Glass

Phosphate-based glasses have been examined in many studies as a potential biomaterial for bone repair because of its degradation properties, which can be controlled and allow the release of various elements to promote osteogenic tissue growth. However most of these experiments studied either tertiary or quaternary glass systems. This study investigated a qinternary system that included titanium dioxide for degradation rate control and zinc that is considered to have a role in bone formation. Zinc and titanium phosphate glass discs of different compositions were melt synthesized and samples of each composition was tested for different physical, chemical and biological characteristics via density measurement, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, mass loss, ion release, scanning electron microscopy, biocompatibility studies via live/dead assays at three time points (day 1, 4, and 7). The results showed that the glass was amorphous and that the all thermal variables decreas...

We have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) cellular microarray platform to enable the rapid and efficient tracking of stem cell fate and quantification of specific stem cell markers. This platform consists of a miniaturized 3D cell culture array on a functionalized glass slide for spatially addressable high-throughput screening. A microarray spotter was used to deposit cells onto a modified glass surface to yield an array consisting of cells encapsulated in alginate gel spots with volumes as low as 60 nL. A method based on an immunofluorescence technique scaled down to function on a cellular microarray was also used to quantify specific cell marker protein levels in situ. Our results revealed that this platform is suitable for studying the expansion of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they retain their pluripotent and undifferentiated state. We also examined neural commitment of mouse ES cells on the microarray and observed the generation of neuroectodermal precursor cells characterized by expression of the neural marker Sox-1, whose levels were also measured in situ using a GFP reporter system. In addition, the high-throughput capacity of the platform was tested using a dual-slide system that allowed rapid screening of the effects of tretinoin and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) on the pluripotency of mouse ES cells. This high-throughput platform is a powerful new tool for investigating cellular mechanisms involved in stem cell expansion and differentiation and provides the basis for rapid identification of signals and conditions that can be used to direct cellular responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 106–118. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper discusses both occupational health risks to workers and environmental health risks to residents and workers. The report presents an overview of the available health literature for causes of diseases, injuries, and accidents from solid waste management collection, treatment, and disposal technologies. Illnesses discussed include infectious diseases, allergies, respiratory damage, and cancers. Some diseases are derived from direct ingestion of infectious micro-organisms, others involve infection through contamination of the food chain, whereby animals or other vectors have ingested infectious micro-organisms. Injuries include joint and spinal damage, fractures, puncture wounds, damage to eyes and ears. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. As the next steps toward improving occupational and environmental health and safety in s...

The present paper deals with an experimental convective heat transfer investigation around a film-cooled, high-pressure gas turbine rotor blade mounted in a stationary, linear cascade arrangement. The measurements were performed in the von Karman Institute Isentropic Light Piston Compression Tube facility. The test blade was made of Macor glass ceramic and was instrumented with thin film gages. The coolant flow was ejected simultaneously through the leading edge (three rows of holes), the suction side (two rows of holes), and the pressure side (one row of holes). The effects of overall mass weight ratio, coolant to free-stream temperature ratio, and free-stream turbulence were successively investigated.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production feasibility of triaxial whiteware using sand from cast iron moulds as a raw material instead of silica, and recycled glass in place of feldspar. Formulations were prepared using sand, glass waste, and white-firing clay such that only 50% of the composition was virgin material (clay). The ceramic bodies were formed by pressing and fired at different temperatures (between 1100 and 1300 degrees C). Specimens were characterized in terms of green density prior to firing; and their flexural strength, linear shrinkage, and water absorption were measured after firing. The microstructure was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Possible environmental impacts of this recycling process were also evaluated, through solubility and leaching tests, according to Brazilian standards. Gaseous emissions during the firing process were also analysed. The results showed that it is possible to produce triaxial ceramics by using such alternati...

Summary form only given. Telecommunications has continued to push optical fibers towards ever-more demanding applications-such as high bit rates, dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), and long distances-and in response there has been renewed interest in alternative fiber designs to lift fundamental limitations of silica fibers. A particularly exciting departure from traditional fibers are fibers based on photonic band gaps, forbidden frequency

We aimed to evaluate the in vitro osteogenic and osteoinductive potentials of BioS-2P and its ability to promote in vivo bone repair. To investigate osteogenic potential, UMR-106 osteoblastic cells were cultured on BioS-2P and Bioglass 45S5 discs in osteogenic medium. The osteoinductive potential was evaluated using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on BioS-2P, Bioglass 45S5 and polystyrene in non-osteogenic medium. Rat bone calvarial defects were implanted with BioS-2P scaffolds alone or seeded with MSCs. UMR-106 proliferation was similar for both materials, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization were higher for BioS-2P. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), RUNX2 and osteopontin (OPN) gene expression and BSP, OPN, ALP and RUNX2 protein expression were higher on BioS-2P. For MSCs, ALP activity was higher on Bioglass 45S5 than on BioS-2P and was lower on polystyrene. All genes were highly expressed on bioactive glasses compared to polystyrene. BioS-2P scaffolds promote...

A Vimbodí i Poblet tenen el privilegi d’acollir el primer forn de vidre documentat que es coneix a Catalunya, el qual data del segle XII (1188)  Però la indústria vidriera que li donà nom no s’establí a Vimbodí fins a l’any 1903, quan uns vidriers procedents de Fulleda escolliren l’indret per les facilitats a l’hora de trobar llenya, matèria primera dels forns de vidre, i, sobretot, per la proximitat de l’estació de ferrocarril. A Vimbodí es fabricà
vidre fins al 1954, que va tancar el darrer forn. El 1993 es va posar en marxa l’actual museu i es reobrí el forn de vidre. El mestre vidrier Paco Ramos es va traslladar a viure al poble i, des de fa més de 15 anys, és l’encarregat de mantenir l’ofici de vidrier a Vimbodí.
(Vimbodí i Poblet, Conca de Barberà, Catalunya)

Our effort towards the attainment of high performance devices has yielded several devices with total-area conversion efficiencies above 16%, the highest measuring 16.8% under standard reporting conditions (ASTM E892-87, Global 1000 W/m2). The first attempts to translate this development to larger areas resulted in an efficiency of 12.5% for a 16.8-cm2 monolithically interconnected submodule test structure, and 15.3% for a 4.85-cm2 single cell. Achievement of a 17.2% device efficiency fabricated for operation under concentration (22-sun) is also reported. All high efficiency devices reported here are made from graded bandgap absorbers. Bandgap grading is achieved by compositional Ga/(In+Ga) profiling as a function of depth. The fabrication schemes to achieve the graded absorbers, the window materials and contacting are described

Flat glass industry moved, in 40 years (1966 to 2006), from many companies and processes to a concentrated industry utilizing only one process, the float glass.
Alastair Pilkington has been the first one to develop an industrial process able producing flat glass on melted metal.
The first foreign license went to the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in 1962, and this was quickly followed by manufacturers in Europe, Japan, Russia and USA. First float lines, outside Pilkington, started mid 60’s onto continental Europe at Moustier (Belgium) and Boussois (France). Today (2007), more than 350 float plants are in operation, under construction or planned worldwide.
Review of European companies with location of their production lines. Description and analysis of the key events and moves including companies which disappeared from Europe flat glass business, such as BSN, PPG and companies which appeared such as Sisecam, Guardian, Euroglas, Sangalli, Interpane, along these last 40 years…
Review of costs and prices. Review of key success developments such as coated glass and some unsuccessful trials to improve processes such as melting and refining.
Glass imports, in Western Europe & restructuring could modify current business...

Mount Pleasant Glass: A Legacy Worth Honoring
Cassandra Vivian

When the average person names the industries of southwestern Pennsylvania, they first name coal, coke and steel. Seldom to they mention boatbuilding or glass. But each has an enormous story to tell. The small community of Mount Pleasant in Westmoreland County has a big role in coal, coke and also glass. Yes glass. Three of the most important glass factories in the world existed there: Bryce Brothers, Lenox, and L. E. Smith. Here is a small example of their importance.

During fabrication of glass lens by precision glass molding (PGM), residual stresses are setup, which adversely affect the optical performance of lens. Residual stresses can be obtained by measuring the residual birefringence. Numerical simulation is used in the industry to optimize the manufacturing process. Material properties of glass, contact conductance and friction coefficient at the glass-mold interface are important parameters needed for simulations. In literature, these values are usually assumed without enough experimental justifications. Here, the viscoelastic thermo-rheological simple (TRS) behavior of glass is experimentally characterized by the four-point bending test. Contact conductance and friction coefficient at P-SK57 TM glass and Pt-Ir coated WC mold interface are experimentally measured. A plano-convex lens of P-SK57 TM glass is fabricated by PGM for two different cooling rates and whole field birefringence of the finished lens is measured by digital photoelas-ticity. The fabrication process is simulated using finite element method. The simulation is validated, for different stages of PGM process, by comparing the load acting on the mold and displacement of the molds. At the end of the process, the birefrin-gence distribution is compared with the experimental data. A novel plotting scheme is developed for computing birefringence from FE simulation for any shape of lens.

To evaluate the radiopacity, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microhardness (KHN), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) of experimental adhesives. Five experimental adhesives with different concentrations of barium-borosilicate oxide microfillers [0% (R0), 30% (R30), 40% (R40), 50% (R50), 60% (R60)] were formulated based on the adhesive system Ambar (FGM). The adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M ESPE) was used as commercial reference. For the radiopacity (n = 5), KHN (n = 5), WS (n = 10), and SL (n = 10) tests, adhesive disks were constructed (5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm thick), while for UTS (n = 5), hourglass-shaped specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 were used. The FTIR spectra of unpolymerized and polymerized adhesives were used to determine the DC. Data were submitted to a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). All experimental adhesives showed radiopacity similar to enamel, except those of R0 and SB. Filler addition did not...

In this study, the recent trends for optical coatings in glass industries have been explored for the variety of climate dependent applications. Different coated glazings have been presented with their optical and thermal characteristics. A comparative analysis among types of coated products is also performed. It has been observed that for warm climate it is necessary to block near infra red portion of sunlight to reduce solar heat gain through windows. On the other hand, for cold climate it is necessary to allow the whole portion of light and it is necessary to block the IR radiation from escaping out to keep the interior space warm. For this purpose, Ag or Ag-alloy metallic thin film meet the requirements but they reduce visible transmittance as well. So for increasing visible transmittance, a dielectric layer of high refractive index is required. Here a variety of dielectric layers are studied. Finally for reaching the goal of low energy buildings in both warm and cold climates, appropriate optical coatings for architectural flat glass have been recommended. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/jas/2008/1883-1890.pdf

BACKGROUND Fibre reinforced composite bars (FRC) have applications as bonded retainers, space maintainers and anchorage/movement units. However, the bond strength of attachments to FRC anchorage bars is unknown. AIMS To compare the shear bond strengths of brackets bonded immediately to FRCs with different orthodontic adhesive systems and bonded with the same adhesives after a 48-hour delay, abraded with a diamond bur and etched with phosphoric acid. METHOD One hundred and five recently extracted upper premolars were randomly assigned to seven groups (N = 15 teeth per group). FRCs were bonded to the buccal surfaces of the teeth and stainless steel orthodontic brackets were bonded to the FRCs with the following adhesive systems: Group 0 (Tetric Flow); Groups 1, 2 and 3 (Immediate bonding with chemically cured, no-mix and light cured composites, respectively, the bars covered with Tetric Flow); Groups 4, 5 and 6 (Bonding to FRCs delayed 48 hours, then bonded with chemically cured, no-m...