1634bangle. The ceramic (stoneware) bangles are of great significance because of the special care taken by the artisans to prepare the artifacts incised before firing. Massimo Vidale and others have done pioneering archaeo-research to reconstruct the processes involved in preparing these written artifacts, almos as data archiving of ancient times during the Bronze Age. The descriptions of the processes provided by Massimo Vidale are gratefully acknowledged. Distinction between terracotta bangles and ceramic (stoneware) bangles) 15 Excavated Bangle, Harappa. Terracotta bangles are of sizes wearable as wristlets or armlets. Harappa. Kot Diji phase streets were filled with debris, including potsherds, charcoal, ash, animal bones, and occasional bangles and steatite beads. 16 A distinction has to be made between terracotta bangles and these inscribed ceramic (stoneware) bangles. Most terracotta bangles are uninscribed and are of sizes which are wearable by men and women. The ceramic (stoneware) bangles are of a very small size and NOT meant to be worn but perhaps used as centre-pieces of the fillet band of the type worn by Mohenjo-daro priest king on his forehead and right shoulder, as insignia, as professional titles or functions Randall Law and Shamoon excavating a red stoneware bangle in Period 3C levels just below the surface in Trench 43.https://www.harappa.com/indus4/76.html 17 Red stoneware bangle (H2000-4490/9843-01) with no inscription. The lack of inscription may indicate that this may have been a place where the bangles were stored prior to inscribing them for distribution. 18 Many of the terra cotta bangles were originally painted with black or red designs. Such ornaments are found in the thousands and may have been worn, broken and discarded much as glass bangles are used today throughout the subcontinent. (Terracotta bangles were worn.Inscribed stoneware bangles are too small in size and which could have been worn not as bangles as writlets or armlets, but tied with bands like fillets worn by th priest-king of Mohenjodaro or as pendants on necklaces). Balakot 06 bangle 19 Sign403: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. bracelet (→ S. ḇālo m. bracelet worn by Hindus ), bālī, bārī f. small ear -- ring , OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. wire , pl. ear ornament made of gold wire ś M. vāḷā m. ring , vāḷī f. nose -- ring .(CDIAL 11573) Rebus: bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel'. Sign 342 karNI 'rim of jar' rebus: 'supercargo', 'engraver' Terracotta bangle fragments decorated with red trefoils outlined in white on a green ground from late Period 3C deposits in Trench 43. This image shows both sides of the two fragments (H98-3516/8667-01 & H98-3517/8679-01). 20 Detail of terracotta bangle with red and white trefoil on a green background (H98-3516/8667-01 from Trench 43). Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern Central Asia. dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu, '‘three minerals h1010bangle 'magnetite ingot' PLUS 'twig' a stalk/twig, sprout (or tree branch) kūdī, kūṭī bunch of twigs (Sanskrit) kūdī (also written as kūṭī in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kau ika Sūtra 21 (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. Cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355ś 12,416ś Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk, 98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badarī, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177). Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace‘ (Santali) For the 'oval' hieroglyph, see: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/decipherment-of-harappa-zebu-figurine.html The reading is: पोळ [pōḷa] खोट khōṭa, 'magnetite ingot or wedge'. Slide 33. Early Harappan zebu figurine with incised spots from Harappa.पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' Rebus: magnetite, citizen.(See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/zebu-archaeometallurgy-legacy-ofindia.html ) mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali) खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) h2576Abangle Sign 216 Sign 221 dhatu PLUS koD 'minerals workshop' Sign 229 sanni 'smith's vice' rebus: seni 'guild' 22 The sequence of hieroglyphs Sign 221-Sign 229 is comparable to the sequence which occurs on the so-called Pasupati seal: Text 2420 on m0304 Sign 216 (Mahadevan). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/indus-script-evidence-pasupati-seal.html ḍato ‘claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs’ś ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpionsś ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of crabs) (Santali) RebusŚ dhatu ‘mineral’ (Santali) VikalpaŚ erā ‘claws’ś RebusŚ era ‘copper’. AllographŚ kamaṛkom = fig leaf (Santali.lex.) kamarmaṛā (Has.), kamaṛkom (Nag.)ś the petiole or stalk of a leaf (Mundari.lex.) kamat.ha = fig leaf, religiosa (Skt.) Sign 229. sannī, sannhī = pincers, smith’s vice (P.) annī f. small room in a house to keep sheep in ‘ (WPah.) Bshk. šan, Phal.šān ‘roof’ (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12326). seṇi (f.) [Class. Sk. reṇi in meaning "guild"; Vedic= row] 1. a guild Vin iv.226; J i.267, 314ś iv.43ś Dāvs ii.124ś their number was eighteen J vi.22, 427ś VbhA 466. ˚ -- pamukha the head of a guild J ii.12 (text seni - ). -- 2. a division of an army J vi.583; ratha -- ˚ J vi.81, 49ś seṇimokkha the chief of an army J vi.371 (cp. senā and seniya). (Pali) Long linear stroke: Ko. ko·ṛ line marked out (DEDR 2200) rebus: koD 'workshop' Ma. koṭṭil cowhouse, shed, workshop, house. (DEDR 2058) m1629bangle Sign 47 ka ēru ‘the backbone’ (Bengali. Skt.)ś ka ēruka id. (Skt.) RebusŚ kasērā metal worker (Lahnda)(CDIAL 2988, 2989) baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) + gaṇḍa ‘four’ RebusŚ kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’. Thus, Sign 48 reads rebusŚ bharat kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’, furnace for mixed alloy called bharat(copper, zinc, tin alloy). 23 Copper tablet (H2000-4498/9889-01) with raised script found in Trench 43. Harappa. (Source: Slide 351. harappa.com) Eight such tablets have been found (HARP, 2005); these were recovered from circular platforms. This example of a uniquely scripted tablet with raised Indus script glyphs shows that copper tablets were also used in Harappa, while hundreds of copper tablets with indus script inscriptions were found in Mohenjo-daro. See also:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2011/11/decoding-longestinscription-of-indus.html The copper tablet with raised script contains a 'backbone' glyph; decodingŚ ka ēru ‘the backbone’ (Bengali. Skt.)ś ka ēruka id. (Skt.) RebusŚ kasērā metal worker (Lahnda)(CDIAL 2988, 2989)mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end (Santali). ‘Backbone, spine’ hieroglyphŚ baraḍo = spineś backboneś the backś baraḍo thābaḍavo = lit. to strike on the backbone or backś hence, to encourageś baraḍo bhāre thato = lit. to have a painful backbone, i.e. to do something which will call for a severe beating (Gujarati)bārṇe, bāraṇe = an offering of food to a demon; a meal after fasting, a breakfast (Tulu) barada, barda, birada = a vow (Gujarati)bharaḍo a devotee of S’ivaś a man of the bharaḍā caste in the bra_hman.as (Gujarati) baraṛ = name of a caste of jat- around Bhaṭiṇḍaś bararaṇḍā melā = a special fair held in spring (Punjabi) bharāḍ = a religious service or entertainment performed by a bharāḍi_ś consisting of singing the praises of some idol or god with playing on the d.aur (drum) and dancingś an order of aṭharā akhād.e = 18 gosāyi_ groupś bharād. and bhāratī are two of the 18 orders of gosāyi_ (Marathi). Sign 1 कणणकm. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNaka 'helmsman' karNI 'supercargo', engraver meD 'body' rebus: rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) 24 Sign 249 ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' Sign 87 dula ‘pair’ś rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’ Sign 336 baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS Te. garĩṭe, gaṇṭe, geṇṭe spoon, ladle rebus: To. köḍm (obl. köḍt-) live coal. Ka. keṇḍa id.ś keṇḍavisu to put live coals on (for blasting rocks). Tu. keṇḍa, geṇḍa live coal. (DEDR 1950) Thus, furnace worker, metal casting, tin supercargo helmsman, metal worker are signified. m1630bangle Sign 17 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' Sign 342 karNI 'rim of jar' rebus: 'supercargo', 'engraver' 'magnetite ingot' m1631bangle Sign 343 karNI kaNDa 'supercargo implements' dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' Sign 180 Hieroglyph: tántu m. thread, warp RV. [√tan] Pa. tantu -- m. thread, cord , Pk. taṁtu -- m.; Kho. (Lor.) ton warp < *tand (whence tandeni thread between wings of spinning wheel )ś S. tandu f. gold or silver thread ś L. tand (pl. °dũ) f. 25 yarn, thread being spun, string of the tongue ś P. tand m. thread , tanduā, °dūā m. string of the tongue, frenum of glans penis ś A. tã̄t warp in the loom, cloth being woven ś B. tã̄t cord ś M. tã̄tū m. thread ś Si. tatu, °ta string of a lute ś -- with -- o, -- ā to retain orig. gender: S. tando m. cord, twine, strand of rope ś N. tã̄do bowstring ś H. tã̄tā m. series, line ś G. tã̄tɔ m. thread ś -- OG. tāṁtaṇaü m. thread < *tāṁtaḍaü, G.tã̄tṇɔ m.(CDIAL 5661) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. a caste of iron - smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś dhāˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ध तु primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ध तु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [ध तु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -ग्ण]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). Sign 342 PLUS notch: Sign 342. kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali)Ś karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) RebusŚ karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.)ś gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) RebusŚ kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) Thus, the 'rim of jar' ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account) karNI 'supercargo' (Marathi) karNaka 'helmsman' PLUS ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). m1632bangle Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' Sign 59 ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' fish fins khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint' Sign 87 dula ‘pair’ś rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’ 26 m1633bangle Sign 1 कणणकm. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNaka 'helmsman' karNI 'supercargo meD 'body' rebus: rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) Sign 336 baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS Te. garĩṭe, gaṇṭe, geṇṭe spoon, ladle rebus: To. köḍm (obl. köḍt-) live coal. Ka. keṇḍa id.ś keṇḍavisu to put live coals on (for blasting rocks). Tu. keṇḍa, geṇḍa live coal. (DEDR 1950) Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, implements workshop, furnace work, helmsman of supercargo signified. m1634bangle Read from r. to l.: The prefix Sign403: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. bracelet (→ S. ḇālo m. bracelet worn by Hindus ), bālī, bārī f. small ear -- ring , OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. wire , pl. ear ornament made of gold wire ś M. vāḷā m. ring , vāḷī f. nose -- ring .(CDIAL 11573) RebusŚ bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel'. 27 Hieroglyph: squirrel (phonetic determinant): ख र (p. 205) [ khāra ] A squirrel, Sciurus palmarum. ख री (p. 205) [ khārī ] f (Usually ख र) A squirrel. (Marathi) A homonymous hieroglyph or allograph: arms with bangles: karã̄ n.pl. wristlets, bangles .(Gujarati)(CDIAL 2779) khār ख र ् । लोहक रः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 ख र; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 ख रन,् which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khārabasta 'bellows of blacksmith'. m1635bangle Sign 244 kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy' kole.l 'smithy, forge' rebus: kole.l 'temple' Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, implements workshop, furnace work, helmsman of supercargo signified. m1636bangle (Identical to m1635 inscription) 28 Sign 244 kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy' kole.l 'smithy, forge' rebus: kole.l 'temple' Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, implements workshop, furnace work, helmsman of supercargo signified. m1637bangle Sign 99 sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Sign 87 dula ‘pair’ś rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’ m1638bangle 'magnetite ingot' Sign 301 The 'curve' hieroglyph is a splitting of the ellipse. kuṭila ‘bent’ CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. ‘curve’, kuṭika— ‘bent’ MBh. Rebus: कुगटल kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass, copper, bronze' Old Norse eir 'brass, copper', German ehern 'brassy, bronzen'. kastīra n. tin lex. 2. *kastilla -- .1. H. kathīr m. tin, pewter ś G. kathīr n. pewter .2. H. (Bhoj.?) kathīl, °lā m. tin, pewter ś M. kathīl n. tin , kathlẽ n. large tin vessel .(CDIAL 2984) PLUS ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). 29 m1639bangle Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Sign 186 * rētrī ladder . [Cf. śrētr̥ -- one who has recourse to MBh. -- See rití -- . -√ ri]Ash. ċeitr ladder (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720)* rēṣṭrī2 line, ladder . [For mng. line conn. with √ riṣ2 cf. rḗṇi -- ̤ √ ri. -- See rití -- . -- √ riṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ - f. line, row (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. id. . -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -, śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. a partic. progression of arithmetical figures )ś K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ladder .(CDIAL 12724) RebusŚ rḗṣṭha most splendid, best RV. [ rīˊ - ]Pa. seṭṭha -- best , A .shah. man. sreṭha -- , gir. sesṭa -- , kāl. seṭha -- , Dhp. śeṭha -- , Pk. seṭṭha -- , siṭṭha -- ; N. seṭh great, noble, superior ś Or. seṭha chief, principal ś Si. seṭa, °ṭu noble, excellent . rēṣṭhin m. distinguished man AitBr., foreman of a guild , °nī -- f. his wife Hariv. [ rḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. guild -- master , Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. wholesale merchant ś P. seṭh m. head of a guild, banker , seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh rich man ś N. seṭh banker ś B. seṭh head of a guild, merchant ś Or. seṭhi caste of washermen ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi merchant, banker , H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. wholesale merchant, employer, master ś M. śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. respectful term for banker or merchant ś Si. siṭu, hi° banker, nobleman H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < iṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12725, 12726) Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': ख ् ड [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, implements workshop, furnace work, helmsman of supercargo signified.PLUS 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' 30 Sign 99 sal Mahadevan concordance Sign 130 variants. This hieroglyph may signify: tutta 'goad' Rebus: tuttha 'pewter-zinc alloy' Allograph: tutta (goad) (Pali) tṓttra n. goad for cattle or elephants Br. [√tud] Pa. tutta -- n. (with u from tudáti?), Pk. totta -- , tutta<-> n.; Si. tutta elephant goad .(CDIAL 5966) It is possible that one of the 500+ 'signs' or hieroglyph-multiplexes of Indus Script Corpora signifies this etymon cluster: tutta 'goad' Rebus: tuttha 'pewter-zinc alloy'. A crook maybe signified by: मंढ [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebusŚ meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Sign 59 ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' fish fins khambhaṛā 'fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint' m1640bangle Sign 391 Ligatured hieroglyph multiplex. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆர்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆர்கா். ஆர்ூ்்தவி்வா் பநியொு (ிுபா். 253). Rebus: ஆர் brass; ி்தறள.(அக. ி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'. 31 m1641bangle Sign 169 kolom 'sprout, rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, ingot smithy Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan̤calōkam (five metals) (Tamil) kolmo ‘rice plant' (Mu.) kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolmahoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace (Ka.); kolimi furnace (Te.); pit (Te.); kolame a very deep pit (Tu.); kulume kanda_ya a tax on blacksmiths (Ka.); kol, kolla a furnace (Ta.) kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.); kwala.l Kota smithy (To.); konimi blacksmith; kola id. (Ka.); kolleblacksmith (Kod.); kollusa_na_ to mend implements; kolsta_na, kulsa_na_ to forge;ko_lsta_na_ to repair (of ploughshares); kolmi smithy (Go.); kolhali to forge (Go.)(DEDR 2133).] kolimi-titti = bellows used for a furnace (Te.lex.) kollu- to neutralize metallic properties by oxidation (Ta.lex.) kol brass or iron bar nailed across a door or gate; kollu-t-tat.i-y-a_n.i large nail for studding doors or gates to add to their strength (Ta.lex.) kollan--kamma_lai < + karmas'a_la_, kollan--pat.t.arai, kollan-ulai-kku_t.am blacksmith's workshop, smithy (Ta.lex.) cf. ulai smith's forge or furnace (Na_lat.i, 298); ulai-k-kal.am smith's forge; ulai-k-kur-at.u smith's tongs; ulai-t-turutti smith's bellows; ulai-ya_n.i-k-ko_l smith's poker, beak-iron (Ta.lex.) [kollulaive_r-kan.alla_r: nait.ata. na_t.t.up.); mitiyulaikkollan- mur-iot.ir.r.an-n-a: perumpa_)(Ta.lex.) Temple; smithy: kol-l-ulai blacksmith's forge (kollulaik ku_t.attin-a_l : Kumara. Pira. Ni_tiner-i. 14)(Ta.lex.) cf. kolhua_r sugarcane milkl and boiling house (Bi.); kolha_r oil factory (P.)(CDIAL 3537). kulhu ‘a hindu caste, mostly oilmen’ (Santali) kolsa_r = sugarcane mill and boiling house (Bi.)(CDIAL 3538). Alternative reinforcing semantics: pajhaṛ = to sprout from a root (Santali) Rebus: pasra 'smithy' 32 m1643bangle 'magnetite ingot' Sign 99 sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Sign403: Hieroglyph: bārī , 'small ear-ring': H. bālā m. bracelet (→ S. ḇālo m. bracelet worn by Hindus ), bālī, bārī f. small ear -- ring , OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. wire , pl. ear ornament made of gold wire ś M. vāḷā m. ring , vāḷī f. nose -- ring .(CDIAL 11573) Rebus: bārī 'merchant' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel m1641bangle Kur. goṭā any seed which forms inside a fruit or shell. Malt. goṭa a seed or berry(DEDR 069) N. goṭo piece , goṭi chess piece ś A. goṭ a fruit, whole piece , °ṭā globular, solid , guṭi small ball, seed, kernel ś B. goṭā seed, bean, whole ś Or. goṭā whole, undivided , M. goṭā m. roundish stone (CDIAL 4271) <gOTa>(P) {ADJ} ``^whole''. {SX} ``^numeral ^intensive suffix''. *Kh., Sa., Mu., Ho<goTA>,B.<goTa> `undivided'; Kh.<goThaG>(P), Sa.<goTAG>,~<gOTe'j>, Mu.<goTo>; Sad.<goT>, O., Bh.<goTa>; cf.Ju.<goTo> `piece', O.<goTa> `one'. %11811. #11721. <goTa>(BD) {NI} ``the ^whole''. *@. #10971. (Munda etyma) Rebus: gota (laterite) Rebus: <gota> {N} ``^stone''. @3014. #10171. Note: The stone may be gota, laterite mineral ore stone. khoṭ m. base, alloy (Punjabi) RebusŚ koṭe ‘forging (metal)(Mu.) RebusŚ goṭī f. lump of silver' (G.) goṭi = silver (G.) koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati). 33 m1646bangle Sign 261 kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kañcu = bronze (Telugu). m1647bangle Sign 87 dula ‘pair’ś rebus dul ‘cast (metal)’ Sign 342 karNI 'rim of jar' rebus: 'supercargo', 'engraver' 34 m1659bangle Sign 336 baTa 'rimless pot' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS Te. garĩṭe, gaṇṭe, geṇṭe spoon, ladle rebus: To. köḍm (obl. köḍt-) live coal. Ka. keṇḍa id.ś keṇḍavisu to put live coals on (for blasting rocks). Tu. keṇḍa, geṇḍa live coal. (DEDR 1950) Sign 17 bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' The person performing the furnace operations to produce ceframic (stoneware) bangles is the person entitled to use the seal with the hieroglyph-multiplex of 'one-horned young bull' as demonstrated in the following reconstructed diagram of the apparatus. Uniformity in the Indus Writing system enjoined by the ceramic (stoneware) bangles as insignia of authority to be scribes This artisan was preparing ceramic (stoneware) bangles with inscriptions. He was clearly the standard-bearer for the Indus Writing system which was stunningly uniform across time and space over an extensive contact area on the Vedic Sarasvati river basin and extended along the maritime tin route from Hanoi to Haifa. If such an organizational structure is posited, it is possible to explain the uniformity maintained in the writing system on over 2600 sites of the civilization and also in contact areas where Meluhha merchants had established colonies. As an extended hypothesis, it is suggested that the recipient of the ceramic (stoneware) bangles in the work areas (sites) of the civilization are authorised to be scribed for documenting and archiving the metalwork catalogues. Each ceramic (stoneware) bangle owner is authorised with specific functions in the guild, with the specific functional allocations of the joint community enterprise of the Bronze Age, as demonstrated by the decipherment of 22 unique functional categories of artisans. 35 खंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: खोदणं [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून गिच रणं or -पसु णं To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घ ल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment)kõdā‘to turn in a lathe’(B.) कंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ś Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃ d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃ d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295) A. kundār, B. kũdār, ri, Or.Kundāruś H. kũderā m. ‘one who works a lathe, one who scrapes’, rī f., kũdernā ‘to scrape, plane, round on a lathe’ś kundakara—m. ‘turner’ (Skt.)(CDIAL 3297). कंदण [ kōndaṇa ] n (कंदणं) Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) ক াদ ার [ khōdakāra ] n an engraverś a carver. খ োদকোরি n. engraving; carving; interference in other’s work. ক াদাই [ khōdāi ] n engravingś carving. খ োদোই কিো v. to engrave; to carve. খ োদোন ো v. & n. en graving; carving. ক াবদত [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Bengali) खोदक म [ khōdakāma ] n Sculptureś carved work or work for the carver. खोदगगरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work. खोदण िळ [ khōdaṇāvaḷa ] f (खोदणं) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खोदणी [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खोदणं) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. V ल ि, म ंड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith’s die. खोदणं [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदनू गिच रणं or –पसु णं To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खोद ई [ khōdāī ] f (H.) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving. खोदंि [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणं Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. (Marathi) Hieroglyphs: G. sãghāṛɔ m. lathe ś M. sãgaḍ f. a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus , m.f. float made of two canoes joined together (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam.śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala double -- canoe ), sã̄gāḍā m. frame of a building , °ḍī f. lathe ś Si. san̆gaḷa pair , han̆guḷa, an̆g° double canoe, raft .(CDIAL 12859) Pa. saṅghāta -- m. killing, knocking together ś Pk. saṁghāya -- m. closeness, collection ś Or. saṅghā, saṅgā bamboo scaffolding inside triangular thatch, crossbeam of thatched house, copulation (of animals) ś -- adj. bulled (of a cow) < *saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā -- ?(CDIAL 12862) Rebus: Sangara [fr. saŋ+gṛ1 to sing, proclaim, cp. gāyati & gīta] 1. a promise, agreement J iv.105, 111, 473; v.25, 479 RebusŚ saṁghāṭa m. fitting and joining of timber R. [√ghaṭ](CDIAL 12859) संगत saṅgata Assembled, collected, convened, met together.संगगतः saṅgatiḥ Company, society, association, intercourse (Samskritam. Apte) Sangata [pp. of sangacchati] 1. come together, met Sn 807, 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621); nt. sangataŋ association Dh 207. -- 2. compact, tightly fastened or closed, well -- joined Vv 642 (=nibbivara VvA 275).Sangati (f.) [fr. sangacchati] 1. meeting, intercourse J iv.98; v.78, 483. In defn of yajati 36 (=service?) at Dhtp 62 & Dhtm 79. -- 2. union, combination M i.111; Sii.72; iv.32 sq., 68 sq.; Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188). <-> 3. accidental occurrence D i.53; DA i.161. (Pali) Massimo Vidale An article examining the construction of ceramic stoneware in the Indus Valley Civilization with a focus on Mohenjo-daro. https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/stoneware_bangles.pdf 37 Fragment of stoneware bangle bearing an exceptionally long micro-inscription of 5 signs (Dep. CS.Neg. 14756/27). Fragment of stoneware bangle from the surface of Mohenjodaro with a short micro-inscription of 2 signs (Dep. CS.Neg. 14575/11). 38 Mohenjodaro detail of a vitrified block recovered on surface. The piece contains the remnants of a pile of sub-cylindrical saggars partially melted due to a firing accident. One of the saggars still contains a couple of superimposed stoneware bangles, showing the original arrangement of the products to be fired. A: Upper capping in clay; B: Oval sealing with imprint of a Indus ‘unicorn’ stamp seal, applied in sets of three around the mouth of the closed saggars before firing; C: Intermediate coating in 39 chaff-tempered clay; D: Pottery semispherical lid; E,F: broken terracotta rings used to support the lid…KŚ Pile formed by superimposed small saggars. This type of firing container was made by throwing a ceramic mixture very close to the stoneware of the bangles…MŚ Sets of stoneware bangles, inserted in couples with in each saggar of type K. (After Fig.3, 4, 5, 7 in Massimo Vidale, 1986, Stoneware industry of the Indus civilization: an evolutionary dead-end in the history of ceramic technology, in: In: WD Kingery, ed., Vol. V, Ceramics and civilization. The changing roles of ceramics in society: 26000 BP to the present, Westerville, OH, The American Ceramic Society, Inc.) Stoneware bangles are unique because they carry micro-inscriptions. “The term ‘stoneware’ was used by the early excavators to designate artifcts with a highly siliceous, partially sintered, homogeneous ceramic body, usually free from inclusions or voids visible to the naked eye, and characterized by a very low porosisity.”(J.M. Blackman, M. Vidale, 1992, The Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Charachterization Studies, in: Catherine Jarrige, ed., 1992, South Asian Archaeology 1989, Prehistory Press, p.38) See: https://www.academia.edu/5597400/J.M._Blackman_M._Vidale_The_Production_an d_Distribution_of_Stoneware_Bangles_at_MohenjoDaro_and_Harappa_as_Monitored_by_Chemical_Charachterization_Studies' How were stoneware bangles made? View of the slag with the coated sub-cylindrical bowl enclosing the stoneware bangles in a pile, in central position, Mohenjodaro. (Massimo Vidale, in:Jansen and Urban, 1987, p. 109) Kenoyer has shown that these bangles were formed by throwing clay cylinders on a fast wheel and trimming and burnishing them with sharp pointed tools which left distinctive, fine parallel marks on them. Smalll saggars or firing containers were used to stack these bangles for firing. *saṁgaḍha collection of forts . [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence .(CDIAL 12845) 40 Reconstruction of the stoneware bangles' firing apparatus; stoneware bracelets are piled up in five pairs and enclosed in a coated carinated jar. The jar is given red-slipped, chaff-tempered outer coating. The apparatus is mounted on a network of supporting terracotta bangles. A unicorn seal impression is affixed on the upper capping. (Massimo Vidale, in:Jansen and Urban, 1987, p. 111) Signs 403-407 are shaped like a pair of bangles Balakot, Stoneware bangle and fragments (Blk-6, Parpola) The bangle has an inscription in red: ‫ س ګر‬sangarS ‫ س ګر‬sangar, s.m. (2nd) A breastwork of stones, etc., erected to close a pass or roadś lines, entrenchments. Pl. ‫ س ګرونه‬sangarūnah. See ‫بار‬ 41 Stoneware bangles produced in Mohenjo-daro have been found in Harappa. What was the purpose and function the inscribed stoneware bangles? Glosses Hieroglyph: hand: kará1 doing, causing AV., m. hand RV. [√kr1] Pa. Pk. kara -- m. hand ś S. karu m. arm ś Mth. kar m. hand (prob. ← Sk.)ś Si. kara hand, shoulder , inscr. karā to < karāya. -- Deriv. S. karāī f. wrist ś G. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles .(CDIAL 2779) Rebus: khār 1 ख र ् । लोहक रः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 ख र; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 ख रन,् which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūkakhār, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17).khāra-basta khāra-basta ख र-बस्््त । चमणरसेगिक f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. -büṭhü -ब&above;ठू&below; । लोहक रग्गतः f. the wall of a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -bāy -ब य् । लोहक रप्नी f. a blacksmith's wife (Gr.Gr. 34). -d̆kuru -वकुॲ&below; । लोहक र योघनः m. a blacksmith's hammer, a sledge-hammer. ġji -ग&above;गि&below; or -güjü -ग&above;ि& ू below; । लोहक रचगु ्लः f. a blacksmith's furnace or hearth. -hāl -ह ल् । लोहक रकनदःु f. (sg. dat. -höjü -ह &above;ि& ू below;), a blacksmith's smelting furnace; cf. hāl 5. -kūrü -कूॳ&below; । लोहक रकनय f. a blacksmith's daughter. -koṭu क&above;टु&below; । लोहक रपरु ः m. the son of a blacksmith, esp. a skilful son, who can work at the same profession. -küṭü -क&above;टू&below; । लोहक रकनय f. a blacksmith's daughter, esp. one who has the virtues and qualities properly belonging to her father's profession or caste. -më˘ʦü 1 ्य&above;च&dotbelowś्ू&below; । लोहक रमृगतक f. (for 2, see [khāra 3] ), 'blacksmith's earth,' i.e. iron-ore. -n̆cyuwu -नयगचिु&below; । लोहक र ्मिः m. a blacksmith's son. -nay -नय् । लोहक रन गलक f. (for khāranay 2, see [khārun] ), the trough into which the blacksmith allows melted iron to flow after smelting. -ʦañ̆ -च& ् dotbelow;ञ । लोहक रश नत ङ्ग र ः f.pl. charcoal used by blacksmiths in their furnaces. -wān ि न् । -- 48 -- लोहक र पणः m. a blacksmith's shop, a forge, smithy (K.Pr. 3). -waṭh -िठ् । आघ त ध रगशल m. (sg. dat. -waṭas -िगट), the large stone used by a blacksmith as an anvil.(Kashmiri) vālaka1 m. bracelet , n. finger -- ring , vālikā -- f. ear ornament lex. [Cf. valaya -- ?] K. wôlu m. large earring , wöjü, °ji f. finger -- ring, ring, buttonhole or similar orifice, hole (of rat &c.) , kash. wail ring ś L. vāḷā m. large ear -- ring , °ḷī f. smaller do. , P. vālā, bā° m., vālī f.; WPah.bhal. bālū m. nose -- ring ś Ku. bālo bracelet , bālī ear -- ring , N. bālo, bāli; A. B. bālā bracelet , B. bāli bracelet, earring ś Or. bā̆ḷā bangle ś Bi. bārī, bālī, kan -- bālā earring worn by men , bālā, bāleā ring on wrist ś H. bālā m. bracelet (→ S. ḇālo m. bracelet worn by Hindus ), bālī, bārī f. small ear -- ring , OMārw. bālī f.; G. vāḷɔ m. wire , pl. ear ornament made of gold wire ś M. vāḷā m. ring , vāḷī f. nose -- ring . 42 Addenda: vālaka -- 1: WPah.kṭg. baḷu m. big nose -- ring for women , J. bāḷū m.(CDIAL 11573) Ta. vaḷai (-v-, -nt-) to surround, hover around, walk around, move about (as foetus in the womb); (-pp-, -tt-) to surround (tr.); n. circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet; vaḷaical, vaḷaippuenclosure, courtyard; vaḷaivu circle, circumference; vaḷaiyam ring, circle, bracelet, ambit; vaḷaiyal bangle; vaḷāvu (vaḷāvi-) to surround; vaḷākam enclosing, surrounding; vaṇaṅku (vaṇaṅki-) to surround, encompass. Ma. vaḷayuka to surround; vaḷekka to enclose; vaḷaccal enclosing; vaḷayal surrounding; vaḷappu enclosure of a house, compound; vaḷa ring, bracelet; vaḷaiyam bracelet. Ko. vaḷc- (vaḷc-) to walk in a circle, make round; vaḷ bangle; vaḷ ca·rym all around. To. paḷf- (paḷt-) to drive (buffalo) with accompanying buffaloes (at funeral, or in purchase); paḷ ïr buffaloes that are driven to funeral with buffalo that is to be slaughtered; paḷ ring at head of churning stick; paḷ circle, bangle. Ka. baḷasu to go in a circle or round, walk or wander about, be surrounded, surround; n. act of surrounding or encompassing, what surrounds, state of being circuitous, one round or turn (as of a rope, etc.); baḷe ring, armlet, bracelet. Koḍ. baḷe bangle, ring. Tu. baḷè bracelet, hoop; balepuni to enclose, surround, besiege. Te. balayu to surround, (K. also) besiege; (K.) valayu to turn around (intr.). / Cf. Skt. val- to turn, turn round; valaya- bracelet, ring, girdle, circle, circumference; Turner, CDIAL, nos. 11405, 11407; Mayrhofer, s.vv.(DEDR 5313) valaya m.n. bracelet MBh., circle Kathās. [Cf. vālaka -- 1. - √val?]Pa. Pk. valaya -- m.n. bracelet (Pk. also wrapping )ś P. vaḷā m. turn, twist ś OAw. balayā, barayā m. pl. bracelet ś H. balā m. bracelet, armlet ś G. vaḷũ n. circle, hoop, plot of land ś M. vaḷẽ n. ring , vaḷaī f. ring, enclosed space (for keeping chaff, cattle, &c.) ś Si. väl necklace , vala bracelet válati, valatē1 turns, turns to, speeds towards Kāv. (cf. balbalīti whirls round Br.?), valatē2 covers Vop.(cf. tamōvalita -- Vedavy.; valatē dhanam lex. = balati dhānyāvarōdhē Dhātup.?). 2.valayati causes to curve, undulate i . (~ vēllant -- ), vā̆layati *causes to turn (cf. valayita -- ), causes to move, causes to be covered Dhātup. 3. vállatē *turns , covers (válatē, vállatē saṁcaraṇē, saṁvaraṇē, str̥tau ) Dhātup. [See √val] 1. Pk. valaï intr. turns ś S. varaṇu intr. to turn, return, bend ś L. (Ju.) valaṇ to return ś P. valṇā, ba° intr. to twist, go round and round, go around so as to get ahead ś OG. valaï returns , G. vaḷvũ intr. to turn, turn round, bend , M. vaḷṇẽ; Si. väli again . -- Caus. (formed in NIA. from simplex): S. varāiṇu to turn back ś L. valāvaṇ to return, refund ś P. valāuṇā to cause to be wrapped or surrounded ś A. balāiba to turn, persuade, wind (thread round a bamboo reel) . 2. Pa. valēti twists, turns, wrings, puts on (a garment) ś Pk. valaïya -- twisted ś K. walun to wrap up, roll up in, wind up, encircle, bind, clothe ś Or. baḷibā to roll up ś H. balnā to twist, braid, plait ś M. vaḷṇẽ tr. to turn . -- Pk. vālēi, °laï turns, twists, makes return ś S. vāraṇu to make return ś OG. vālivaüṁ n. turning , G. vāḷvũ to fold, twist, turn, send back ś M. vāḷṇẽ to give a twist to . 3. Pk. vallaï turns, covers ś L. vallaṇ intr. to twist, surround , awāṇ. valluṇ to wrap up . valatē1 turns see prec.valatē2 covers Vop. [̤ váratē. -- √val]See válati.*valadaṇḍa -ridge -- pole see *vaḍabhidaṇḍa -- .Addenda: válati. 1. A. baliba to blow (as wind) AFD 331? 2. vallatē: WPah.kṭg. balṇõ to comb, arrange the hair (Him.I 136 also suggests *vālya -: vāˊla -- ).(CDIAL 11407, 11405) bālēya fit for an offering Kālid. [balí -- ]OAw. bārī one who offers himself, an offering .(CDIAL 9222) bālá young GrS., foolish Mn., m. boy (under five years old) 43 Mn., °aka -- adj. and sb. MBh., m. fool lex., bālā -- f. girl (esp. under sixteen years old) Mn. [Despite the various etymologies listed in EWA ii 426, it perh. belongs to the defective group s.v. baṇḍá -- which proprovides, like other defective groups, several words for child , e.g. *bāḍa -- in Paš. bāṛā boy , bāṛī girl , *bāḍḍa -- in G. bāḍuvã̄ poor simple little children Ś note esp. the meanings ignorant, fool in Pa. Pk.]Pa. bāla -- ignorant, young , bālaka -- m. boy, fool ś A . balika f. pl. women ś Pk. bāla -- , f. °lā -- , bālaa -- , f. °liā -young (cf. bālisa -- foolish )ś Paš.lauṛ. bāl(a)kul m. pl. boys, children , nij.bōlū boy (→ Par. bâlö IIFL iii 3, 34); Sh. bāl m. gil. child, servant , koh. gur. boy ś K. bāla young , m. boy (16 -- 20 years old) , bāl, dat. °li f. girl (of the same age) ś S. ḇāru m. baby ś L. bālm., bālṛī f. (Ju. ḇ -- ) child , khet. bāl infant ś P. bālā m. child ś Ku. bālo very young , gng. bāw boy , bāi girl ś A. bāl infant ś MB. bālā a youth , B. bāl boy ś Or. bāḷa child , baḷā son ,bāḷī young woman ś Mth. bāri (f.?) tender, young ś OAw. bāra m. boy , bārī f. daughter (CDIAL 9216) bhārika1 m. porter Rājat. [bhārin -- ]Pa. bhārika -- loaded , Pk. bhāria -- ; Ash. barī blacksmith, artisan, slave, servant , Wg. barīˊ, bāˊrī, Kt. barīˊ, Pr. bāˊrī NTS xvii 238; Ku. bhārī m. porter , N. bhariyā, A. B. bhāri, Or. bhāriā, Mth.bhariā, Si. bariyā (CDIAL 9464) Valaya (m. & nt.) [Epic Sk. valaya, fr. Idg. *ṷel to turn; see Sk. roots vṛ to enclose, and val to turn, to which belong the foll.Ś varutra upper robe, ūrmi wave, fold, valita bent, vālayati to make roll, valli creeper, vaṭa rope, vāṇa cane. Cp. also Lat. volvo to roll, Gr. e)lu/w to wind, e)/lic round, e)/lutron cover; Goth. walwjan to roll on, Ohg. welzan & walzan=Ags. wealtan (E. waltz); Ags. wylm wave, and many others, q. v. in Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. v. volvo. -The Dhtp (274) gives root val in meaning saŋvaraṇa, i. e. obstruct, cover. See further vuṇāti] a bracelet Vin ii.106; J ii.197 (dantakāre valay' -- ādīni karonte disvā)ś iii.377; vi.64, 65; DA i.50; DhA i.226 (danta˚ ivory bangle); PvA 157 (sankha˚)ś Mhvs 11, 14 (˚anguli -- veṭhakā).(Pali) paṭṭa1 m. slab, tablet MBh., °ṭaka -- m., °ṭikā -- f. Kathās. [Derivation as MIA. form of páttra -- (EWA ii 192), though very doubtful, does receive support from Dard. *paṭṭa -- leaf and meaning metal plate of several NIA. forms of páttra -- ] Pa. paṭṭa -- m. slab, tablet ś Pk. paṭṭa -- , °ṭaya -- m., °ṭiyā<-> f. slab of stone, board ś NiDoc. paṭami loc. sg., paṭi tablet ś K. paṭa m. slab, tablet, metal plate , poṭu m. flat board, leaf of door, etc. , püṭü f. plank , paṭürü f. plank over a watercourse (< -- aḍikā -- ); S.paṭo m. strip of paper , °ṭi f. boat's landing plank , °ṭī f. board to write on, rafter ś L. paṭṭ m. thigh , f. beam , paṭṭā m. lease , °ṭīf. narrow strip of level ground ś P. paṭṭ m. sandy plain , °ṭā m. board, title deed to land , °ṭī f. writing board ś WPah.bhal. paṭṭ m. thigh , °ṭo m. central beam of house ś Ku. pāṭo millstone , °ṭī board, writing board ś N. pāṭo strip, plot of land, side , °ṭi tablet, slate, inn ś A. pāṭ board , paṭā stone slab for grinding on ś B. pāṭ, °ṭā board, bench, stool, throne , °ṭi anything flat, rafter ś Or. pāṭa plain, throne , °ṭi, paṭā wooden plank, metal plate ś Bi. pāṭ wedge fixing beam to body of plough, washing board , °ṭī side -- piece of bed, stone to grind spices on , (Gaya) paṭṭā wedge ś Mth. pāṭ end of handle of mattock projecting beyond blade , °ṭā wedge for beam of plough ś OAw. pāṭa m. plank, seat ś H. pāṭ, °ṭā m. slab, plank , °ṭī side -- piece of bed , paṭṭā m. board on which to sit while eating ś OMarw. pāṭī f. plank ś OG. pāṭīuṁ n. plank , pāṭalaü m. dining stool ś G. pāṭ f., pāṭlɔ m. bench , pāṭɔ m. grinding stone , °ṭiyũ n. plank , °ṭṛɔ m., °ṭṛī f. beam ś M. pāṭ m. bench , °ṭā m. grinding stone, tableland , °ṭī f. writing board ś Si. paṭa metal plate, slab . -- Deriv.: N. paṭāunu to spread out ś H. pāṭnā to roof .paṭṭakila -- ś *akṣapaṭṭa -- , *upparapaṭṭa -- , kaṣapaṭṭikā -- , 44 *catuṣpaṭṭa -- , candanapaṭṭa -- , *talapaṭṭa -- , *tāmrapaṭṭa -- , *dhurapaṭṭa -- , *dhūḍipaṭṭa -- , *pakṣapaṭṭa -- , *prastarapaṭṭa -- , *phalapaṭṭa -- , lalāṭapaṭṭa -- , ilāpaṭṭa -- , * rṅgapaṭṭa -- , *skandhapaṭṭa -- .Addenda: paṭṭa -- 1: WPah.kṭg. pāṭ m. mill -- stone (poss. Wkc. pāṭ m. female genitals , paṭṭɔ m. buttocks, back ś bhal. paṭṭ m. thigh Him.I 110)ś kṭg. paṭḷɔ m. small wooden stool .(CDIAL 7699) Recovered from circular platforms? Clearly, the circular platforms functioned as sorting, marketing platforms if, in the centre of the circle, a storage pot containing metal artefacts, beads, ivory products etc. were kept for display, marketing, trade. prastará m. anything strewn, grass to sit on RV., flat surface Mn., (v.l. prastāra -- ) plain Hariv., rock, stone Hit. [√str]K. pathur, °thuru (dat. °tharas, °tharis) m. levelled area, bare floor , pathürü f. level piece of ground, plateau, small village ś S. patharu m. rug, mat ś Or. athuripathuri bag and baggage (CDIAL 8857).Pa. pattharati tr. spreads out, scatters , Pk. pattharaï patthuraïś L. (Ju.) patharaṇ to spread, turn over ś Mth. pathrab intr. to lie scattered ś G. pātharvũ tr. to spread ś Si. paturanavā to spread abroad, proclaim (whence caus. paturuvanavā and intr. pätirenavā to be extended )ś Md. faturān to spread out ś -- Pk. pattharia<-> spread out ś Si. pätali flat, level, plain (rather than < pattralá -- ). -- See *prastārayati, *prastrta -- .Addenda: *prastarati: S.kcch. pātharṇū to spread ś caus. Ko. pātlāytā spreads out (bed, etc.) S. M. Katre, Md. faturuvanī tr. spreads , feturenī intr. (absol. feturi).(CDIAL 8860). Circular platforms as guild trade platforms for artisans of forge/smithy and lapidaries Pattharati [pa+tharati] to spread, spread out, extend J i.62; iv.212; vi.279; DhA i.26; iii.61 (so read at J vi.549 in cpd ˚pāda with spreading feet, v. l. patthaṭa˚). -- pp. patthaṭa (q. v.). -- Caus. patthāreti with pp. patthārita probably also to be read at Th 1, 842 for padhārita. (Pali) [An allograph pattara 'trough' is a glyph used in front of many types of animals including wild animals and composite animal glyphs. pātra ‘trough’ś patthar ‘merchant’. It also connotes a 'guild'.] प र pātra, (l.) s. Vessel, cup, plateś receptacle. [lw. Sk. id.] (Nepali) pātramu A utensil, ఉపక ు. Hardware. metal vessels. (Telugu) ப்த் pattal, n. ப்த்¹ pattar 1. A wooden bucket; மர்தாலான ீிறை்ு் குி. ீ்ிி யெ்ிர் ப்த் வு்த (பி்ு். 19, 23). ப்த்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmithsś த்டா் ப்ட்யபெு் ஒ்ு. ப்டறட¹ paṭṭaṭai , n. prob. பு¹- + அறட¹-. 1. [T. paṭṭika, K. paṭṭaḍe.] Anvilś அறடக். (ி்.) ீிட்காி யனித்ு் ப்ட றட (ுை், 821). 2. [K. paṭṭaḍi.] Smithy, forge; யகா்ல் களி ப்த் pattal , n. 1. A wooden bucket; மர்தாலான ீிறை்ு் குி. ீ்ிி யெ்ிர் ப்த் வு்த (பி்ு். 19, 23). ப்த்¹ pattar , n. 1. See ப்த், 1, 4, 5. 2. Wooden trough for feeding animals; யதா்ி. ப்ி் ூ்்ப்தி் (நாலி, 257). paṭṭar-ai community; guild as of workmen (Ta.); pattar merchants; perh. vartaka (Skt.) Patthara [cp. late Sk. prastara. The ord. meaning of Sk. pr. is "stramentum"] 1. stone, rock S i.32. -- 2. stoneware Miln 2. (Pali) Pa. Pk. patthara -- m. stone , S. patharu m., L. (Ju.) pathar m., khet. patthar, P. patthar m. (→ forms of Bi. Mth. Bhoj. H. G. below with atth or ath), WPah.jaun. pāttharś Ku. pāthar m. slates, stones , gng. pāth*lr flat stone ś A. B. pāthar stone , Or. patharaś Bi. pāthar, patthar, patthal hailstone ś Mth. pāthar, pathal stone , Bhoj. pathal, Aw.lakh. pāthar, H. pāthar, patthar, pathar, patthal m., G. 45 patthar, pathrɔ m.ś M. pāthar f. flat stone ś Ko. phāttaru stone ś Si. patura chip, fragment ś - S. pathirī f. stone in the bladder ś P. pathrī f. small stone ś Ku. patharī stone cup ś B. pāthri stone in the bladder, tartar on teeth ś Or. pathurī stoneware ś H. patthrī f. grit , G. pathrī f. *prastarapaṭṭa -- , *prastaramrttikā -- , *prastarāsa -- .Addenda: prastará -- Ś WPah.kṭg. pátthər m. stone, rock ś pəthreuṇõ to stone ś J. pāthar m. stone ś OMarw. pātharī precious stone . (CDIAL 8857) paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) pattharika [fr. patthara] a merchant Vin ii.135 (kaŋsa˚).(Pali) cf. Pattharati [pa+tharati] to spread, spread out, extend J i.62; iv.212; vi.279; DhA i.26ś iii.61 (so read at J vi.549 in cpd ˚pāda with spreading feet, v. l. patthaṭa˚). -- pp. patthaṭa (q. v.). ப்த்&sup5; pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; ிொபாிக். (W.) battuḍu. n. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as vaḍla b*, carpenter. The circular platforms could have served as prastara for the articles taken for display from out of the storage pots. "During excavations of the circular platform area on Mound F numerous Cemetery H-type sherds and some complete vessels were recovered in association with pointed base goblets and large storage vessels that are usually associated with Harappa Period 3C." South fo the platforms was a furnace. "A large kiln was also found just below the surface of the mound to the south of the circular platforms." Rebus: स गं ड [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f (सघं ट S) A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together: also a link of two pompions &c. to swim or float by. स ंगडणी [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of स ंगडणं) Linking or joining together.स ंगडणं [ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c (स ंगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals). 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto.स ंगडी [ sāṅgaḍī ] f (Commonly स ंगड) A float &c.स ंगड्य [ sāṅgaḍyā ] a sometimes स ंगडी a That works a स ंगड or canoe-float. ã̄gaḍ chain rebus: sanghāta 'vajra, metallic adamantine glue'. rebusŚ ã̄gaḍa 'catamaran' śaṅgaḍam 'double canoe'(Tamil) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142ś J v.186 (in similes). As ˚ka Miln 365 (trsl. Miln ii.278 by "straining cloth"). <-> Cp. cañcu "a box" Divy 131 (Pali) .saṁghāṭa m. fitting and joining of timber R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s° raft ś Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , °ḍaga -- m., °ḍī -- f. pair ś Ku. sĩgāṛ m. doorframe ś N. saṅār, siṅhār threshold ś Or.saṅghāṛi pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ś Bi. sĩghārā triangular packet of betel ś H. sĩghāṛā m. piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ś G. sãghāṛɔ m. lathe ś M. sãgaḍ f. a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus , m.f. float made of two canoes joined together (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala double -- canoe ), sã̄gāḍā m. frame of a building , °ḍī f. lathe ś Si. san̆gaḷa pair , han̆guḷa,an̆g° double canoe, raft .AddendaŚ saṁghāṭa -- : Md. an̆goḷi junction ?(CDIAL 12859) ayakāṇḍa ‘’large quantity of stone (ore) metal’ or aya kaṇḍa, ‘metal fire-altar’. ayo, hako 'fish'; ãs = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya ‘metal, iron’ (G.)ś ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) Santali lexeme, hako ‘fish’ is concordant with a proto-Indic form which can be identified as ayo in many glosses, Munda, Sora glosses in particular, of the Indian linguistic area. beḍa hako (ayo) ‘fish’ (Santali)ś beḍa ‘either of the sides of a hearth’ (G.) MundaŚ So. ayo `fish'. Go. ayu `fish'. Go <ayu> (Z), <ayu?u> (Z),, <ayu?> (A) {N} ``^fish''. Kh. kaDOG `fish'. Sa. Hako `fish'. Mu. hai (H) ~ haku(N) ~ haikO(M) `fish'. Ho haku `fish'. Bj. hai `fish'. Bh.haku 46 `fish'. KW haiku ~ hakO |Analyzed hai-kO, ha-kO (RDM). Ku. Kaku`fish'.@(V064,M106) Mu. ha-i, haku `fish' (HJP). @(V341) ayu>(Z), <ayu?u> (Z) <ayu?>(A) {N} ``^fish''. #1370. <yO>\\<AyO>(L) {N} ``^fish''. #3612. <kukkulEyO>,,<kukkuli-yO>(LMD) {N} ``prawn''. !Serango dialect. #32612. <sArjAjyO>,,<sArjAj>(D) {N} ``prawn''. #32622. <magur-yO>(ZL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. *Or.<>. #32632. <ur+GOl-Da-yO>(LL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. #32642.<bal.bal-yO>(DL) {N} ``smoked fish''. #15163. Vikalpa: Munda: <aDara>(L) {N} ``^scales of a fish, sharp bark of a tree''.#10171. So<aDara>(L) {N} ``^scales of a fish, sharp bark of a tree''. Fish + corner, aya koṇḍa, ‘metal turned or forged’ Fish, aya ‘metal’ Fish + scales, aya ã̄s (amśu) ‘metallic stalks of stone ore’. VikalpaŚ badhoṛ ‘a species of fish with many bones’ (Santali) RebusŚ baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’ś badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) Fish + splinter, aya aduru ‘smelted native metal’ Fish + sloping stroke, aya ḍhāḷ ‘metal ingot’ Fish + arrow or allograph, Fish + circumscribed four short strokes This indication of the occurrence, together, of two or more 'fish' hieroglyphs with modifiers is an assurance that the modifiers ar semantic indicators of how aya 'metal' is worked on by the artisans. Hieorglyph: boar: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hogś rebusŚ baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’ś baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’ś badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) 'Rebus: bari 'merchant'.barea 'merchant' (Santali)বরাহ barāha 'boar'Rebus: bāṛaï 'carpenter' (Bengali) bari 'merchant' barea 'merchant' (Santali) Varāha is explained by ि च्प्यम् Vācaspatyam: िर य अ्ी२ य म्ु त गदल ् य आहगनत खनगत ्गू मम् To represent a boon, (to obtain) wished, desired products (including species of grass) mined from the earth, by striking, hitting. Hieroglyph: Spread legs: कणणक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 'spread legs'; (semantic determinant) Rebus: karNa 'helmsman', karNI 'scribe, account' 'supercargo'. Thus, the 47 hieroglyphs on the anthropomorph Type 2 signify a helmsman, engraver who works with metals and mines to produce supercargo of mined products. (Note: I had suggested that the head ligature on the anthropomorph signifies a crocodile, but Dr. Sanjay Manjul's suggestion that it signifies head of a boar is consistent with the Vedic metaphor and tradition of Varāha. I correct my identification and read the Anthropomorph head as signifier of Varāha.) *vaḍradaṇḍa large pole . [vaḍra -- , daṇḍá -- ]Bi. baṛẽṛā, °ṛī upper iron bar of pillars supporting a smith's bellows , bẽriyā (< *baṛẽṛiyā? -- Other names are ḍaṇḍā, ḍaṇṭā Grierson BPL 414). 11211 vaṭa1 m. the banyan Ficus indica MBh.Pa. vaṭa -- m. banyan , Pk. vaḍa -, °aga -- m., K. war in war -- kulu m., S. baṛu m. (← E)ś P. vaṛ, baṛ m., vohṛ, bohṛ f. banyan , vaṛoṭā,ba° m. young banyan (+?)ś N. A. bar banyan , B. baṛ, Bi. bar (→ Or. bara), H. baṛ m. (→ Bhoj. Mth. baṛ), G. vaṛ m., M. vaḍ m., Ko.vaḍu.*vaṭapadra -- , *vaṭapātikā -- . Addenda: vaṭa -- 1: Garh. baṛ fig tree .vaṭa 11212 vaṭa2 string lex. [Prob. ← Drav. Tam. vaṭam, Kan. vaṭi, vaṭara, &c. DED 4268]N. bariyo cord, rope ś Bi. barah rope working irrigation lever , barhā thick well -- rope , Mth. barahā rope .(CDIAL 11227) షుు (p. 0500) [ takṣakuḍu ] takshakuḍu. [Skt.] n. The name of mythological serpent ఒక పాు. The name of a race of men called Takshakas. A carpenter వ్లాు.వ ి (p. 1142) [ vardhaki ] vardhaki. [Skt.] n. A carpenter. వ్లాు.వ్రంి, వ్లంి, వ్లాు (p. 1133) [ vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu ] or వ్ల త ు ు vaḍrangi. [Tel.] n. A carpenter. వ్రంగు, వ్లపి, వ్రు or వ్లంి ను vaḍrangamu. n. The trade of a carpenter. వ్లాివృతు. వ్రంిపి. వ్రంిి్ట or వ్లంిి్ట vaḍrangi-piṭṭa. n. A woodpecker. ాాాా్ు. వ్లకంక ు vaḍla-kankaṇamu. n. A curlew. ఉ్లంు్ో ేదు. వ్ల or వ్లి vaḍlata. n. A woman of the carpenter caste. िधणक [p= 926,1]mfn. cutting , dividing , cutting off , shearing (» म ष- and ्मर-ु ि°् )m. a carpenter R. 11371 *varddhr cutter, knife . [√vardh] *varddhrī -- : N. bāṛ blade of khukri ś Bi. bāṛh bookbinder's papercutter ś H. bāṛh, bāṛ f. edge of knife , G. vāḍh f.; -- P. vāḍh, bāḍh f. cutting edge poss. < *vārddhrī -- . *vardharī -- , *vardhā̆ra -- : Bi. badhrī, °riyā, °rā, badhārū knife with a heavy blade for reaping with ś <-> WPah.bhad. bardhāṇū to shear sheep < *badhār -- ṇū? 11372 vardha1 m. a cutting W. [√vardh] S. vaḍhu m. a cut ś L. vaḍḍh m. ears of corn remaining in a field after sheaves have been removed ś P. vaḍḍh, ba° m. a cut in a piece of wood, chip, stubble of grain (wheat, maize, &c.) , vaḍḍhā, ba° m. cut, mark ś G. vāḍh m. cut, wound, reaping a field ś Si. vaḍa -- ya act of cutting off ś -- K. broḍu m. septum of nose ? 11374 vardhaka in cmpd. cutting , m. carpenter R. [√vardh] Pa. cīvara -- vaḍḍhaka -- m. tailor ś Kho. bardog, °ox axe (early → Kal. wadók before v -> b -- in Kho.); <-> Wg. wāṭ axe , Paš.dar. wāˊṭak (ṭ?). vardhaki 11375 vardhaki m. carpenter MBh. [√vardh] Pa. vaḍḍhaki -- m. carpenter, building mason ś Pk. vaḍḍhaï -- m. carpenter , °aïa -- m. shoemaker ś WPah. jaun. bāḍhōī carpenter , (Joshi) bāḍhi m., N. baṛhaï, baṛahi, A. bārai, 48 B. bāṛaï, °ṛui, Or.baṛhaï, °ṛhāi, (Gaṛjād) bāṛhoi, Bi. baṛahī, Bhoj. H. baṛhaī m., M. vāḍhāyā m., Si. vaḍu -- vā. *vārdhaka -- . Addenda: vardhaki -- : WPah.kṭg. báḍḍhi m. carpenter ś kṭg. bəṛhe\i, báṛhi, kc. baṛhe ← H. beside genuine báḍḍhi Him.I 135), J. bāḍhi, Garh. baṛhai, A. also bāṛhai AFD 94; Md. vaḍīn, vaḍin pl. †*vardhakikarman -- . 11375a †*vardhakikarman -- carpentry . [vardhaki -- , kár- man -- ] Md. vaḍām carpentry .11385 *vardhira axe, hammer . [Cf. *varddhr -- . √vardh]Kho. bəḍīˊr sledgehammer (?) (→ Gaw. bäḍíl), Bshk. baḍīˊr; Phal. baḍhīˊr axe (?), sledgehammer AO xviii 227Ś very doubtful.11381 vardhayati1 cuts, divides Dhātup., vardhāpayati1 Weber. [√vardh] Pa. vaḍḍhāpēti cuts (moustache) ś Kal.rumb. badhém I cut, shear ś Kho. (Lor.) sōr -bərdēk custom of cutting an infant's original hair ś K.ḍoḍ. baḍṇō to cut , S. vaḍhaṇu; L. vaḍḍhaṇ to cut, reap ś P.vaḍḍhṇā, ba° to cut, kill, bite ś WPah. (Joshi) bāḍhṇu to cut ś B. bāṛā to cut, mend, distribute food ś Or. bāṛhibā to serve out food ś H. bāḍhnā to cut, shear, divide ś G. vāḍhvũ to cut , vadhervũ to cut, sacrifice ś M. vāḍhṇẽ to serve out (food) (in sense to fill (a lamp with oil) rather < vardháyati2). 11387 várdhra m. leather thong AV., vardhrī -- f. lex., vadhra -- m.n. MBh. 2. badhra -- (v.l.) MBh. (X √bandh?). [√vardh]1. Pa. Pk. vaddha -- m.n. thong ś S. vaḍhī, vāḍhĭ̄ f.; L. vaddhar m., vadhrī f., (Shahpur) vadhar m. shoulder -- strap ś P. vahdar, vaddhrī, baddharī f., ludh. baddhī f. leather thong ś Or. badhī dog's collar, leather thong round a drum ś Bi. bādhā strings of a balance , bādhī ties fastening bamboo poles to body of cart ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. bādh rope, string ś OG. vādhra n. leather , G. varadhi, vādhar,vādhrī, vādharṛī f. leather strap ś M. vād, vād(h)ī f. strap , vādā m. whiplash ś Si. vada leather strap ś -- Kal. badrí leather belt , Phal. ḍāk -badhrḗi (rather than with NOPhal 34 < *baddhrikā -- ); -- Paš.weg. walāˊ tie, band IIFL iii 3, 185 (< *vardh -- tra -- ?). 2. Pa. baddha -- n. thong .*vardhrya -- .Addenda: várdhra -- [< IE. *werdhro -- ~ vārdhrī -- f. strap < IE. *wordhrī -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65, but rather like vāˊrdhra -- fit for strap Pāṇ., n. strap vrddhi of várdhra -- ] Md. vadu strap . வராகுட் varāka-puṭam, n. < id. +. Calcining metals with 20 or 50 cakes of cowdung; 20 அ்லு 50 எுி்ு் பபாட் பு் ுட். (ூ. அ.) warāh िर ह्् । सक ू रः m. a boar, pig (wild or domesticated); the third, or boar, incarnation of Vishnu ( iv. 856).(Kashmiri)বরা2 (p. 0721) [ barā2 ] n the boar, the hog.বরাহ (p. 0721) [ barāha ] n the boar, the hog; the third incar nation of Vishnu (ববণ) when he slew Bara (বরা) the demon. fem. বরাহ the sow. (Bengali) வாராக் vārākaṉ, n. < Vārāha. Viṣṇu, as having assumed the form of a boarś ப்ி ெவதாரயமு்த ிுமா். வாராக வாமனபன (அ் ட். ிுவர்க்த். 60).வாராி vārāki, n. < vārāhī. 1. Vārāhi, Sakti of the Boar-form of Viṣṇu, one of catta-mātar, q.v.; ச்தமாதி் வராகாவதார்ி் ச்ி. 2. Sow; யப்ப்ி. (ொ். அக.) 3. Earth; ூி. (ொ். அக.) 4. A bulbous plant; ஒுவறக் ிழ்ு்யசி. (ொ். அக.)வாராக் vārākam 49 , n. < Vārāha. 1. Viṣṇu's Boar-incarnation; ிுமாி் ப்ிெவ தார். வாராகமதாி ி்ம்றை ிட்தா் (ி். யபிெி. 4, 7, 8). 2. A Sanskrit astronomical treatise by Varākamikirarś வடயமாிி் வராக ிிரரா் யச்ெ்ப்ட ஒு பசாிட்கிதூ். நாராெீெ் வாராக ுதிெ கைத்கு் (யதா். யபா. 75, உறர). வராகக்ப் varāka-kaṟpam, n. < Varāha +. The age when Viṣṇu assumed His boar-incarnation; ிுமா் வராகாவதார் யகா்ட கால். (பிபா. 2, 16, உறர.) வராக்¹ varākam, n. < varāha. 1. Boar, swine; ப்ி. பகாலபமி வராகபம (ிுவாச. 30, 5). 2. The boar-incarnation of Viṣṇu, one of tacāvatāram, q.v.; ிுமாி் தசாவதார்ு் ப்ிுு்யகா்ட அவதார். (ி்.) 3. (Šaiva.) See வராகாதன். மாிு்த் ு்ித் வராக் (த்ுவ். 108). 4. An Upaniṣad, one of 108; ூ் யை்ுபிடத்கு் ஒ்ு. 5. A chief Purāṇa. See வராகுராை். 6. The region at the foot of Mt. Malayam; மலெப்வத் திவார்ு்ள ிரபதச். (ிவது. பகாப. 48.) 7. A mathematical treatise; ஒு கித ூ். (கி். கடு. உறர.) 8. cf. வராி. Moosly or weevil root. See ில்பறன. (ச். அக.) వ ా [ varahā ] or వా varahā. [from Skt. వా ు.] n. The gold coin bearing the impression of a boar (వా ు.) and termed a pagoda. equal to 3 1/2 rupees. కుువ ా a coin equal to four rupees. కంీ వా వ ాు Kanterai pagodas, 105 of which are equal to rupees 305-7-4. The weight called వ ాెత ు is equal to 52.56. grains avoirdupois. ొమిిిన ు్ెత ు ంా ుుిరక.వా ు [ varāhamu ] varāhamu. [Skt.] n. A boar or hog. అ్ిపంి. వాావా ు the third incarnation of Vishnu in the shape of a boar. వా ూ చు (or, vulgarly వాకటట) varāha-kūrchamu. n. A brush made of hog's bristles. ూక ు (p. 1353) [ sūkaramu ] sūkaramu. [Skt.] n. A hog. అ్ిపంి, వా ు. A pig, పంి. ూకి sūkari. n. A sow. varāhá -- , varāˊhu -- m. wild boar RV.Pa. Pk. varāha -- m. boar ś A. B. barā boar (A. also sow, pig ), Or. barāha, (Sambhalpur) barhā, (other dial.) bā̆rihā, bāriā, H. bā̆rāh m., Si. varāvarāhamūla n. name of a place in Kashmir Rājat. [varāhá -- , mūˊla -- ?] K. warahmul a town at west end of the valley of Kashmir .(CDIAL 11325, 11326) िर ह (p. 734) [ varāha ] m (S) A boar. 2 The boar-avatár of Vishnu.(Marathi) िर ह [p= 923,2] m. (derivation doubtful) a boar , hog , pig , wild boar RV. &c (ifc. it denotes , " superiority , pre-eminence " ; » g. ्य र *गद); a bull Col.; a ram L.; N. of गि्णु in his third or boarincarnation (cf. िर ह *ित र) TA1r. MBh. &c; of the son of a guardian of a temple Ra1jat.(Samskrtam) पोरम् pōtramपोरम् [प-ू र] 1 The snout of a hog; धृतगिधरु धरं मह - िर हं गगररगुॲपोरमपीगहतैिणयनतम् Bk.1.6; Ki.13.53.-2 A boat, ship.-3 A plough share.-4 The thunderbolt. -5 A garment.-6 The office of the Potṛi.-Comp. -आयधु ः a hog,varāhḥ िर हः [िर य अ्ी१ य म्ु त गदल ् य आहगनत ्गू मम् आ-हन-् ड Tv.] 1 A boar, hog; गिर्धं गियत ं िर हतगतग्मण्ु त षगतः प्िले .2.6. -2 A ram. -3 A bull. -4 A cloud. -5 A crocodile. -6 An array of troops in the form of a boar. -7 N. of Viṣṇu in the third or boar incarna- tion; cf. िसगत दशनगशखरे धरणी ति ल्न शगशगन कलङ्ककलेि गनम्न । के शि धृतशक ू रॳप िय िगदीश हरे Gīt.1. -8 A parti- cular measure. -9 N. of Varāhamihira -1 N. of one of the 18 Purāṇas. -11 A mountain; L. D. B. -12 A coin; L. D. B. -13 A kind of grass; L. D. B. 50 Comp. -अित रः the boar or third incarnation of Viṣṇu. -कनदः a kind of esculent root.-कणणः a kind o arrow; िर ह- कणैन णलोकै गिकणैच ्यिीिृषत् Mb.7.166.24. -कगणणक a kind of missile. -क्पः the period of the boar incarnation, the period during which Viṣṇu assumed the form of a boar. -ि नत the sensitive plant. व दशी a festival held on the 12th day in the bright half of Māgha in honour of Viṣṇu. -न मन् n. an esculent root. -परु णम् N. of one of the 18 major purāṇas. -गमगहरः N. of a celebrated astronomer, author of बृह्संगहत (supposed to be one of the 'nine gems' at the court of king Vikrama). -शृङ्गः N. of iva.िर हः Ved. A boar, hog.vārāha ि र ह a. (-ही f.) [िर ह्येदं गरय्ि त् अण]् Relating to a boar; ि र हीम ्मयोने्तनुमिनगिध ि ग्ित्य नॳ ु प म् Mu.7. 19; Y.1.259; शगतः स ्य ययौ तर ि र हं गिरती तनमु ् Devīmāhātmya. -हः 1 A boar. -2 A kind of tree. -Comp. कणी Physalis Flexuosa (अवगनध ). -क्पः N. of the present Kalpa (that in which we are at present living). -परु णम् N. of one of the 18 Purāṇas.vārāhīि र ही 1 A sow. -2 The earth. -3 The akti of Viṣṇu in the form of a boar. -4 A measure. -Comp. -कनदः N. of a bulbous plant (Mar. डुकरकंद). िर ह पर ु ी० िर य अ्ी२ य म्ु त गदल ् य आहगनत खनगत ्गू मम् आ + हन--ड । १ शक ू रे अमरः गरय ं ङीष् । २ यञिर ह ्ये ्गितोऽित र्ेदे प०ु ३ पिणत-्ेदे ४ म्ु तके ५ म न्ेदे मेगद० । ६ गशशमु रे ७ ि र ही- कनदे प०ु र िगन० ८ अ१ दशवीपम्ये वीप्ेदे च ।“गनधिो िॲणः सौ्यो िर हः कङ्क एि च । कुम-ु दस कसेॲच न गो ्र रक्ति । चनरेनर मलय ःशङ्ख यि ङ्गक ग्ग्तप न् । त र ङ्गस कुम री च तरवीप दश १ग्ः” श्दम ० । िर हकनद प०ु िर हगरयः कनदः श ० त० । ्िन म्य ते िृष्ेदे र िगन० । िर हक नत री िर ह ण ं क नत ऽ्ी२ । िर हकनदे श्दर० । िर हि नत री िर हेण ि नतेि । १ ल्ि लल ु त य म् श्दच० २ ि र ् ं (च मर ल)ु स्ु गू तः । िर गहक री िर हो ्षक्िेन ््य्य ः ठन् । कगपकछ्ि म् र िगन० । िर ही री िर हो ्षक्िेन ््य्य अच् गौर ० ङीष् । १ ्रम्ु त य म् २ िर हकनदे च र िगन० । ि र ह प०ु िर ह्येदं गरय्ि त् अण् । १ मह गप्डीतकिृषे र िगन० । २ िर हस्बगनधगन गर० । ि र हकणो री िर ह्य यं ि र ह टि कणणः प्र-म्य ः ङीप् । अवगनध य म् र िगन० । ि र हपरी री ि र ह्त्कणण टि ध्रम्य ः ङीप् अवगनध य म् र िगन० । ि र ह ङ्गी री ि र हगमि ङ्गम्य ः ङीप् । दनतीिृषे ् िर० । ि र ही री िर ह्येयमण् ङीप् । अ१म तृक म्ये १ िर हशतौ “यञिर हमतुलं ॳपं य गिरत हरे ः । शगतः स ्य ययौ तर ि र हं गिरती तनमु ”् देिीम ० “ि र ही न रगसहं ी च” ्य म ्तिः । २ योगगनी्ेदे िृहननगनतके वरप०ु । ३ िर हि नत य म् अमरः ४ िर ह- योगषगत च ५ ्य ् खगे र िगन० । ि र हीकनद प०ु (च मर ल)ु ्य ते कनद्ेदे “ि र हीकनद एि नयैच्मणक र लक ु ो मतः । अनपू े स ्िेदेशे िर हैि लोमि न”् ् िर० । https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ि च्प्यम् िर हः, पं,ु (िर न् आहगनत टगत दगु णः ।कृ त्० ४ । ३ । ४९ । हन् + डः ।) पश-ु गिशेषः । िर टगत ् ष । त्पयय णयः ।शक ू रः २ घृग१ः ३ कोलः ४ पोरी ५ गकररः ६गकगटः ७ र्ं री ८ घोणी ९ ्त्घरो्न १०िोडः ११ ्दू रः १२ । ट्यमरः ॥ गकरः १३म्ु त दः १४ मख ु ल ङ्गूलः १५ । टगत िट -धरः ॥ ्िल ू न गसकः १६ दनत यधु ः १७ िि-ि्रः १८ दीघणतरः १९ आखगनकः २०्गू षत् २१ बहसःू २२ । 51 टगत श्दर्न -िली ॥ अ्य म ंस्य गुण ः । िृ्य्िम् ।ि त्न्िम् । बलि्णन्ि्च । टगत र िि्ल्ः ॥ब्मरू ्िम् । गिॳषण्ि्च । टगत तरैि प ठ नतरम् । अनयत् शक ू रश्दे र१्यम् ॥ * ॥ तनम ंसं गि्णिे न देयम् । यि । “न ््यंनैिेय िे ््ये्िि मगहषीषीरं ि्िणयेत् ।प्चनखम््यिर हम ंस गन चेगत ।” ट्य गिक-त्िधृतगि्णसु रू म् ॥ * ॥ िर हम ंसं ््ु ्ि गि्णपु िू गदगनषेधो यि , --िर ह उि च ।“््ु ्ि ि र हम ंसनतु यो िै म मपु सपणगत । पतनं त्य ि्य गम यि ्िगत सनु दरर ! ॥िर हो दश िष णगण ््ू ि तु चरते िने ।्य धो ््ू ि मह ् गे सम ः सत च सतगतः ॥कृ गम्ण्ू ि सम ः सत गत२ते त्य प्ु कले ।अिोछचै्मणगू षको ््ू ि िष णण ्च चतदु णश ॥एकोनगिश ं िष णगण य तधु नच ि यते ।श्लकच १िष णगण ि यते ्िने बह ॥्य रगरं शगतिष णगण ि यते गपगशत शनः ।एष संस ररत ङ्ग्ि ि र ह गमष्षकः ॥ि यते गिपल ु े गस्े कुले ् गित्ति ।ृषीके शिचः र्ु ि स्िणस्पणू णलषणम् ॥गशरस च ्िगलं कृ ्ि ि ्य्चेदमिु च ह । एतनमे परमं गु्ं ति ्तसख ु िहम् ।ि र हम ंस्ष ्तु येन मछु यगनत गकग्ि-ष त् ॥ ि र ह उि च ।तरगनत म नि येन गतययण्संस रस गर त् ।गोमयेन गदनं प्च कण ह रे ण सत िै ॥ प नीयनतु ततो ््ु ्ि गत२ेत् सतगदनं ततः ।अष रलषणं सत शतुग्च ति रयः ॥गतल्षो गदन न् सत सत प ष ण्षकः ।पयो ््ु ्ि गदनं सत क रयेछछुग्म ्मनः ॥श नतद नतपर ः कृ ्ि अहङ्क रगििग्िणत ः ।गदन नयेकोनप्च शछचरे त कृ तगनचयः ॥रमत ु ः स्िणप पे्यः ससंञो गिगत्िरः । कृ ्ि तु मम क्म णगण मम लोक य गछछगत ॥”टगत ि र हम ंस्षण पर धर यगचतम् ।टगत ि र हपरु णम् ॥ * ॥िनयिर हम ंसं र ् दौ गिगहतम् । यि अननती्यनिु तृ ौ ह रीतः । मह र्िि गसनच िर ह ं्तिेगत । एि्च गििदनते अर -्यशक ू र ंचेगत िगश२ोतं वेत वेतय ्यि-ग्ितम् । क्पतॲ्तु । र ्े गनयुत गन यत ु -तयेगत । गि्णपू सक्य स्िणि गनषेधः । यि ि र हे ्गिव ्यम् । “््ु ्ि ि र हम ंसनतु य्तु म मपु सपणगत ।िर हो दशिष णगण ््ू ि िै चरते िने ॥”ट्येक दशीत्िम् ॥ * ॥य ञि््यः ।“हगि्य ननेन िै म सं प यसेन च ि्सरम् ।म ््यह ररणकौररश कुगनछछ नप षणतैः ॥ ऐणरौरिि र हशशैम ंसैयणि िमम् ।म सिृद्् य ग्तृ्यगनत दतेनेह गपत मह ः ॥”टगत र ्त्िम् ॥ * ॥ गि्णोरित रगिशेषः । यि , --स य््िु उि च ।“कुर रि ः ्ि ्यगनत पृगििी त ित् रलय णणिे म्न त्य उ्रणे य्नं कुॲ । टगत र्ु ि रम ्गिनतं ्य ति न् । ्य यत्त्य न स गििर त् अङ्गु२रम णो िर हपोतो गनरग त् ।स च आक श्िः सन् षणम रेण प्िणतोपमो ब्िू । तं गि्णंु म्ि रम तु१ ि । स च तेन ्तुतः रलय णणििलम्ये रगि्य दनत रेण पृ्िीमु््ृ य गनिध रणश््य सं्ि ्य अनत-गहणतो ब्िू । ततः पृगि्य ं र ि स य््िु मनरु सीत् ।” टगत री् गितमतम् ॥ * ॥ तद-ित रकतृणकगहर्य षिधो यि , --“िर हप्िणतो न म यः परु हररगनग्मणतः ।स एि ्तू ो ्गि न िग म सरु गनतकम् ॥ततचनररतीक शमगृण छछङ्खमतु मम् । सहर रं ततचिं सयू यणिगिसमर्म् ॥यो िैकु्ठः सरु े नर ण मननतो ्ोगगन मगप ।गि्णयु ो योगगिदषु ं यो यञो यञक्मणण म् ॥गिवे य्य रस देन सिन्ि गदिौकसः ।आ्यं महगषणग्दणतमनिु गनत सधु हतम् ॥ ततो दै्यरिकरं परु णं शङ्खमतु मम् ।ि्रेण द्मौ िेगेन गिगषपन् दै्यिीगितम् ॥ततः संरतनयनो गहर्य षो मह सरु ः ।कोऽयगन्िगत िदन् रोष नन र यणमदु ैषत ॥ि र हॳगपणं देिं ग्ितं पॲु षगिरहम् । शङ्खचिोयतकरं देि न म गतणन शनम् ॥रर ि शङ्खचि ्य ं त ्य मसरु सदू नः ।सयू य णचनरमसोमण्ये पौणणम ्य गमि ्बुदः ॥ततो गहर्य षमख ु च स्िेसम रिन् दै्यगण ः सरु े शम् ।गनहनतक ु म ः सहस िर हं गृहीतशर बलपणू णदप णः ॥तै्िण्यम नोऽगतशयेन शरै-दै्य सरु ै द णनिपङु ् गिैच ।न सौ चच ल सरु िृनद ह िै मेघैः सिु १ृ टि मनदर गरः ॥दै्य्ततोऽसौ नृिर हम हिेगनप तय म स ॲष ्िलनतीम् ।शगतं यि गियतु म शु कु्िेरिषणम णोऽगप गगररं समु ेघः ॥स हनयम नो गदय रमेयःरोि च दै्यं नृिर हमगू तणः । रि पतेः सेतुगममं गनह्यरिेछच ्ि ्िग्त यि सरु े नरः ॥बलं सम स य परै रिेयंगिन शगय्य ्यहमेिम िौ ।दै्य ं््िय स कमतो गह देि नृत्िकीय न् सनु योपपनन न् ॥सं्ि पगय्य गम न संशयोऽर दै्येनरदपणः ्ि नु म्ममीपे ॥एिं रिु गत ि ्यनतु गि्णोिणष्यप तयत् ।स ब हशतमयु ्य स्िणरहरणं रणे ॥ 52 द नि च गप समरे मयत रपरु ोगम ः ।उयत यधु गनगरंश ः स्िे तं समुप रिन् ॥स त ड्यम नोऽगतिलैदै्यैः सनन यधु ोयतैः ।न चच ल िर ह्तु मैन क टि प्िणतः ॥िोधसरं तनयनः शङ्खचिधरो हररः । ्यि्णत स िेगेन ्य ्निु न् स्िणतो गदशम् ॥तं िय य सरु े नर ण ं ि्णम नं न््तले ।ऋषयः सह गनध्िै्तु१िमु णधसु दू नम् ॥दीत ग्नसृणं घोरं दशणनीयसदु शणनम् ।सिु णणरेणपु ययणनतं िरन ्ं ्य िहम् ॥ मेदोऽग्िम्ि ॲगधरै ः गसतं द निस््िैः ।अगवतीयं रह रै ्तु षरु पययणनतम्डलम् ॥र्द मम ल गिततं क मगं क मॳगपणम् ।चिमयु ्य समरे ि र हः ्िेन तेिस ॥गचछछे द ब हचं िे ण गहर्य ष्य कं ति ॥ स गछननब हगिणगशर न र क्पत द निः ।किनधिग््ितः सं्ये गिश ख टि प दपः ॥ततः ग्ित्यैि गशर्त्य ्मू िप तयत् ।गहर्मयं ॲ्मगचरं मेरोः शृङ्गगमिोतमम् ॥गहर्य षे हते दै्य ये शेष चैि द नि ः ।स्िे त्य ्य त् र्त ि्मरु त ण गदशोदश ॥”टगत िगिपरु णम् ॥अि िर ह ित रक रणम् । शर्ॳगपमह -देिकतृणकतछछरीरन शच ।“रैलो्यमगखलं द्धं यद क ल ग्नन तद ।अननतः पृगििं ्य््ि गि्णोरगनतकम गतः ॥तेन ्यत तु पृगििी षणम र दधोगत ।ततो िर हॳपेण गनम्न ं पृगििं िले ।म्न ं समदु ध र शु नयध त् त्सगललोपरर ॥िर होऽगप ्ियं ग्ि लोक लोक वयं गगररम् ।ि र ् सह रे मे स पृगि्य च ॲॳपय ॥स तय रमम ण्तु सुगचरं प्िणतोतमे ।न ि प तोयं लोके शः पोरी परमक मक ु ः ॥पृगि्य ः पोगरॳप य रमयन्य ्ततः सतु ः ।रयो ि त गििरे२ ्तेष ं न म गन िै शृणु ॥ दिु णतृ ः कनको घोरः स्िण एि मह बल ः ।स तैः प्ु रैः पररिृतो ि र हो ् ययणय ्िय ॥रमम ण्तद क य्य गं नैि गणग्य ।टत्ततच गशशगु ्ः िीडगभः पोगरग््तद ॥िगगनत तर ््न गन नदीः क्पतॳं्ति ।तो देिगण ः स्िे सगहत देियोगनग्ः ॥शिे ण सगहत मनरं चिुः स्यक् िगग्तम् ॥ ततो गनगच्य ते स्िे शि य मगु नग्ः सह ।शर्यं शरणं ि्मनु णर यणमिं गि्ुम् ॥तं सम स य गोगिनदं ि सदु ेिं िग्पगतम् ।रण्य स्िे गरदश ्तु१िगु णॲड्ििम् ॥देि ऊचःु ।नम्ते देिदेिेश ! िग्क रणक रण ।क ल्िॳगपन् ्गिन् रध नपॲु ष ्मक ॥टगत ्तुतो देिदेिो ्तू ् िन् िनः । सेनरैदेिगणैॳचे त न् स्ि णन् मेघगन्िनः ॥री्गि निु च ।यदिणम गत ययू ं यवो ्यमपु ग्ितम् ।यर यव मय क ययं तदेि ्तूणणमछु यत म् ॥देि ऊचःु ।शीययणते िसधु गन्यं िीडय यञपोगरणः ।लोक च स्िे सष ं ्ु ध न ्निु न्यपु श गनतत म् ॥टगत तेष ं गनगदत ं र्ु ि ि ्यं िन दणनः ।उि च शङ्करं देिं रम ण्च गिशेषतः ॥य्कृ ते देित ः स्ि णः रि च सकल टम ः ।र ्निु गनत महदुःखं शीययणते सकलं िगत् ॥ ि र हं तदहं क यं ्यतुगमछछ गम शङ्कर ।गनदेशशतं तत् ्यतंु ्िेछछय नगह श्यते ॥्िं ्य िय्ि तत् क यं यर ्म शङ्कर धनु ।्िम ्य य्ि तेिोग्रणमन् ्मरहरं महु ः ॥आ्य यनतु तद देि ः शङ्करो हनतु पोगरणम् ।रि्िल य ः संसग णत् गिर ण ं म रण त् ति ॥क यः प पकरो ्तू ्तं ्यतंु म् ु तेऽधनु । र यगचतैॲपेतैयणः र यगचतमहं ततः ।चरर्य गम तदिं मे तनयु ण्नेन प ्यत म् ॥रि प ्य मम सद य गह सीदगत गन्यशः ।म्कृ ते र्यहं त्म त् ्य्ये क यं रि कृ ते ॥रीम कण ्डेय उि च । ट्यत ु ौ ि सदु ेिेन तद च रमशङ्करौ ।्िय यिोतं तत् क ययणगमगत गोगिनदमूचतुः ॥ि सदु ेिोऽगप त न् स्ि णन् गिसृ्य गरदश ं-्तद ।ि र हं तेिस हतंु ्ियं ्य नपरोऽ्ित् ॥शनैः शनैयणद तेि आहर्येष धिः ।तद देहनतु ि र हं स्िहीनं ्यि यत ॥रम य गरदश ः स्िे मह देिममु पगतम् ।अनिु ्म्ु ति ि आध तंु ्मरन शने ॥ततः स्िैदेिगणैः ्िं ्िं तेिो िृष्ििे ।आदधे तेन बलि न् सोऽतीि समि यत ॥ ततः शर्ॳपी स त्षण गिररशोऽ्ित् ।ऊ् णधो् ितच १प दयत ु ः स्ु ैरिः ॥गवलषयोिनोछर यः स ्णलषैकगि्तृतः ॥ऊ्ं िर हक य्तु लषयोिनगि्तृतः ॥लष ्णगि्तृतः प वे ि्णम न्तद ्ित् । तम य नतं ततो ृ१्ि िोध ् िनतम्िस ॥मिु तृ ः कनको घोर आसेदःु िोधमगू छछण त ः ।उगछचगषप्ु तं यगु पत् पोरघ तैमणह बल ः ॥तत्त्ु डरह रे ण शर्ः क्ठम्यतः ।ग््ि िपिु णर ह्य प तय ् स त्िले ॥ तं प तगय्ि रिमं सिु तृ ं कनकं ति ।घोर्च क्ठदेशेषु ग््ि ग््ि िघ न ह ॥्यतर ण ्तु ते स्िे पेतु्तोये मह णणिे ।िलश्दं गितनि न ः क ल नलसमगछचणषः ॥पगततेषु िर हेषु रम गि्णहु रण ्ति । सृ१्यिं गचनतय म सुः पनु रे ि सम गत ः ॥”टगत क गलक परु णीय १ गिंश्यूनगरंश ्य -य त् सङ्कगलतः ॥ * ॥ गि्णुः । म न्ेदः ।प्िणत्ेदः । म्ु त । टगत मेगदनी । हे, २२ ॥(प्िणत िे उद हरणम् । यि , मह ् रते ।२ । २१ । २ ।“िैह रो गिपल ु ः शैलो िर हो िृष््ति ।ति ऋगषगगरर्त त श्ु चै्यकप्चम ः ॥”)गशशमु रः । ि र हीकनदः । टगत र ि-गनघण्टः ॥ अ१ दशिीप नतगणतषुरवीपगिशेषः ।यि , -“गनध्िो िॲणः सौ्यो िर हः कङ्क एि च ।कुमदु च कसेॲच न गो ्र रक्ति ॥चनरेनरमलय ः शङ्खयि ङ्गकग्ग्तम न् ।त र कुच कुम री च तर वीप ः दश १ग्ः ॥”टगत श्दम ल ॥ (कृ ्णगप्डीरः । त्पयय णयो यि , --“िर हः कृ ्णगप्डीरः कृ ्णगप्डीतक्तु सः ॥”टगत िैयकर्नम ल य म् ॥)िर हकनदः, पं,ु (िर हगरयः कनदो य्य ।)ि र ही । टगत र िगनघण्टः ॥ ्ली, तीिण्ेदः । यि , मह ् रते । ३ । ८३ । १८ ।“ततो गछछे त ध्मणञ ! ि र हं तीिणमुतमम् । 53 गि्णिु णर हॳपेण प्ू बं यर ग्ितोऽ्ित् ॥”परु णगिशेषः । यि , देिी् गिते । १ । ३ । ८ । “चतुग्िंशगतस हरं ि र हं परम भुतम् ॥”) ि र हकणी, री, (ि र हकणण टि परम््य्य ः ।ि र हकणण + अच् । गौर गद्ि त् ङीष् ।)अवगनध । टगत र िगनघण्टः ॥ ि र हपरी, री, (ि र ह्त्कणण टि पर-म््य्य ः । अच् । गौर गद्ि त् ङीष् ।)अवगनध । टगत र िगनघण्टः ॥ ि र ह ङ्गी, री, (ि र हगमि ङ्गम्य ः । ङीष् ।)दनतीिृषः । टगत ् िरक शः ॥ ि र ही, री, (ि र ह + ङीष् ।) रम ्य -य१म तृक नतगणतम तृक गिशेषः । यि , --“िर हॳपध री च िर होपम उछयते ।ि र हिननी च ि ि र ही िरि हन ॥”टगत देिीपरु णे देिीगनॲत ्य यः ४५ ॥योगगनीगिशेषः । यि , --“दगु ण च्डेवरी च्डी ि र ही क गतणकी ति ।हरगस् ति क ली टनर णी िै्णिी ति ॥्रक ली गिश ल षी ्ैरिी क मॳगपणी । एत ः स्ि णच योगगनयो ्ृङ्ग रै ः ्न पयनतु ते ॥”तीिणगिशेषः । यि , --“ि र ही यमनु गङ्ग करतोय सर्िती ।क िेरी चनर् ग च गसनध्ु ैरिस गर ः ।पश्ु न नगिध न य स गनन्यगमह क्पय ॥”टगत बृहननगनदके वरपरु णोतदगु णपिू प्गतः ॥िर हदेि्य शगतः । यि , -“यञि र हमतुलं ॳपं य गबरतो हरे ः ।शगतः स ्य ययौ तर ि र हं गिरतीतनुम् ॥” टगत च्डी ॥अगप च ।“ि र हॳगपणं देिं दं्रो्तृ िसनु धर म् ।श्ु द ं सरु ् ं शुर ं ि र हं त ं नम ्यहम् ॥”टगत बृहननगनदके वरपरु णोतदगु णपिू प्गतः ॥िर हि नत । च म लु टगत ्य तः । तत्-पयय णयः । गि्ि्सेनगरय २ घृग१ः ३ िदर ४ । ट्यमरः ॥ गृग१ः ५ । टगत ्रतः ॥ शक ू री ६ िोडकनय ७ गि्ि्सेनक नत ८ िर ही ९कौम री १० गरनेर ११ रमप्ु री १२ िोडी१३ कनय १४ गृग१क १५ म धिे१ १६शक ू रकनदः १७ िोडः १८ िनि सी १९ कु२-न शनः २० ब्यः २१ अमृतः २२ मह िीययणः२३ महौषधम् २४ श्बरकनदः २५ िर ह-कनदः २६ िीरः २७ र मीकनदः २८ सक ु कनदः२९ िृग्दः ३० ्य गधहनत ३१ । अ्य गुण ः ।गतत्िम् । कटु्िम् । गिषगपतकफकु२रमेह-गिगमन गश्िम् । िृ्य्िम् । ब्य्िम् । रस -यण्ि्च । टगत र िगनघण्टः ॥ अनयछच ।“ि र हीकनद एि नयैच्मणक र लक ु ो मतः ।अनपू े स ्िेदेशे ि र ह टि लोमि न् ॥” टगत ् िरक शः ॥्य म पषी । टगत र िगनघण्टः ॥ मेगदनीमतेपिगीयबक र गदरयं श्दः ॥ https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्दक्परु m1405 Pict-97 Person standing at the centre pointing with his right hand at a bison facing a trough, and with his left hand pointing to the Sign 15. This tablet is a clear and unambiguous example of the fundamental orthographic style of Indus Script inscriptions that: both signs and pictorial motifs are integral components of the message conveyed by the inscriptions. Attempts at 'deciphering' only what is called a 'sign' in Parpola or Mahadevan corpuses will result in an incomplete decoding of the complete message of the inscribed object. barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: ्रत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi) pattar 'trough'; rebus pattar, vartaka 'merchant, goldsmith' (Tamil) ப்த்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; த்டா் ப்ட்யபெு் ஒ்ு. 54 eraka 'raised arm' Rebus: eraka 'metal infusion' (Kannada. Tulu) Sign 15: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka ‘smelting furnace account (scribe)’. Thus, the hieroglyph multiplex on m1405 is read rebus from r.: kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka eraka bharata pattar'goldsmith-merchant guild -- smelting furnace account (scribe), molten cast metal infusion, alloy of copper, pewter, tin.' Sign 13 is a composition of hieroglyph component Sign 12 kuṭi 'woman watercarrier' PLUS Sign ' which signifies hieroglyph: 'notch'. Reading the two hieroglyph components together Sign 13 reads: kuṭi 'woman water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' furnace for iron/kuṭila, 'tin metal'.PLUS khāṇḍā ‘notch’ Marathi: ख ंड [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’. Thus, the reading isŚ kuṭhi khāṇḍā'smelter metal tools, pots and pans'. Sign 14 add the hieroglyph component kōla 'arrow' or kaṇḍa ;'arrow-head' to Sign 12. This Sign 14 is deciphered as kuṭhi kaṇḍa 'smelter metal tools, pots and pans' (Thus, a synonym of Sign 13) OR kuṭhi kola 'smelter, working in iron' or kuṭhi kole.l 'smelter, smithy'. Hieroglyph: eraka ‘raised arm’ (Telugu) RebusŚ eraka ‘copper’ (Telugu)ś 'moltencast' (Gujarati); metal infusion (Kannada.Tulu) Sign 15 occurs togethe with a notch-in-fixed fish hieroglyph on Harappa 73 seal: Harappa seal (H-73)[NoteŚ the hieroglyph ‘water carrier’ pictorial of Ur Seal Impression becomes a hieroglyph sign] Hieroglyph: fish + notch: aya 'fish' + khāṇḍā m A jag, notch Rebus: aya 'metal'+ khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metalware’. kuṭi 'water-carrier' Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. खंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खंड [ khōṇḍā ] m A क ंबळ of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खंडॳं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खंड in the sense of क ंबळ -cowl (Marathi); kōḍe dūḍabull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) [The characteristic pannier which is ligatured to the young bull pictorial hieroglyph is a synonym खंड 'cowl' or 'pannier').खंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a क ंबळ , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) ] खंड (p. 55 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf.(Marathi) खंडॳं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खंड in the sense of क ंबळ -cowl.खंड [ khōṇḍā ] m A क ंबळ of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खंडी [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a क ंबळ , to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) Hieroglyph: kōḍ 'horn' RebusŚ kōḍ 'place where artisans work, workshop' কঁদন, ক াঁদন [ kun̐dana, kōn̐dana ] n act of turning (a thing) on a lathe; act of carving (Bengali) क त री or क ंत री (p. 154) [ kātārī or kāntārī ] m (क तणं) A turner.(Marathi) Rebus: खोदक म [ khōdakāma ] n Sculpture; carved work or work for the carver. खोदगगरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving: also sculptured or carved work.खोदणं [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engraveखोदंि [ khōdīṃva ] p of खोदणं Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/04/excavations-atdholavifra-1989-2005-rs.html The intimations of a metals turner as a scribe are also gleaned from the gloss: खोड खोड or डी [ khōḍākhōḍa or ḍī ] f (खोडणं) Erasing, altering, interlining &c. in numerous places: also the scratched, scrawled, and disfigured state of the paper so operated upon; खोडंि [ khōḍīṃva ] p of खोडणं v c Erased or crossed out.Marathi). खोडपर [ khōḍapatra ] n Commonly खोटपर.खोटपर [ khōṭapatra ] n In law or in caste-adjudication. A written acknowledgment taken from an offender of his falseness or guilt: also, in disputations, from the person confuted. (Marathi) Thus, khond 'turner' is also an engraver, scribe. That a metals turner is engaged in metal alloying is evident from the gloss: खोट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. Hence 2 A lump or solid bit (as of phlegm, gore, curds, inspissated milk); any concretion or clot. खोटीच Composed or made of खोट, as खोटीचं ् ंडं. Signifying a trough in front of a tiger (m290), a wild animal is a signal that hieroglyphs constitute a cipher, that the hieroglyph-multiplex should be read rebus in Indus Script. 56 Seal m 290 Mohenjo-daro Hieroglyphs and rebus Meluhha readings: Seal m 71 Mohenjo-daro. Hind leg hieroglyph: Pk. ṭaṁka -m., °kā -- f. leg , S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka leg, thigh , °ku thigh, buttock . 2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri leg, thigh ś Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri leg, foot ś Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari leg , Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. leg from hip to foot ś M. ṭã̄g f. leg (CDIAL 5428) Rebus: stamped coin, mint: टंक (p. 335) [ ṭaṅka ] m S A stone-cutter's chisel. 2 A weight equal to four म ष &c. टंक री (p. 336) [ ṭakārī or ṭaṅkārī ] m (टंक) A caste or an indivi, dual of it. They are workers in stone, makers of handmills &c. ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. mint lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, āˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. mint -- master , M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. mint -- master .(CDIAL 5433, 5434). 57 Hieroglyph: khara1 m. donkey Kāty r., °rī -- f. Pāṇ.NiDoc. Pk. khara -- m., Gy. pal. ḳăr m., kắri f., arm. xari, eur. gr. kher, kfer, rum. xerú, Kt. kur, Pr. korūˊ, Dm. khar m., °ri f., Tir. kh*lr, Paš. lauṛ. khar m., khär f., Kal. urt. khār, Phal. khār m., khári f., K.khar m., khürü f., pog. kash. ḍoḍ. khar, S. kharu m., P. G. M. khar m., OM. khari f.; -- ext. (CDIAL 3818) kharun - khalun transform attested in Kashmiri. So, too khura - khulan 'wild ass' (Skt. -- Mongolian) khaḍ 1 खड् m. an ass, i.q. khar 1. This is the form that the word takes towards Islāmābād (El.). khar 1 खर ् खरः m. (f. khürü ; or khariñ खररञ)् , a donkey, an ass (L.V. 88; K.Pr. 26, 73, 14-5, 166, 174, 19, 215, 235, 262ś H. iii, 8, 9ś v, 7ś K. 224)ś often used ˚ -- , to indicate the commonest, largest, or coarsest of the kind, like 'horse' in our 'horse-radish', 'a horse-laugh', etc.; cf. khar-bādām, bel., and kharkhasun, s.v. Towards Islāmābād the word is pronounced khaḍ (El.). -āhang -आहगं ् f. an ass's bray (K.Pr. 235). Rebus: khār 1 ख र ् । लोहक रः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 ख र; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 ख रन,् which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker kō̃da khārüñü, to raise a kiln; met. to raise or make a really good kiln in which only perfect bricks are baked ( iv. 133ś cf. kō̃da khasüñü, p. 384b, l. 28) (Kashmiri) Comb कंकि (p. 123) [ kaṅkavā ] m A sort of comb. See कंगि . कंगं (p. 180) [kōṅgēṃ ] n A long sort of honeycomb.Rebus: kanga 'portable furnace' Rebus: kangar 'large brazier'Ś *kāṅgārikā poor or small brazier . Hieroglyph: ోు (p. 0329) [ kōlu ] kōlu. [Tel.] adj. Big, great, huge ెద. ోుుి or ోుపి a royal tiger. kul 'tiger' (Santali) Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. jackal , adj. crafty ś G. kohlũ, °lũ n. jackal , M. kolhā, °lā m. (CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' Hieroglyph: ப்த்¹ pattar , n. 1. See ப்த், 1, 4, 5. 2. Wooden trough for feeding animals; யதா்ி. ப்ி் ூ்்ப்தி் (நாலி, 257). 3. Cocoanut shell or gourd used as a vessel; ுு்றக. யகாி்கா்்ப்த் (க்லா. 40, 3). a. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., wooden trough for feeding animals. Ka. pāti basin for water round the 58 foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree. (DEDR 4079) pāˊtra n. drinking vessel, dish RV., °aka -n., pātrīˊ- vessel Gr rS. [√pā1] Pa. patta -- n. bowl , °aka -- n. little bowl , pātĭ̄ -f.; Pk. patta -- n., °tī -- f., amg. pāda -- , pāya -- n., pāī -- f. vessel ś Sh. păti̯ f. large long dish (← Ind.?); K. pāthar, dat. °tras m. vessel, dish , pôturu m. pan of a pair of scales (CDIAL 8055) RebusŚ ப்த்² pattar , n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; த்டா் ப்ட்யபெு் ஒ்ு. ப்த்&sup5; pattar W బత ు ు battuḍu. n. A worshipper. ు ు ు. The caste title of all the five castes of artificers as వ్ల త ు ు a carpenter. కుు త ు ు one who makes a god of his belly. L. xvi. 230. Ancient ceramics from Sarasvati civilization. poLa 'zebu' rebus: plLa 'magnetite' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal; kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' meRh 'tied rope' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' khareḍo = a currycomb (G.) RebusŚ kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) saṁjñāˊ f. agreement, understanding Br., sign MBh. [√jñā] Pa. saññā -- f. sense, sign , Pk. saṁṇā -- f.; S. sañaṇu to point out ś WPah.jaun. sān sign , Ku. sān f., N. sān; B. sān understanding, feeling, gesture ś H. sān f. sign, token, trace ś 59 G. sān f. sense, understanding, sign, hint ś M. sã̄j̈ f. rule to make an offering to the spirits out of the new corn before eating it, faithfulness of the ground to yield its usual crop , sã̄jẽ n. vow, promise ś Si. sana, ha° sign ś -- P. H. sain f. sign, gesture (in mng. signature ← Eng. sign), G. sen f. are obscure. hastasaṁjñā -- .Addenda: saṁjñā -- : WPah.J. sā'n f. symbol, sign ś kṭg. sánku m. hint, wink, coquetry , H. sankī f. wink , sankārnā to hint, nod, wink Him.I 209.(CDIAL 12874) S. Kalyanaraman Sarasvati Research Center April 26, 2016 60