Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering

Spatial variability of material properties is inherent in both natural soil deposits and earth structures, yet it is often ignored during geotechnical design. With the objective of developing novel methods for assessing the effects of soil variability on groundwater flow, this study presents a stochastic finite element model of seepage through a flood defense embankment with randomly heterogeneous material properties. Stochastic modeling is undertaken by means of a Monte Carlo simulation which involves a large number of finite element analyses, each with randomly varied porosity at element level, which leads to a corresponding random variation of both permeability and water retention properties across the embankment domain. This provides a statistical distribution of responses, such as total flow rate and time to reach steady state, instead of a single deterministic result as in conventional studies of seepage through unsaturated heterogeneous soils. As the degree of heterogeneity increases, water tends to flow along the most permeable paths inside the soil mass, resulting in an irregular shape of the predicted wetting fronts and pore pressure contours. The mean and standard deviation of the computed quantities strongly depend on the statistics of the input porosity field. Simulations are also conducted to compare the statistical variation of flow rate with and without dependency of the water retention curve on porosity. With recent growth in computer speed, stochastic finite element models based on the Monte Carlo approach can become a powerful design tool, especially if a quantitative assessment of geotechnical risks is required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

"Networks are mathematically directed (in practical applications also undirected) graphs and a graph is a one-dimensional abstract complex, i.e., a topological space. Network theory focuses on various topological structures and properties, dynamic properties, and functionality-topology relationship, etc. There are some common mathematical foundations, theories and methodology for network analysis, in which graph theory, statistics, and operational research, etc., are the fundamental sciences of network analysis. Various emerging biological networks, at both micro- and macro- levels, will provide numerous sources for the development of general network theory and methodology and also facilitate the development of theory and methodology of biological networks.

Biological network analysis is a fast moving science. Many core scientific issues, for example, ecological structure, co-evolution, co-extinction and biodiversity conservation in ecology, and cancer development and metabolic regulation in health science, etc., are expected to be addressed by network approaches and network analysis. Network analysis is becoming the core methodology to treat complex biological systems. As the fast development of this area, more and more papers on biological networks are published.

At present explosive numbers of quality papers on biological networks are being published each year. The initiation of the journal, Network Biology, will provide a public and unified platform for the publication of these studies. From this integrated and unique journal, researchers, university teachers and students will thoroughly have an in-depth and complete insight on knowledge, methodology and recent advances of biological networks.

In the view of system dynamics, biological networks are always self-organized systems with emergent, autonomous and adaptive properties. Their dynamics can be represented by agent-based modeling, individual-based modeling and some other methodologies like neural network modeling. Therefore, agent-based modeling, individual-based modeling, self-organization of biological systems, and neural network modeling, etc., fall into the aims and scope of the journal, Network Biology.

The NETWORK BIOLOGY (ISSN 2220-8879) is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that considers scientific articles in all different areas of network biology. It is the transactions of the International Society of Network Biology.It dedicates to the latest advances in network biology. The goal of this journal is to keep a record of the state-of-the-art research and promote the research work in these fast moving areas. The topics to be covered by Network Biology include, but are not limited to:

•Theories, algorithms and programs of network analysis
•Innovations and applications of biological networks
•Dynamics, optimization and control of biological networks
•Ecological networks, food webs and natural equilibrium
•Co-evolution, co-extinction, biodiversity conservation
•Metabolic networks, protein-protein interaction networks, biochemical reaction networks, gene networks, transcriptional regulatory networks, cell cycle networks, phylogenetic networks, network motifs
•Physiological networks
•Network regulation of metabolic processes, human diseases and ecological systems
•Social networks, epidemiological networks
•System complexity, self-organized systems, emergence of biological systems, agent-based modeling, individual-based modeling, neural network modeling, and other network-based modeling, etc.
We are also interested in short communications that clearly address a specific issue or completely present a new ecological network, food web, or metabolic or gene network, etc.

Authors can submit their works to the email box of this journal, networkbiology@iaees.org. All manuscripts submitted to this journal must be previously unpublished and may not be considered for publication elsewhere at any time during review period of this journal. Authors are asked to read Author Guidelines before submitting manuscripts.

In addition to free submissions from authors around the world, special issues are also accepted. The organizer of a special issue can collect submissions (yielded from a research project, a research group, etc.) on a specific research topic, or submissions of a scientific conference for publication of special issue.

Network Biology 
ISSN 2220-8879
URL: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/nb/online-version.asp
RSS feed: http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/nb/rss.xml
E-mail: networkbiology@iaees.org
Editor-in-Chief: WenJun Zhang"

Design of the deep foundations, is performed by Geotechnical Engineer who computes the displacements under the loads of the structure and provides it to the Structural Engineer. Utilizing displacements-loads relationship, values for subgrade modulus can be estimated. In order to analyse the structural behaviour and their interaction with the soil under seismic excitation; there are two methods in the literature: Direct Method and Substructure Method. This study investigates the behaviour of the piles under seismic excitation for different pile-soil interface parameters. The analyses are performed for 9 piles (0.8 m dia.; 20 m length.) in a 4x4 m grid beneath a rigid foundation with a dimension 10x10 m for bridge pier model. The effects of different pile-soil interface parameters on the foundation input motions and the shear force and moment in the piles under seismic excitation are studied and the results are tabulated.

Günümüzde geniş bir uygulama alanına sahip olan ‘Kazıklı Temel’in uygulanmasında rolü olan Geoteknik Mühendisi, yapıdan gelen yükten dolayı oluşan deplasmanları bularak bunu Yapı Mühendisine iletir ve buradan üstyapı programına girilecek yay katsayıları hesaplanır. Deprem kuvvetlerinin gözönüne alındığı durumlarda, zeminin yapı üzerindeki etkisi ve yapıdan oluşan tepkiyle açığa çıkan etkileşim Direkt Doğrudan Yöntem (Direct Method) ve Altsistem Yöntemi (Substructure Method) olmak üzere 2 yöntemle incelenmektedir. Bu yöntemlerle analiz yapılırken, kazıkla zemin arasındaki yüzey (interface) parametrelerinin ne olacağı ve sismik etki altında nasıl bir davranış göstereceği çeşitli yaklaşımlarla incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada; 9 adet 0.8 m çapında 4x4 karelajlı 20 m boyundaki köprü ayağı (10x10m) altına yapılacak kazık sistemi ve bunun dinamik analizinde kazık-zemin arayüzeyi parametrelerinin değişiminin etkisi incelenecektir. Bu parametrelerin değişiminin, kinematik ve eylemsizlik etkileşiminin sonuçlarına ne kadar etki edeceği araştırılmıştır.

在聯合國國際減災辦公室及政府間氣候變遷小組所定義的風險分析架構上，本研究將地震風險視為地震危害度(hazard)、人口-建物暴露性(exposure)與脆弱性(vulnerability)的總體函數。以集集地震數據作為分析案例，我們整合了人口、房屋稅、所得稅、強地動與集集地震各村里死亡人數的數據，並透過建立四個嵌套(nested)統計模型，以Poisson迴歸模型進行估計，分別檢測代表危害度、暴露性與脆弱性之不同變量及其交互項變量，對地震死亡人數的影響。研究結果顯示，模型中所有變量對於地震死亡人數都具有統計上顯著的效應，其中地震的災害變量與人口建物暴露變量的效果最為顯著，震動強度、斷層經過與集合式住宅倒塌三者的交互作用，是造成集集地震死亡的首要因素。和這些變量相較下，社會脆弱性的變量(性別比、幼年人口、家戶所得、所得標準差)雖然較弱，但有顯著的邊際效用，會擴大地震死亡人數。在學術價值上，本研究突顯跨領域理論與數據整合，對於分析與理解地震災難風險的重要性。在社會實務上，本研究建議應強化都市規劃、區域計畫、建築法規與社會扶助等機制，以降低對地震災害的暴險率與社會脆弱性。

Earthquake excitations often cause an increase in pore water pressure in contractive sands resulting in liquefaction, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the earthquake-induced excess pore water pressure and deformations to evaluate the post-earthquake serviceability of the important structures such as earthen dams. The analyses are usually performed using the equivalent linear method or the non-linear method. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare the excess pore water pressure and associated deformations predicted using these two methods of analyses. Two numerical models of a typical zoned earthen dam were subjected to two earthquake time-history data with significantly different frequency contents to comprehend the differences in the outcome. The analyses results are similar for dams with dense sand shells when subjected to low-intensity earthquake excitations with the predominant frequency significantly different from the first natural frequency of the structure.