Electromagnetic Fields

Wireless technologies are ubiquitous today and the mobile phones are one of the prodigious output of this technology. Although the familiarization and dependency of mobile phones is growing at an alarming pace, the biological effects due to the exposure of radiations have become a subject of intense debate. The present evidence on mobile phone radiation exposure is based on scientific research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at radiofrequency (RF)/ electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. The conflict in conclusions is mainly because of difficulty in controlling the affecting parameters. Biological effects are dependent not only on the distance and size of the object (with respect to the object) but also on the environmental parameters. Health endpoints reported to be associated with RF include childhood leukemia, brain tumors, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system dereg...

Background:The Bluetooth wireless headset has been promoted as a ‘hands-free’ device with a low emission of electromagnetic radiation.Objective:To evaluate potential changes in hearing function as a consequence of using Bluetooth devices, by assessing changes in pure tone audiography and distortion production otoacoustic emissions.Design:Prospective study.Materials and methods:Thirty adult volunteers were exposed to a Bluetooth headset device (1) on ‘standby’ setting for 6 hours and (2) at full power for 10 minutes. Post-exposure hearing was evaluated using pure tone audiography and distortion production otoacoustic emission testing.Results:There were no statistically significant changes in hearing, as measured above, following either exposure type.Conclusion:Exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by a Bluetooth headset, as described above, did not decrease hearing thresholds or alter distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

The paper describes and analyze the electromagnetic fields from underground cable lines. Characteristics will be given of the cable and considered shields. Also, presents calculations of fields with help of FEM 4.2 for semi round and rectangular magnetic shield. Practical measurements will be given and made comparison between two types of magnetic shields.

Motor improvements in chronic stroke recovery accrue from coupled protocols of bilateral movements and active neuromuscular stimulation. This experiment investigated coupled protocols and within-limb transfer between distal and proximal joint combinations. The leading question focused on within-limb transfer of coupled protocols on distal joints to a bimanual aiming task that involved proximal joints. Twenty-six volunteers completed one of three motor

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a non-chemical method for eliminating microorganisms of liquid drugs. The studied drug was a topical ophthalmic medication, a pharmaceutical field in which the problem of microbial contamination has not yet been adequately solved, especially in the case of eye drops prescribed for chronic use. Commercially available Hylo-Comod® preservative-free eye drop solution was subjected to contamination with Escherichia coli bacteria (106 colony forming units/mL). Electroporation parameters for bacterial control were investigated by comparing the effects of electrical fields of 5.4, 7.2, and 10 kV/cm, delivered as 100-µs square pulses at 1 Hz in sequences of 10 pulses, 20 pulses, or 20 pulses delivered as four sets of five pulses with 1-min intervals between each set. Microorganism survival after treatment was determined by pour plate counting. Effects of the treatment parameters on temperature and pH were recorded. Bacterial survival was lowest (0.14% ± 0.03%) after application of 20 pulses delivered as four separate sets. With that application mode, the solution remained at pH 7.5 and the temperature rose to 35.6° ± 0.2°C. Because IRE can be efficiently delivered under conditions that avoid the potentially deleterious effects of electrical pulses on temperature and pH, it appears to be a feasible method for bacterial control of drugs in solution. The principles established in this study can be applied to any drug in solution and optimized individually according to the solution's composition.

ubiquitous presence of cell phones, cell towers, WiFi, smart meters, radio and television transmission towers, and other forms of RF radiation. Questions about the existence of EHS go back to the days of the Cold War and differing concepts related to the effects of RF radiation. In most Western countries, it has been assumed that there are no biological effects of EMFs other than those mediated via tissue heating. In contrast, in Soviet countries, there were many early reports of behavioral effects occurring at much lower intensities than those that cause tissue heating. The symptoms reported included headache, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, depression, emotional instability, and irritability (reviewed by Silverman 6 ). Soviet exposure standards were much more stringent than those in Western countries. Although the reported effects and low exposure standards were discounted by most Western scientists, some researchers such as Frey 7 — as early as 1965—concluded from his own a...

Large numbers of bats are killed by collisions with wind turbines, and there is at present no direct method of reducing or preventing this mortality. We therefore determine whether the electromagnetic radiation associated with radar installations can elicit an aversive behavioural response in foraging bats. Four civil air traffic control (ATC) radar stations, three military ATC radars and three weather radars were selected, each surrounded by heterogeneous habitat. Three sampling points matched for habitat type and structure, dominant vegetation species, altitude and surrounding land class were located at increasing distances from each station. A portable electromagnetic field meter measured the field strength of the radar at three distances from the source: in close proximity (<200 m) with a high electromagnetic field (EMF) strength >2 volts/metre, an intermediate point within line of sight of the radar (200-400 m) and with an EMF strength <2 v/m, and a control site out of...

The behavior of electromagnetic fields in high-Tc superconductors (HTSs) is studied in order to examine their effects in classical electromagnetic boundary value problems. It is shown that an HTS can not be simply treated as a low loss conductor and boundary conditions of HTSs cannot be considered as perfect conducting boundaries like conventional treatments. The electromagnetics of HTS are investigated in terms of complex conductivity, surface impedance with applied magnetic fields, and computational electrodynamics using the proposed model

The aim of the present study was to investigate baseline neurophysiological characteristics of the central and autonomous regulation and their reactivity to different tests in a group of persons with so-called 'electrical hypersensitivity', which is often considered as a form of psychosomatic disorders. Twenty patients with combinations of neuroasthenic symptoms (general fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache) and facial skin (itching, tingling, redness) have been investigated. An equal number of symptom-free persons served as a control group. The examination comprised self-reported measures, testing of visual functions, measurements of blood pressure, heart rate and its variability, electrodermal activity, respiration, EEG and visual evoked potentials (VEP). Several variables were found to differ between the patient and the control groups. The mean value of heart rate in rest condition was higher in the patient group compared to the controls (mean value of inter-beat intervals were 0.80 and 0.90 s, respectively). Heart rate variability and response to standing test were decreased in the patient group compared to the controls. Patients had faster onset, higher amplitudes, and left-right hand asymmetry of the sympathetic skin responses. They had a higher critical fusion frequency (43 vs. 40 Hz), and a trend to increased amplitude of steady-state VEPs at stimulation frequencies of 30-70 Hz. The data indicated that the observed group of patients had a trend to hyper sympathotone, hyperresponsiveness to sensor stimulation and heightened arousal.