Game Theory

This thesis investigates artworks born at the convergence of digital media and contemporary performance, and the ways in which technology impacts the field of performance. The term digital media refers to technology that produces digitised (as opposed to analogue) content such as text, audio, video, graphics and metadata. Contemporary performance refers to artworks that combine different artistic traditions—experimental theatre and dance, video art, visual art, music composition and performance art—in a single performance event. The convergence of these two fields has produced a significant body of technological works of art that challenge and reconfigure traditional conventions in contemporary performance. This thesis examines the impact of digital media on the ways performance is created, received and experienced, and the extent to which media open up new possibilities for creative expression and may generate new art forms.
I mapped the field by defining three large categories that mark the heterogeneous landscape of technologically enhanced performances today, namely multimedia theatre, telematic performance and pervasive performance. Methodologically, I combined hermeneutic methods of interpretation and reflection with academic forms of practical inquiry, combining textual analysis of relevant works from each of the three categories—such as Ghost Road (Murgia and Pauwels 2012), make-shift (Jamieson and Crutchlow 2010) and Rider Spoke (Blast Theory 2007)—with the practical development and analysis of a pervasive performance experiment titled Chain Reaction (Pérez 2009 and 2011). Theoretically, the project is interdisciplinary, bringing together performance theory, digital media studies, experimental game scholarship and experiential art documentation.
In discussing the ways in which digital media impact contemporary performance, I identify a number of traditional conventions in the field of theatre and performance that are currently being challenged. These are in the areas of audience participation, use of space, actor role, rehearsal and staging, and performance documentation. Central arguments in the thesis are, on the one hand, that researchers, critics and practitioners must look beyond the visionary expressions of aesthetic potential in order to grasp the real state of technologically enhanced art forms. On the on the other hand, it is only by considering both, the horizon-pushing high-tech along with the purpose-orientated low-tech, that a more grounded understanding of the present impact of developing technology on art culture can and should be reached.

This paper examines the idea that commercial law has the capacity to evolve spontaneously in the absence of a clear state authority because of its unique nature. I argue that the manner of interaction implied by commerce plays a crucial role in this ability as it involves a high degree of overall engagement. This I term “high engagement,” which I divide into two elements: repetition and the creation of clear cycles of interaction. Together they produce identifiable legal norms and subsequent compliance. Game theorists have long recognized the importance of repeated interaction in inducing cooperation; however, how the manner of commercial interaction itself facilitates this process has been left largely unexamined. Part I presents a brief overview of the concept of reciprocity and spontaneous law theory. In Part II, a more detailed explanation of the notion of high engagement is offered. Here I set out exactly how high engagement is instrumental in the emergence of legal norms. Finally, the paper concludes that the element of high engagement indeed plays a decisive role in commercial law’s ability to evolve and function in a decentralized, spontaneous fashion—an important insight in terms of the future international development of the modern law merchant as it emerges in the absence of a single legislative authority.

In 2012, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) released a draft of a new Japanese constitution. This is astonishing, because it intends to destroy all three principles of current constitution, or to renounce the modern constitutionalism. Despite the most important function of the constitution being the restriction of governmental power, the LDP/government is eager to abolish it, so the human rights of Japanese people are being threatened. We Japanese should rediscover the significance and roots of the current constitution.
    It is generally believed that the current Constitution of Japan is simply based on a draft by GHQ/SCAP or General Douglas MacArthur. However, this recognition is not accurate. This paper, opposing such views, focuses on two stream of thinking, to which certain Japanese thinkers and politicians have been involved in: (1) One is Kempo Kenkyukai, including Iwasaburo Takano, Tatsuo Morito, and Yasuzo Suzuki, whose draft was conversely a basis of GHQ’s draft. In particular, Suzuki was one of the successors of the tradition of Japanese liberals led by Emori Ueki or Sakuzo Yoshino since the Meiji/Taisho era. (2) The other is the pacifism of Kijuro Shidehara, who originated the Article 9 which renounces war. They say it was just “imposed” by MacArthur, but this is not true, according to testimonies by Shidehara’s secretaries and friends. In reality, Shidehara himself asked MacArthur to “impose” it on Japanese government in order to save the Tenno system, and it is not just an ideal but a radical solution to the prisoner’s dilemma of armaments race.
    These facts allow the recognition that the Japanese constitution is not simply “made in America,” because it was, at least partially, derived from the tradition of Japanese liberal thought. We should develop this tradition and re-achieve true modernization, so that the fundamental freedoms and human dignity of individuals are fully respected.

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

Abstract—Autonomous demand response (DR) is scalable and has minimal control overhead on utilities by encouraging users to minimize their own energy expenditure. While the prior results on autonomous DR are promising, they are all limited to homogeneous grid topologies, such as a microgrid or a small distribution feeder. In this paper, we take the first step to investigate autonomous DR in heterogeneous grid topologies, i.e., a macrogrid, where users who participate in autonomous DR pro-grams are scattered across different buses. Our analysis requires expanding the existing autonomous DR to also include power flow analysis across the power grid. To gain insight, we perform two analytical case studies and show that the results can be very different from the results previously reported on homogeneous autonomous DR systems. We also provide recommendations to design efficient, fair, and practical autonomous demand response systems in heterogeneous smart grid topologies.

Desenvolvida em 1944 por Neumann e Morgenstern, a Teoria dos Jogos (TJ) é uma modelagem matemática capaz de auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão de jogadores em um jogo. Um jogo pode ser descrito como uma situação em que duas ou mais pessoas, ou instituições, tomam decisões com base no que imagina que o seu oponente decidirá. Fundada sobre os pilares da Economia, a TJ atualmente abrange diversas áreas, como Biologia, Computação, Psicologia, Sociologia, Desenvolvimento Militar, Ensino, Educação, entre outras. Na Educação e no Ensino, vários trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos no Brasil, devido aos diversos aspectos da TJ, como por exemplo: processos de tomada de decisão, racionalidade e lógica; se constituírem competências em documentos oficiais de educação, como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e a Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Dessa forma, objetivou-se o desenvolvimento de um produto educacional, como forma de contribuir para a inserção da TJ na Educação Básica. Inicialmente, foi elaborada uma pesquisa do tipo Estado da Arte, para analisar o que vem sendo produzido com a TJ no contexto educacional brasileiro. Esta pesquisa resultou em 30 trabalhos (Artigos Científicos, TCCs, Dissertações e Teses); desses 30, 13 procuram uma intervenção em sala de aula, seja como aplicação ou proposta de aplicação; os 17 restantes abrangem outros contextos importantes da Educação, como a gestão escolar, os sistemas de seleção de alunos e professores, métodos de avaliação e a análise do comportamento de alunos e funcionários de instituições de ensino. Com os trabalhos, que realizaram a intervenção em sala, foi produzido uma análise minuciosa a fim de identificar as atividades desenvolvidas, os níveis e anos escolares, entre outros aspectos. Em um segundo momento, tomando como base os trabalhos investigados, foi elaborada uma atividade, que foi aplicada aos participantes (14 discentes de Licenciatura em Ciências Naturais e Matemática, 3 professores da rede pública de ensino, 1 professora universitária) do Projeto Residência Pedagógica (PRP) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus de Sinop. A atividade explorou o processo de tomada de decisão em um jogo de diversas rodadas; nesse jogo os alunos, dispostos em duplas, assumiam o papel de professores particulares que disputavam o mercado consumidor deste serviço. A disputa ocorria entre os integrantes da dupla, no quesito preço da hora de aula, sendo que podiam aumentá-lo ou mantê-lo, e que os resultados individuais dependiam da decisão de seu concorrente. Após a aplicação do jogo, foi apresentada uma breve história da TJ, assim como seus fundamentos, tipos de jogos, princípios, e por fim, a socialização dos resultados da atividade prática. Um dos resultados discutidos com os participantes foram as estratégias adotadas, pois percebeu-se que o Tit-for-Tat (Olho por Olho) foi a mais presente (73,86% das jogadas), ou seja, na maioria das vezes, a decisão dos participantes em cada rodada foi tomada com base na decisão de seu oponente na rodada anterior. Buscando a inserção da TJ na Educação Básica, essa atividade possibilitou mostrar aos participantes uma teoria que, até então, era desconhecida por todos, explorando conteúdos matemáticos do currículo básico regular (tabelas, porcentagens, frequências relativas, gráficos) e aspectos formativos em documentos oficiais (tomada de decisão, racionalidade, lógica, dentre outros). Como apontado pelos participantes, a TJ mostra-se como uma importante teoria e com grande potencial de utilização na Educação Básica, auxiliando o desenvolvimento de competências e na ressignificação da matemática no contexto escolar.

"OV & DP and BRT" some assumptions and a Case Study for studying John Nash "Game Theory" method in logistics and transportation world and that is only a briefly attempt to get familiar with the idea. A thought which asks "Is it possible to model and analyze one of the authenticity of the transport or logistics service request with respect to the Game Theory optimization idea?

Diachronic uncertainty, uncertainty about where an agent falls in time, poses interesting conceptual difficulties. Although the agent is uncertain about where she falls in time, this uncertainty can only obtain at a particular moment in time. We resolve this conceptual tension by providing a transformation from models with diachronic uncertainty relations into “equivalent” models with only synchronic uncertainty relations. The

As defense acquisition costs have soared over the past decade, efforts at reforming the acquisition system have focused intensely on creating more opportunities for competition as a means to reduce costs and incentivize better contractor performance. While competition can, in some cases, reduce costs and improve contractor performance, it is not a cure-all for the problems that plague defense acquisitions. This paper presents a quantitative approach, using game theory to model the effects of competition on contractor pricing. It demonstrates that the way in which a competition is structured can be a determining factor in whether competitive pressure is sufficient to balance the additional development costs of multiple contractors and higher unit costs from splitting the award. Specifically, the way contractors are incentivized to bid (or not bid) depends on the number of rounds of competition, the number of units awarded in each round, and the split in award between the winner and l...

Modeling is one of the major research areas in social network analysis whose goal is to study networks structure and its evolution. Motivated by the intuition that members in social networks behave selfishly, network creation games have been introduced for modeling social networks. In this paper, our aim is to measure how much the output graphs of a given network creation game are compatible with a social network. We first show that the precise measurement is not possible in polynomial time. Then we propose a method for its approximation; finally, we show the usability of our method by conducting experiments on real network data.

We analyze a one-shot experiment on the traveler's dilemma in which members of the Game Theory Society, were asked to submit both a (possibly mixed) strategy and their belief concerning the average strategy of their opponents. Very few entrants expect and play the unique Nash equilibrium, while we observe a fifth playing the cooperative solution of the game, i.e. a

This article applies mathematical methods to investigating (extremely) simplified versions of the team selection problem for football managers. The team selection problem – obviously a game problem – is analysed game theoretically, but some funny results of a combinatorial nature are also added. In general, the findings indicate that the problem of selecting a football team is a very demanding task. Still, a simple comparison between win and profit maximising game models indicate surprising complexity in game prediction.

Se indaga el sentido de la conferencia de Sloterdijk
“Normas para el Parque humano” así como las
polémicas por ella suscitada. Se realiza un diagnóstico
de la capacidad crítica del humanismo tradicional. En el
marco del naufragio del humanismo como escuela y
utopía domesticadora humana -marco en el que
Sloterdijk reclama una revisión genético-técnica de la
humanidad- se indaga ¿qué criterios pueden
establecerse para normar las inevitables luchas por los
derechos de la crianza humana? ¿Quiénes y sobre qué
bases debieran hoy detentar el derecho a la crianza?
¿Cómo determinar quiénes son los que educan y los que
son educados? Se proponen nuevos caminos que
tienen en la mediación de la técnica su formulación
discursiva y sus orígenes en las disidencias que, desde
la propia tradición filosófica, reducían la estancia del
hombre en el mundo a su expresión leída y escrita.

Автор обращается к архивным материалам телевидения, анализирует примеры передач начального периода отечественного вещания. В статье выявляется онтологическая близость игры и телевидения. Автор приходит к выводу о системообразующем характере феномена игры для экранных коммуникаций, в первую
очередь для жанра репортажа. Показано, что телевидение родилось как зрелище, которому интересен homo ludens (человек играющий) и в контексте транслируемой телепрограммы, и за экраном, как зритель и потенциальный участник игрового процесса.

As a famous game in the domain of game theory, both pervasive empirical studies as well as intensive theoretical analysis have been conducted and performed worldwide to research different public goods game scenarios. At the same time, computer game simulators are utilized widely for better research of game theory by providing easy but powerful visualization and statistics functionalities. However, although solutions of public goods game have been widely discussed with empirical studies or theoretical approaches, no computational and automatic simulation approaches has been adopted. For this reason, we have implemented a computer simulator with reinforcement learning agents module for public goods game, and we have utilized this simulator to further study the characteristics of public goods game. Furthermore, in this article, we have also presented a bunch of interesting experimental results with respect to the strategies that agents used and the profits they earned.

Deregulated electricity markets are expected to provide affordable electricity for consumers through promoting competition. Yet, the results do not always fulfill the expectations. The regulator's market-clearing mechanism is a strategic choice that may affect the level of competition in the market. We conceive of the market-clearing mechanism as composed of two components: pricing rules and rationing policies. We investigate the strategic behavior of power generation companies under different market-clearing mechanisms using an agent-based simulation model which integrates a game-theoretical understanding of the auction mechanism in the electricity market and generation companies' learning mechanism. Results of our simulation experiments are presented using various case studies representing different market settings. The market in simulations is observed to converge to a Nash equilibrium of the stage game or to a similar state under most parameter combinations. Compared to pay-as-bid pricing, bid prices are closer to marginal costs on average under uniform pricing while GenCos' total profit is also higher. The random rationing policy of the ISO turns out to be more successful in achieving lower bid prices and lower GenCo profits. In minimizing GenCos' total profit, a combination of pay-as-bid pricing rule and random rationing policy is observed to be the most promising.