GAS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Industrial control systems are nowadays exposed in environments with rapid and unstable parameter changes and uses measuring equipments with critical output sensitivity. In the case of thermal gas analyzer, measurement errors are contributed by temperature, gas flow, and pressure. Error compensation is a key problem for these control systems. In recent years, it has been proven in the literature that artificial neural network (ANN) is a reliable and low cost solution to manage errors. Among all the algorithms of ANN, the back propagation is commonly used because of its simplicity and learning methodology is easy to realize. However, it has two notable drawbacks: (a) it is likely to run into local minimum, and (b) convergence is slow. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer often works in adverse surroundings, which requires fast and accurate measurements. Therefore, a strong learning network is needed. This paper proposes a novel thermal gas analyzer using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation studies using MATLAB. Fuzzy membership rules are created to allow regulation of learning parameters. Further, the fuzzy adaptive network model is constructed to train large data samples while the high precision compensation of sensor error is realized by the improved flow. Simulation results reveal that the convergence speed and output accuracy is improved and the learning parameters in thermal gas analyzer are automatically corrected by the proposed method in comparison with the back propagation algorithm of artificial neural network.

Los catalizadores provocan reacciones químicas o aceleran la velocidad a la que una reacción se acerca al equilibrio. El catalizador proporciona una superficie adecuada para que los reactivos se adsorban y para que los productos se desorban. El papel del catalizador es reducir la energía de activación de una reacción, proporcionando una vía de reacción adecuada y que se aplica a todos los tipos de catálisis, es decir, catálisis homogéneas, heterogéneas y enzimáticas.

Principles of Pre-reforming Technology
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary

Methanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
Principles of Distillation
Distillation Theory
Flowsheet Description
Topping Column Details
Topping Column Operation
Refining Column Details
Refining Column Operation
Distillation Control
Distillation Problems

Amines
Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysis, Production Processes and Applications
Contents
Historical perspective
Background
(MMA, DMA and TMA)
Stereochemistry and Structure
Reaction Mechanisms and Thermodynamics
CATALYSTS FOR AMINATION
Non-Zeolitic Catalysts for Amination
Mordinite (MOR) Catalysts for Amination
Zeolite Catalysts for Amination
Amines Production
Amines: Markets and Applications
Gas Separation
Conventional Amines Treating System
Amine System for Gas Sweetening
APPENDIX
Structures
Ethyleneamines Production

Methanol Plant Safety Experiences in the last Twenty Years
If it can go wrong – it will
If something looks odd – it is
Apparent safe systems can fail
Issues include
Metal dusting
Methanol or hydrogen fires
Intent changes
Methanation
“Safe Systems”

Steam Reforming  Practical Operations
Contents
Reaction Chemistry
Typical Reformer Configurations
Catalyst Design Criteria
Carbon Formation and Prevention
Catalyst Deactivation
Steaming Reforming Catalysts
Monitoring Reforming Catalysts
Catalyst Loading
Reduction & Start-Up
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement

Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: 
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT

HYDROGENATION REACTOR DESIGN - Fixed Bed Reactor Internals
The following is designed to give an overview on and some insight in the general design features of hydrogenation reactors and the impact of the various reactor internals on performance.

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Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices:
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping

معادلات علي يوسف تم اكتشافها منذ 2016 بعدما قرأت كتب عن الثيرمودايناميك والكيمياء الفيزيائية، ولاحظت ان تناول هذه الكتب في عنوان الكيمياء الضوئية ليس مكتمل وانما هنالك ابواب ناقصة فمثلا لماذا يتفاعل الضوء مع هذه المادة دون غيرها، والظواهر الضوئية التي تحدث بصورة طبيعية مثل الفلورة Fluorescence والفسفرة Phosphorescence و الأنبعاث الضوئي photoluminescence بالاضاقة الي الكهروضوئية Photoelectric وغيرها من التفاعلات التي يدخل فيها الضوء واهم مثال عليها هي الظواهر الضوئية غير الخطية للمواد Nonlinear Optics ، كل هذه الظواهر وجدت تفسيرات علمية لها وتطبيقات ولكن السؤال هل هنالك قانون واحد يجمعها؟ مهمة الفيزيائي حسب اعتقادي هي ان يرصد هذه الظواهر ثم جمعها في قانون فيزيائي واحد بحيث يسهل علينا التنبؤ بتصرفات هذه الظواهر في المستقبل مهما اختلفت الظروف. حقيقة كنت اظن من البداية ان قوانين الثيرمودايناميك يمكن ان تقودني الي هذه الفكرة لذا اعتكفت على دراستها حتى توصلت الي هذه المعادلات.
ومما اكتشفته بعد ذلك ان معادلاتي والبالغ عددها اكثر من ثلاثين معادلة تستطيع تفسير اغلب الظواهر الضوئية في هذا الكون وذلك بسبب اندماجها وملائمتها الكاملة لقوانين الثيرمودايناميك، فقد ارتبطت بمفاهيم مثل الانثالبي والجهد الكيميائي وثابت الاتزان وغيرها من المفاهيم التي تعتبر قلب علم الديناميكا الحرارية. حتى التفاعلات الكيميائية المعقدة مثل تفاعلات الانزيمات وغيرها يمكن ان توصف بهذه المفاهيم.
احدى النظريات المبشرة -امل ان تكون كذلك- منذ اكتشاف معادلات علي يوسف هي ان الضوء وخصوصا الليزر وجد طريقه في ان يحل مكان البترول والوقود الاحفري في توفير الطاقة للتصنيعات الكيميائية، وبالتالي يمكن توفير هذه المصادر كمواد خام تدخل في التصنيعات مباشر بدلا من أراقتها لتوفير الطاقة. كما امل ان علم الطاقة المتجددة سيأخذ مفاهيم اخرى خصوصا بعد ادخال علم الليزر عالي الطاقة والكثافة الي الثقافة العلمية وأرث المعرفة الانسانية.
معادلات علي بمشيئة الله ستغير بعض المفاهيم عن الضوء وستكون دراسات الضوء عند التفاعلات الكيميائية والتي تغتبر عالم لوحدها وذلك للطريقة الغريبة التي يتصرفها الضوء عند التفاعلات . وكمثال لذلك انه يعتقد ان عمل الليزر عند تفاعله مع سطوح المواد هو فقط تكوين بلازما ودرجات حرارة عالية يفضي الي انصهار هذا السطح وعمل فجوة بداخله بسبب هذه الحرارة ولكن معادلات علي يوسف تستطيع الاضافة علي ذلك بأن الليزر يستطيع ان يحدث هذه الفجوة بواسطة تبخير جزيئات او ذرات هذا السطح اذا تم ضبط طاقة وكثافة هذا الليزر للتغلب على القوة الرابطة لذرات هذا السطح دون عمل بلازما امام هذا السطح. ايضا من المفاهيم التي قد تغيرها معادلات علي يوسف هو الفهم السائد بأن الضوء عموما يستطيع أبداء التفاعلات او أنهائها ، لكن الفهم الصحيح ان الضوء يستطيع ان يتحكم تحكما كاملا في قيادة اي تفاعل كيميائي وبذلك يمكن له ان يتحكم في 90% من تكلفة التصنيعات العالمية عموما و الكيميائية خصوصا.
هذا اول كتاب لي باللغة العربية وسابع طبعة من سلسلة تفسير علاقات الضوء والمادة باستخدام معادلات علي يوسف ، هذه المعادلات التي اجتهدت فيها طيلة اربع سنوات في تطويرها وتفسيرها لتقدم امثل اداء في تفسير هذه العلاقة ، هذا الكتاب اسال الله ان يكون اضافة حقيقية الي المعرفة العربية.
تنقسم محتويات هذا الكتاب الي ستة فصول، ينتاول الفصل الاول الاشتقاق او مصدر معادلات علي يوسف من القوانين الرئيسية وهي معادلة ارهينيوس ودالة موجة الضوء ومعادلة شرودينجر او الهاملتوليان ثم القوانين التي تحكم الكثافة الاشعاعية بمركبات الموجة مثل المجال الكهربائي والمغناطيسي.
الفصل الثاني يقدم تعريفات اكثر عن حدود المعادلة الرئيسية وتفسير بعض سلوك المعادلة. الفصل الثالث يتحدث عن سلوك المعادلة في الواقع ، وبسبب ان الطبيعة لها قوانينها الخاصة وبالتالي ليس اي قانون يضعه الانسان ستقبله الطبيعة لان الانسان ليس من خلق الطبيعة لهذا مقارنة قوانينه وافتراضاته مع سلوك الطبيعة امر مهم جدا وضروري.
الفصل الرابع يتحدث عن علاقة معادلة علي يوسف بمفاهيم الثيرمودايناميك مثل الانثالبي والطاقة الحرة والانتروبيا وثابت الاتزان الكيميائي، هذه المفاهيم هي المحرك الرئيسي لجميع التفاعلات الكيميائية في هذا الكون. ادخال هذه المعادلة في تلك المفاهيم اعطت المعادلة حجم اكبر وجعلها اكثر دقة وشمولية لوصف الظواهر الضوئية في الكون.
الفصل الخامس عبارة عن مثال رياضي تقريبي قمت به لمقارنة النتيجة مع التجارب والابحاث العالمية والحمد لله تحصلت علي نتائج مرضية بالرغم من عدم دقتها وذلك لان المعادلة تحتوي على بعض الثوابت التي نحتاج الي تعيينها معمليا.
الفصل السادس يتحدث عن مقارنة المعادلات مع بعض القوانين الكونية التي تم اكتشافها في مطلع القرن السابق مثل معادلة اينشتاين للظاهرة الكهروضوئية و تشتت ريلاي وقد تحصلت على نتائج مرضية بحيث استطاعت معادلاتي تفسير هذه القوانين والحمد لله. بعد ذلك تاتي الخاتمة ثم قائمة المراجع ولله الحمد والمنة.
ختاما اتمنى لكم قراءة مفيدة لهذا الكتاب وامل ان يتلمس عندكم روح الابداع والاقدام لأنه في الحقيقة هذا الكتاب قد فتح بابا جديدا في مجال الفوتونات خصوصا يمكن ان يفضي الي تطبيقات كتيرة وعديدة ويضيف مفردات وافكار في جسم المعرفة الانسانية.

""This (revised) profile aims to give a simple insight into the construction and operation of gasholders and their tanks, for those who investigate former gasworks sites. Although gasholders seem simplistic, the complexity and ingenuity of these structures should not be underestimated; they have been the result complex engineering design which has been well documented in many texts. This profile is limited to a brief description of the various types of gasholders, their operation and importantly their tanks.
Gasholders are generally the only feature of a gasworks to still remain visible today, characterised by a series of large interconnected (telescopic) cylindrical vessels (lifts) which rise and fall depending on the volume of the gas stored. The number of operational gasholders has gradually decreased due to the improved storage capacity of gas within the gas mains, but a few still remain today. Despite this, the tanks of former gasholders are often still present on
many former gasworks sites hidden beneath the ground. During demolition they formed ready made repositories for wastes and as such can potentially pose a risk to human health and controlled waters.

If you have any specific enquiries on this subject please contact Dr Russell Thomas on thomasru@pbworld.com."

usine à gaz, officina del gas, gasværk, gasfabriek, Gaswerk, εργοστάσια αερίου, gázművek, ガス工場, gasskraftverk, gazownia, gasômetro, газовый завод, плинара, plynáreň, plinarn, gasverk, fábrica de gas, havagazı fabrikası, газовий завод, 煤氣廠"

Site Safety Awareness
Process Safety Training
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Substances In Refineries
Hazards of Air and Oxygen
Hazards of Electricity and Static Electricity
Hazards of Nitrogen and Catalyst Handling
Hazards of Steam
Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum
Hazards of Water
Hotel Fire Safety
Liquid Hydrocarbon Tank Fires
Safe Handling of Light Ends
Safe Furnace and Boiler Firing
Safe Tank Farms and (Un)loading Operations
Safe Ups and Downs for Process Units
Control of Work

In this paper Algorithm of Multicomponent activity coefficient by UNIFAC Equation Using Visual Basic Application Microsoft Excel (VBA) .When you want execute the program just select range from arrays , go to function that was defination by user and select equ, as execution just press three keys CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER .As count from one to three.

Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide

The concept of residence time distribution (RTD) is an important tool for the analysis of industrial units and reactors. The RTD of fluid flow in process equipment analyses their performance and checks the feasibility of a reactor. RTD method has been widely used in industry to optimize processes, solve problems, improve product quality, save energy, and reduce pollution. The technical, economic, and environmental benefits have been well understood and recognized by various sectors such as industrial and environmental sectors. The petrochemical industries, mineral processing, and wastewater treatment sectors are identified as the most appropriate target beneficiaries. This review traces current applications of the residence time theory in various chemical industries. Besides reviewing recent experimental studies in the literature, some common modeling, tracer injection and detection technique, and different parameters are studied to understand RTD.

Ammonia Plant - Secondary Reforming
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process

Shift Conversion Catalysts:  Operating Manual
Contents
Introduction
High temperature shift catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts

Sulfiding of Sour Shift Catalyst
Introduction to Sour Shift Catalysts VIG SGS-201/202/203
Feedstock's from the gasification of coal or heavy oil contain high levels of sulfur.
Conventional iron-chrome catalysts are not suitable
“Sour” or “Dirty” shift catalysts were developed.
These catalysts achieve maximum activity in the sulfided state.
Require treatment with Sulfur prior to start-up.
Can only be used in streams that contain sufficient sulfur to maintain them in this state

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.