Environmental Engineering

Waste eggshell was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a solid catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. Effect of calcination temperature on structure and activity of eggshell catalysts was investigated. Reusability of eggshell catalysts was also examined. It was found that high active, reusable solid catalyst was obtained by just calcining eggshell. Utilization of eggshell as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmental friendly way of recycling this solid eggshell waste, significantly reducing its environmental effects, but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.

The development of electro-mobility is one of the centerpieces of European country attempts to reduce carbon emissions and increase the quality of life in cities. The goals of reducing emissions from the transport sector and phasing out fossil-fueled vehicles in (urban) transport by 2050 present unrivaled opportunities to foster electro-mobility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature and provides a detailed analysis of the current development of electro-mobility in Europe, assessing social, economic, and environmental aspects under a circular economy (CE) context. It also examines the existing challenges and suggests ways of addressing them towards improving the environmental performance of electro-mobility and the urban quality of life. The paper argues that a narrow technology-only agenda in electro-mobility will be less successful without the imperative of the CE, including not just materials and resources but also energy, to unlock the medium-term co-benef...

In this study, the amount of prevented household waste in Kyoto city was quantified using three methods. Subsequently, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction by waste prevention was calculated in order to monitor the impact of waste prevention. The methods of quantification were "relative change from baseline year (a)," "absolute change from potential waste generation (b)," and "absolute amount of activities (c)." Method (a) was popular for measuring waste prevention, but method (b) was the original approach to determine the absolute amount of waste prevention by estimating the potential waste generation. Method (c) also provided the absolute value utilizing the information of activities. Methods (b) and (c) enable the evaluation of the waste prevention activities with a similar baseline for recycling. Methods (b) and (c) gave significantly higher GHG reductions than method (a) because of the difference in baseline between them. Therefore, setting ...

Colour is visual identification or perception of a property derived from spectrum of light by human eyes. When a beam of light from sun or light source passes through a glass prism, it dispersed in to seven colours of rainbow. Sunlight has a high color temperature, a fairly uniform spectrum and is considered a standard for white light. A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon caused by reflection and refraction of light in water droplets present in the atmosphere. The rainbow colours are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (vibgyor). Electromagnetic radiation in the visible range is generally called as light.

The field of environmental engineering is rapidly evolving, and environmental engineering education programmes have been forced to try to keep pace. Keeping up with all of these changes has been difficult for many university programmes, particularly those that do not have a separate environmental engineering curriculum. As a result, many universities are establishing separate environmental engineering degree programmes or even creating a separate Department of Environmental Engineering. This paper describes current curriculum development activities in North America and efforts to accredit these programmes. It also describes the structure and operation of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP), an organization in North America that is dedicated to improving environmental engineering education.

Water scarcity is a major challenge faced by humanity and alternative means to complement demand are employed to solve these issues globally. The study focus on the assessment of the physicochemical quality parameter of Thomas Dam located in Danmarke village within Dambatta L.G.A., Kano State. Analyses were conducted on the water samples collected for parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, SAR and Na% amongst others. The result indicated that all parameters were within the limits allowed for irrigation water. Assessment of irrigation parameter showed that SAR average value was 5.30±3.06 and that of Na% was 76.64±14.65. Classification restriction degree for use in irrigation farming using SAR and EC values obtained showed the range slight to moderate. The study therefore concluded that individuals and governmental organizations consigned with the management of such water and surrounding environment should be on the lookout in order to prevent accumulation of toxic materials in irrigated crops and prevent great public health problems.

Keywords: Irrigation water quality, Physicochemical, SAR, Thomas Dam.

— Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction material, it is commonly related with Portland cement as an essential constituent for making concrete. It leads to the release of significant amount of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases to pollute the atmosphere. Reuse and recycle of industrial solid wastes and by products in concrete is necessary to produce even " greener " concrete. The use of fly ash is more environmental friendly due to the reduced CO 2 emissions and costs compared to OPC, which requires the burning of large quantities of fuel and the decomposition of limestone and can result in significant CO2 emissions. This paper presents the study on various properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash as a source material. NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 are used as an alkaline solution. M30 grade of geopolymer concrete with different molarities i.e; 8M, 12M and 16M were chosen. Compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength tests were conducted on fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Compressive strength of concrete increases with the increasing concentration from 8M to 16M.The maximum compressive strength of 40.21N/mm 2 was observed at 28 days with the alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.4. Durability test such as water absorption test is also conducted. Based on the study carried out, it can be concluded that the concrete made using geopolymer technology is environmental friendly and could be considered as part of the sustainable development.

Iron extraction (<95%) through patented none chemical methods which  can also be used to extract iron along with, Titanium (< 84%) and other precious metals and REE on a industrial scale from Red Mud (RM). A investment is needed to extract these metals, however a 100% ROI (Return On Investment) can be achieved in under 12 (Twelve) months. Minimal investment is needed, the production is scalable. With processing amounts of 10,000 ton per day.

Not only the metals (Oxides) Fe, Ti, Al, can be extracted but also REE. Building materials, Bricks, concrete, or mixed with waste plastic can be mixed with red mud or waste after metal extraction can make any none food grade products that can be made from plastic.

This is no longer a toxic industrial waste. It is a valuable commodity that can be recycled 100%.

The aim of this research was to synthesize zeolite from coal fly ash by hydrothermal method. The effect of aging temperature and time on zeolite P1 synthesis (Na-P1) from Mae Moh coal fly ash (MFA) without adding any alumina and silica sources were examined during the synthesized process. The central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design to obtain the optimal process parameters of the aging temperature (105-195ºC) and time (12-84 h) where the specific surface area was used as a response. The chemical and physical properties of Na-P1 such as specific surface area, crystalline phase, compositions and morphology were examined. The response results showed that the specific surface area of Na-P1 decreased with an increase of both aging temperature and time, whereas the XRD intensity of Na-P1 increased with an increase of both aging temperature and time. The composition of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 in mass ratio of coal fly ash was observed, which was suitable to Na-P1 synthesis. The maximum specific surface area of zeolite products was found at the designed condition of aging temperature of 105ºC and time of 12 h. Thus, zeolite P1 can be prepared by hydrothermal method without adding any alumina and silica sources. ABSTRAK Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mensintesis zeolit daripada abu cerobong arang batu melalui kaedah hidroterma. Kesan penuaan suhu dan masa pada zeolite sintesis P1 (Na-P1) daripada abu cerobong arang batu Mae Moh (MFA) tanpa menambah apa-apa sumber alumina dan silika dikaji semasa proses sintesis. Pusat reka bentuk komposit (CCD) telah digunakan untuk uji kaji reka bentuk bagi mendapatkan parameter proses optimum pada suhu penuaan (105-195ºC) dan masa (12-84 h) dengan kawasan permukaan tertentu digunakan sebagai tindak balas. Sifat kimia dan fizikal Na-P1 seperti kawasan permukaan yang khusus, fasa hablur, komposisi dan morfologi telah ditentukan. Hasil maklum balas menunjukkan bahawa kawasan permukaan tertentu Na-P1 menurun dengan peningkatan suhu penuaan dan masa, manakala keamatan XRD Na-P1 terus meningkat dengan peningkatan suhu penuaan dan masa. Komposisi oleh SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 dalam nisbah jisim abu cerobong arang batu diperhatikan, sesuai untuk sintesis Na-P1. Kawasan maksimum permukaan tertentu produk zeolit telah ditemui pada satu keadaan penuaan suhu 105ºC dan masa 12 h. Oleh itu, zeolit P1 boleh disediakan dengan menggunakan kaedah hidroterma tanpa menambah apa-apa sumber alumina dan silika. Kata kunci: Abu cerobong arang batu; kaedah gerak balas permukaan; loji janakuasa arang batu; sintesis zeolit

This work investigated the generation of activated carbon from melon seed husk-a low value agricultural waste, its characterization using volumetric methods and subsequent utility in the bleaching of vegetable oil. The production of activated carbon from melon seed husk was done by a chemical activating process involving the use of 1 M NaOH solution mixed with 20 g of the sample and steeped overnight. The steeped waste was filtered and air-dried and then carbonized in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 500 o C for a residence time of 40 minutes to give an activated carbon. The resultant activated carbon in powder form was characterized for the particle size, pH, bulk density, iodine adsorption number, pore volume, porosity and moisture content. The activated carbon was equally applied for the bleaching of de-gummed sample of vegetable oil. The result of the characterization showed that the powdered activated carbon has good properties and compared favourably with other reference activated carbons. While the bleaching experiment result showed that the activated carbon successfully bleached the colour of the de-gummed vegetable oil, and that the extent of oil bleaching was related to the quantity of activated carbon used. This research work has added to proof that powder activated carbon produced from melon seed husk has great adsorptive capacity and can be used for both liquid and gaseous phase adsorption. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

One key strategy for increasing the application potential for biodegradable plastics lies in improving the physical and mechanical characteristics, which can be attained by inducing a cellular morphology in the pure polymer with the aid of a blowing agent, as well as by blending two or more polymers with the desirable properties. This paper examines the effect that blending two biodegradable polymers has on the thermal properties and morphology of the resultant foams blown with carbon dioxide (CO2). Polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) and blends of both were foamed and characterized in terms of thermal characteristics, relative density, cell size, and foam morphology. The results indicate that although PLA and PHBV are immiscible, the presence of small quantities of PHBV (25 wt%) could lead to low density foams with finer, more uniform cells. Furthermore, the crystallinity of PHBV was found to be unaffected by the presence of PLA in the composite, which supports the immiscibility of PLA and PHBV.

Some scientists argue, with reference to Popper’s scientific philosophical school, that models cannot be verified or validated. Other scientists and many practitioners nevertheless use these terms, but with very different meanings. As a result of an increasing number of examples of model malpractice and mistrust to the credibility of models, several modelling guidelines are being elaborated in recent years with

Abstract-
In the developing countries like India waste water
treatment is being serious techno-economic
problem in big cities, particularly in mega and met
ro cities. There are lots of parameters for the mea
surement of
pollution level in the polluted waste water like pH
, TDS, Acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, phosphates,
COD, BOD,
TOC and many more. Among all these parameters COD (
Chemical Oxygen Demand
) is a prominent factor
which is hazardous for human health. In this time o
f industrialization and urbanization decreasing of
COD is
main concern for most of environmental scientists.
In this present study we have carried out a laborat
ory scale
experiment for reduction of COD level by bioremedia
tion technique. In this research work we used Water
Hyacinth (
Eichhornia Crassipes
),
Ceratophyllum
and
Azolla Pinnata
aqua plants for sewage water COD level
reduction. For the experiment we prepared three com
binations of phytoremediation system: WC (Water
hyacinth and
Ceratophyllum
), WA (Water hyacinth and
Azolla Pinnata
) and W (Only Water Hyacinth). After
three weeks bioremediation of sewage water treatmen
t we got significant results showing 65 to 85 % red
uction
of COD level in all three systems.