Globalization

Roskilde Universitet " Nowadays we are all on the move " (Bauman 1998: 77) " It sometimes seems as if all the world is on the move " (Urry 2007: 1) Introduktion Dette kapitel saetter fokus på mobiliteten og bevaegelsens sociologi. Det diskuteres hvordan mobilitet er et menneskeligt og samfundsmaessigt grundvilkår. Mobilitet er således ikke noget nyt men med det moderne samfunds udvikling blev mobiliteten i stigende grad understøttet af teknologier og derfor mere intensiv og omfattende. Med udgangspunkt i nutidens samfund diskuterer jeg hvordan bevaegelser mellem lande og kulturer har stor betydning for, hvordan det naere hverdagsliv og verden opleves samt hvorfor mennesker rejser. I den vestlige verden tages det for givet, at man kan konsumere alverdens forbrugs-og medieprodukter, kommunikere med fjerne mennesker og rejse til eksotiske steder. Men samtidig er rekord mange mennesker på flugt fra fattigdom, krig og ødelaeggelse. Kapitlet introducerer således til centrale sociologiske teorier og diskussioner om nutidens mobilitet og turisme, og det viser, at netop mobilitet og turisme er afgørende for menneskers erfaringer med og oplevelser af vores globale samtid. Samtidig viser jeg, at nutidens omfattende mobilitet udretter irreversible skader på miljøet. Sociologerne Zygmunt Bauman og isaer John Urry har beskaeftiget sig indgående med mobilitet, og kapitlet vil derfor have saerligt fokus på dem, men klassikerne Karl Marx og George Simmel inddrages ligeledes. Overordnet diskuterer kapitlet det mobile samfunds forskellige sol-og skyggesider, og den gennemgående pointe er, at mobilitet er blevet et nøglebegreb og-faenomen for nutidens sociologi og samfundsvidenskab mere bredt. Kapitlet indledes med et oprids af mobilitetens omfang og betydning for moderne samfund, der praeges af intensive strømme af objekter, teknologier, informationer og

This paper will provide an overview of the fundamental changes that the cruise ship business has undergone with the emergence of capitalist globalization and in the context of the Caribbean region. Rising profits and investments in tourism during the later decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century have been an important part of the globalizing economy. This has been a consequence of both the major technological and organizational developments of global capitalism, but also, and most importantly, of the global system's changing social and class relations. The shifting social relations and productive activities that undergird the cruise ship business have meant gains for some involved, most especially, transnational capitalists, and exploitative and contradictory dynamics for many others. Annually millions of tourists from high consuming sectors worldwide partake in brief holiday escapes aboard cruise ship vessels. At the same time, the cruise ship business has become an oligopoly, controlled by a handful of large companies, that has driven many competitors out of business or acquiried them. Labor in the business has become more flexibilized, with low-wage workers (from a variety of nationalities) whose activities are increasingly standardized, monitored and micro-managed. While moving away from indicative development planning (with an eye to national goals), state policymakers in the Caribbean, for their own social reproduction, increasingly promote the interests of transnational capital such as with the cruise ship business. Importantly, labor and environmental protections have been stymied as the cruise ship companies, adept at public relations and skirting regulations, remain largely unaccountable.

The paper examines the nexus among the concepts of democracy, globalisation and technology, arguably the three most interdependent notions affecting the way and speed in which global dynamics and diplomatic practises were transformed. It analyses the evolution of non-state actors' engagement in multilateral processes between the Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the Rio+20 Conference in 2012. The experience of the Major Group for Children and Youth (MGCY) at the Rio+20 Conference is introduced as a case study to illustrate the practical application of the nexus and its impact on stakeholder engagement. The analysis recognises that the nexus offers a real opportunity to improve diplomacy means and practices and encourage further exploration into the nexus’ full potential.

One of the principal yet not favored consequences of approaching al-nahḍah has been representing it as another paramount example of world literature. There is, however, little interest in foregrounding what the (Arab) nahḍah does not share with the other renaissances, that is, the literary/cultural phenomena that are closely culture-bound. In view of seeing al-nahḍah's “Big Picture,” a global-only or local-only approach is inadequate and short of intellectual insight. Therefore, the idiosyncratic, diverse, and, at times, complex textual and cultural productions of the (Arab) nahḍah call for a “glocal” approach. Al-nahḍah's diverse narratives and literacies invoke, among other things, questions of translingualism and multimodality. With the advent of printing, radical and lasting transformations underwent al-nahḍah's narratives and literacies, as with the reception of zajal recitals for both reading and listening audiences. In addition, the shift from manuscripts to printed books not only radically changed literacy conventions but likewise introduced “new” arts like book illustration, caricature, and comics, not to overlook fundamental developments in composition. More specifically, the journals of Ya'qūb Ṣannū' (1839–1912), where fuṣḥā Arabic, colloquial Egyptian, and French coexist, along with illustrated caricatures, can be viewed as evidence of al-nahḍah's translingual and multimodal literacies.

Abstract_ This study aims at shedding light on globalization: its definition and its challenges to the educational
process in its both internal and external levels.
The study also aims at finding solutions to face these challenges. The researcher adopted a review of literature
that is related to the main subject of the study. The study concludes the following:
- The educational globalization means having control and authority over curriculum which results in the melting
of the individuality and identity in the name of technological development and therefore the dominance of the
values of the western world.
- Moreover, the study reveals the internal challenges of globalization with regard to education; of these
challenges comes the absence of active positive role of the teacher.
- Finally, the study recommends the following measures as solutions to face the challenges that encounter
education. For in stance, the enforcement of religious creed, strengthening the importance of the Arabic
language as a guard for both Arabic culture and identity and updating the educational curriculum.
Key words: Challenges of globalization, educational globalization, education and identity enforcement, religious
identity, cultural awareness and globalization

The limits of the planet and of natural  resources  impede  pursuing  the  modern  project  based  on  permanent
growth  and  represent  a  major  challenge  for  humanity.  Drawing on an  agency-centred  approach,  this paper addresses two two  major  questions:
‘Who are the social actors who challenge the normative orientation at the core of modernization and promote alternative values and practices that may contribute to the rise of a global age, or may embody glimpses of a global age society?’ and ‘Can we grasp some dimensions of life and society in the global age  by studying current social movements?  ’

Current discourses about migrants and diaspora communities in Europe are often informed by a social worker's perspective and haunted by residual notions of supposedly pure and authentic cultures of origin. Between national entrenchment and transnational globalization, ethnic minorities are "imagined" as outsiders on a subnational level. The consequent othering of so-called "third" or "substate" cinemas by cultural producers, critics and policymakers is highly problematic. I therefore propose to reframe the discussion about such "minor" cinemas within a broader consideration of traveling cultures and global flows, of mobility between margin and center, between independent and mainstream productions, as well as crossovers between different genres and their reception across national boundaries.

Thesis Title: Careers and Labour Market Flexibility in Global Industries: The Case of Seafarers
The flexibilisation of labour in the global labour market has been a bone of contention among scholars from different disciplines over the past four decades. On the one hand, such employment is seen as a detrimental practice to employees, who might lose their occupational identity as well as constantly experience job insecurity and uncertainty. On the other hand, flexible employment is perceived as the pillar of freedom, enabling individuals to fulfil their potential through increasing labour market opportunities. In an attempt to assess these competing views within the context of a global industry where flexible employment is commonplace, the shipping industry has been chosen as the basis of an investigation to answer the following research questions:
1. To what extent are flexible employment arrangements perceived as beneficial to employers?
2. What are the perceived implications of flexible employment arrangements for employees?
3. What is the relationship between the flexibility of employment and the occupational identities of seafarers?
To answer these research questions, qualitative research methods were used to speak to over 70 participants. The methods included mostly semi-structured in-depth interviews and informal conversations conducted aboard a cargo ship.
The findings of the thesis can be largely divided into three main aspects. First, the thesis sheds light on the complexities of flexible employment in the shipping industry (i.e. the perceived negative and positive implications of such employment) for employers and employees. Secondly, using the shipping industry as an example, the thesis challenges current widespread views about the benefits of flexible employment to employers. Thirdly, the thesis presents the idea of a ‘double occupational identity’ to describe the often-complex occupational identity of seafarers related to differences in perceived labour market power.
Several strengths, limitations, and recommendations for policy and also for major stakeholders in the shipping industry are raised at the end of the thesis.
Key words: Career; Employment; Flexible Labour; Global Labour Market; In-Depth Interviews; Job; Occupational Identity; Precarious Work; Qualitative Research Methods; Seafarers; Seafaring Career; Shipping; Work.

"The increasing sensibility regarding intangible cultural heritage provides momentum to better define a legal framework for the protection of these peculiar immaterial goods. This article questions whether the current intellectual property rights (IPRs) regime represents an adequate model of protection vis-à-vis intangible cultural heritage. A plethora of caveats must be taken into consideration, starting with the desirability of the commodification of intangible cultural heritage, i.e. its exploitation and commercialization through the IPRs regime, but also including the outlining of the legal instruments needed for guaranteeing adequate advantages for the countries and communities representing the sources of origin of the intangible goods. 
After framing the crucial issues detected in literature regarding intangible cultural heritage, the article investigates the ways in which the actual IPRs regime grants protection to intangible goods. Our evaluation supports the idea that, without a many-faceted remodeling, current intellectual property laws represent an unsatisfactory mechanism for protecting intangible cultural heritage. This inadequacy is rooted in the inefficacy of IPRs under the patent and copyright regimes in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, while also falling short of fostering an appropriate comprehensive social policy."

Following attempts to make sense of a congeries of global dynamics, and to render legible events that have concomitantly made the world a space of order and disorder, globalization has emerged as a concept that encompasses countless contradictions. Viewed from a historical perspective, globalization has only increased in its complexity and territorialisation, infiltrating webs of spaces that are continually changing. In light of this complexity, this essay aims to examine how globalizing institutions of culture, economy and knowledge have shaped more local forms of society, and how local subjects and communities have reshaped, resisted, or reformulated global influences. The discussion in this paper is primarily centred on the works of Comaroff and Comaroff (1991, 2009), Appadurai (1996), and Bayart (2005), who together offer insightful and varied ways of conceptualizing globalization and its impacts over time.

A critical, comparative analysis of the exhibition project Utopia Station, mounted by Hans-Ulrich Obrist, Molly Nesbit, and Rirkrit Tiravanija at the 2003 Venice Biennale, against Hardt and Negri's 2000 treatise, Empire. This essay was written in 2006 and originally published online in the journal PART (no. 12, 2007), which is now defunct as far as I can tell. I wrote this piece in my first year of grad school, but it has been cited by a number of scholars so I share it here in case it may be of further use to others.

'@ is For Activism' examines the transformation of politics through digital media, including digital television, online social networking and mobile computing. Joss Hands maps out how political relationships have been reconfigured and new modes of cooperation, deliberation and representation have emerged. This analysis is applied to the organisation and practice of alternative politics, showing how they have developed and embraced the new political and technological environment. Hands offers a comprehensive critical survey of existing literature, as well as an original perspective on networks and political change. He includes many case studies including the anti-war and global justice movements, peer production, user created TV and 'Twitter' activism. "@ is For Activism" is essential for activists and students of politics and media. Note the version here is a pre-print proof which differs from the published version and should not be cited from.

The Globalization of World Politics An Introduction to International Relations Seventh Edition Edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens A must have text for anybody and everybody interested in the ongoing Globalization of World Politics. Besides the fact that it has been the market-leading introduction to International Relations, written by more than 35 unrivaled experts in their fields. Building their breathtaking narrative on thorough knowledge and careful academic research of national and international history, the book offers a bigger picture of main stream theories international relations. No global structures and processes, and international issues were left unattended. It provides an inquisitive and the most comprehensive coverage of International Relations in the Twentieth and the Twenty-first centuries. The editors: John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, did their best to ensure an integrated and coherent style throughout the book. Integrated and intera...

We live in a globalized world in which a person in Burkina Faso can identify with Star Wars heroes, and in which a New York trader drinks the same Starbucks coffee as his Taiwanese counterpart. How are individuals socialized in Rome, Bombay, and Tokyo? To answer this question, a unique investigation has been carried out using two scales of analysis usually tackled separately by global studies: the scale of the cosmopolitan world and its global narratives, imaginaries, iconographies; as well as the scale of everyday life and socialization to otherness. This two-fold perspective constitutes the innovative approach of this volume that endeavors to address an operationalization of the cosmopolitan perspective and reacts to current debates and new research findings.
This book was first published in 2016 as Pluriel et commun. Sociologie d’un monde cosmopolite by Les Presses de Sciences Po.
Vincenzo Cicchelli is Associate Professor of Sociology at Université Paris Descartes and Research Fellow at GEMASS, Université Paris Sorbonne/CNRS. At Brill, he is the co-editorin-chief of Youth and Globalization (with Sylvie Octobre), the series co-editor of Youth in a Globalizing World (with Sylvie Octobre), and the series co-editor of Doing Global Studies (with Stéphane Dufoix). He has published (with Sylvie Octobre) Aesthetico-Cultural Cosmopolitanism and French Youth. The Taste of the World (Palgrave, 2018).

“Vincenzo Cicchelli has written a new and much needed book. He explores people’s experiences of a shared and plural world, and the tangible, ordinary mechanisms of global society that are shaping the cultural imaginaries and the lives of individuals today. Plural and Shared is a major contribution to understanding the cultural shifts of our time and how cosmopolitanism may be understood in this context.”
– David Held, Professor of Sociology, Durham University

“Timely and important, […] a well-written and meticulously researched monograph that stands as a major contribution to the growing body of literature on cosmopolitanism. It is a ‘must read’ for anyone wanting to understand the historic and modern forces shaping our increasingly globalizing and cosmopolitan world.”
– Elijah Anderson, Professor of Sociology, Yale University

“Cicchelli has written a thought-provoking book about an important and timely topic: how can we come to terms with the cosmopolitan world, which we share but which is inherently plural, composed of different cultures and outlooks on life? To address that conundrum, the book lays foundations for a cosmopolitan sociology and shows how it can be applied to examining the cultural, subjective and experiential dimensions of global society. It is a must read for all interested in global studies and cosmopolitanism.”
– Pertti Alasuutari, Professor of Sociology, University of Tampere

This article draws on the epistemologies of the south, namely decolonial theory, to point to the analytical and interpretive limitations of northern theories of globalisation. It gestures toward decolonial globalisation studies to provide an alternative reading of global justice movements, including university student movements in Latin America. Moreover, it maintains that situating university student movements geopolitically provides a valuable way out of the theoretical limitations of critical globalisation studies informed by northern perspectives. By adopting a geopolitical perspective, decolonial globalisation studies unsettles and provincialises the central myth of modernity, which portrays the emergence of modern institutions and globalisation as endogenous European and Anglo-American phenomena subsequently diffused to the Global South. Finally, this article addresses the need for decolonial globalisation studies to ground its theorisation in alternative sites of knowledge production.

Many social theorists have suggested that we are currently living in a period in which the identities of the past are becoming increasingly irrelevant and in which new identities, and new identity formations, are being created. The major identity colossus forged in the nineteenth century, and subsequently spread over much of the globe - nation-state identity - has been the subject of particular debate; and theorists have attempted to identify alternative, post-national (in the sense of post-nation-statist) identity constructions. The proliferation of museums in the nineteenth century was undoubtedly closely bound up with the formation and solidification of nation-states in, and subsequently beyond, Western Europe. A crucial question for museums today concerns their role in a world in which nation- statist identities are being challenged. Are they too inextricably entangled in ‘old’ forms of identity to be able to express ‘new’ ones?
How and why museums are able to act as manifestations of identity or sites for the contestation of identities requires a ‘denaturalizing’ of the concept of ‘identity’. That is, we need to be able to see our notions of particular identities, including ‘national identity’, not as universal but as historically and culturally specific. What is entailed in even ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ ‘the nation’ or ‘the public’? And what role have museums played in such ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’? What is it about museums that makes them suitable - and sometimes not so suitable - for certain identity ‘work’?
The article proceeds as follows. I begin with a brief outline of the identity work of the nineteenth-century museum and with a focus on the articulation of ‘the nation-state’ and ‘the public’. My concern here is with the relationship between the museum as a cultural form with particular technologies of representation, and with the kinds of identities that this form helped not only to express but also to constitute. The second part of the article turns to arguments by social theorists that many former identities are in the process of radical transformation, of fragmentation and disembedding and considers their implications for museums. If the nation-state and the kind of ‘public’ with which it was associated are on the brink of obsolescence, then what future is there for museums? Are museums perhaps too intimately linked up with material- and place- rooted, homogeneous and bounded, conceptions of identity to be able to address some of the emerging identity dilemmas of the ‘second modern age’ or ‘late modernity’? Of course, this account of identity transformation may be wrong or exaggerated, and there are social theorists who would argue thus. Rather than address this problem directly, however, what I suggest here is that museums - because of their longstanding and central roles in the articulation of identity - are significant sites in which to examine such claims. In the third part of the article I discuss one example of an attempt to articulate a post- national, trans-cultural identity complex. The final part of the article draws upon this to reconsider the potential of museums for articulating new, postnational and transcultural identities in late modernity or the second modern age.

During the 1990s and 2000s, a policy known as Education with Community Participation (EDUCO) not only became the cornerstone of education reform in El Salvador but also became a global education policy, one which is known for decentralizing to rural families the responsibility for hiring and firing teachers. As is shown in this paper, its rise to fame was not only a product of the particular political-economic context in which it was borne, but was also a product of the impact evaluations produced by the World Bank, which served as the evidence base through which this and other international institutions could legitimately promote the neoliberal model of community involvement represented by EDUCO. Problematically, however, a reappraisal of these impact evaluations reveals, first, that their findings and conclusions around significant effects were not warranted and, second, that the entire impact evaluation enterprise is fundamentally flawed due to the financial-political-intellectual complex out of which these studies emerged and back into which they fed as they were used to advocate for market-oriented policy solutions around the world. Thus, in addition to explaining the reform dynamics that gave rise to EDUCO, this paper (a) systematically reviews the findings and limitations of each of the six impact studies that constitute the international knowledge base around this policy, (b) reconsiders what we can reasonably claim to know about EDUCO, (c) reflects on the national and international implications of the critical review presented here, and (d) remarks on the shortcomings of—and the alternatives to—impact evaluations as a
means to produce policy-relevant findings.

Most project management research to date has developed extended theories and concepts that de-contextualize projects from their cultural and institutional surroundings. Such de-contextualization tends to highlight instrumental factors and considerations, while at the same time downplaying norms, practices, ideologies, and other cultural, institutional and psychological effects related to projects and their management. We claim that cultural and institutional variation becomes significant in relation to what we call “global projects”. These are large-scale and complex business or military ventures and engineering projects that involve participants from more than one country, and require participants to negotiate great geographical distances and cultural and institutional differences. Global projects often carry high expectations to resolve local and global ills. They have also been criticized for some perceive as managerial shortcomings. To date, little research knowledge exists on global projects. With the goal of improving project performance and increasing understanding of debates concerning ways that global projects are managed – and resolving at least some of these debates – we review in this introductory article the editorial starting points and the research articles of this special issue, as well suggest further research and draw conclusions.

In the current context of globalization, firms have concentrated their efforts on the development of international brands. As a result, international brand portfolios have been restructured, and many successful local brands have been eliminated. This article's objective is to improve the understanding of local brand differences and competitive advantages relative to inter- national brands. To achieve this, the authors reanalyzed

Investigations into the political economy of globalization usually concentrate upon three related developments—the expansion of international trade and the growth in transnational production, including the rise of transnational corporations;  the creation of a world-wide market for finance and credit;  and finally, the development of regimes and institutions of global economic governance.  By comparison, the role and significance of labour and labourers tends to be neglected in most studies. Yet, from its very inception, the process of globalization has been marked by the different methods of organizing work and organizing the activity of workers themselves.

This volume goes some way in restoring labour to a proper place in the globalization literature. The title 'Globalizing Labour' has a dual meaning. On the one hand it refers to increasing connectedness of workers and work as the globalization of integrated trade, financial and production systems merges economic activity from around the world. Labour is globalizing in the sense that it is connected to world-wide production and exchange structures. On the other hand, the title refers to the activities of workers themselves as their political and economic activities influence broader globalization structures. Labour is globalizing in the sense that workers are themselves building organizational links between different communities and are engaging global power structures whether they be globalizing corporations or international organizations. This volume introduces the subject of labour and globalization by examining four elements of the relationship. Firstly, the historical relationship between labour and globalization is briefly reviewed. Secondly, the condition of various forms of labour since the end of the Cold War is surveyed. Thirdly, the issue of labour, the state and regulation of globalizing corporations is highlighted. The volume concludes with some thoughts on key issues facing global labour in the twenty-first century.

A B S T R A C T This study seeks to review the literature on the exporting challenges and problems of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in this era of globalization. Besides, we identify gaps in the literature and provide directions for future research. This review would serve as a basis to understand the research gaps, opportunities, and undertake new research projects based on the propositions and the future research agenda outlined. We synthesize the findings and analyze different dimensions, which in turn would facilitate further research as well as the growth of small firms in the long run.

Borderlands 2016 Table of Contents and Introduction

The images of migrants and refugees arriving in precarious boats on the shores of southern Europe, and of the makeshift camps that have sprung up in Lesbos, Lampedusa, Calais and elsewhere, have become familiar sights on television screens around the world.  But what do we know about the border places – these liminal zones between countries and continents – that have become the focus of so much attention and anxiety today?  What do we know about the individuals who fill these places, their hopes and fears, and about the kinds of social relationships that form between the groups of people who confront one another there – the migrants and refugees, the local residents, the police and other officials of the state? 

In this timely book, anthropologist Michel Agier addresses these questions and examines the character of the borderlands that emerge on the margins of nation-states. Drawing on his ethnographic fieldwork, he shows that borders, far from disappearing, have acquired a new kind of centrality in our societies, becoming reference points for the growing numbers of people who do not find a place in the countries they wish to reach. They have become the site for a new kind of  subject, the border inhabitant (or) the border dweller, who is  both ‘inside’ and ‘outside’, enclosed on the one hand and excluded on the other, and who is  obliged to learn, under harsh conditions, the ways of the world and of other people.  In this respect, the lives of migrants, even in the uncertainties or dangers of the borderlands, tell us something about the condition in which everyone is increasingly living today, a ‘cosmopolitan condition’ in which the experience of the unfamiliar is  more common and the relation between self and other is in constant renewal. .

This book will be of great interest to students and scholars in anthropology, sociology and politics, as well as anyone concerned with the pressing issues raised by migration today.

Invited guest paper to international conference in Delhi, ‘Imperialism: Old and New’, sponsored by Indian Council of Social Science Research, 9-10 February 2015.

Marx’s Capital is a prime source of wisdom about capitalism’s contradictions, yet this towering work does not contain ready-made formulae which can be directly applied to the contemporary reality. Marx’s subject was capitalism in general, whereas our object of analysis is its modern, fully-evolved imperialist stage of development. In Capital Marx analysed in detail two ways in which capitalists can increase the rate of exploitation: by lengthening the working day or by reducing necessary labour time through introducing labour-saving machinery (he called these absolute surplus value and relative surplus value respectively). He makes several fleeting references to a third, e.g. describing the “reduction of wages below their value” as “one of the most important factors in stemming the tendency for the rate of profit to fall.” Yet he excluded this from his theory, because “it has nothing to do with the general analysis of capital.”  Expanded super-exploitation of southern low-wage labour cannot be reduced to either of the two ways to increase surplus value analysed in Capital, and instead corresponds to the third form of surplus value increase which Marx mentioned but excluded from his theory of value. As a result of these two abstractions, the theory of value in Capital no longer immediately connects with the capitalism of today.
Part 1 presents the results of empirical analysis of neo-liberal globalisation’s key transformation, namely the global shift of production to low-wage nations, and identifies its key feature: imperialist super-exploitation; Part 2 seeks a theoretical definition of this, looking first to the debate in the 1960s and 70s between exponents of dependency theory and their ‘orthodox’ Marxist critics, then to Lenin’s theory of imperialism, and then uses the result of this review to inform a critical re-reading of Marx’s Capital. In so doing it lays the foundations for comprehension of the nature, dynamics and possible trajectories of the global economic crisis.