Great War

Прва историографска синтеза о Смедереву и смедеревском крају у Првом светском рату. Књига је заснована на вишегодишњим научним истраживањима архивске, музеолошке и друге изворне грађе, као и до сада непознате стране и домаће старије мемоаристике. У креирању књиге, у великој мери коришћени су новији историографски резултати савремене  домаће, али и стране науке. Узимајући све у обзир, ова књига, по количини обрађене грађе, темама које су у њој обухваћене, као и методолошким приступом, представља значајан искорак у досадашњем проучавању Првог светског рата Смедерева и околине. Књига коју представљамо јесте прегледна, на научним основама заснована монографија у којој ће како стручна, тако и шира јавност наћи одговоре на многа питања из домена завичајне историје Првог светског рата.

La Russie est indéniablement la grande oubliée, en France, du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale et plus encore lorsqu’il s’agit de l’histoire des brigades venues combattre sur le front d’Orient. Cet article tend à montrer qu’il y a pourtant là un terrain particulièrement fertile, tant du point de vue de l’histoire diplomatique que de l’expérience combattante proprement dite.
Plan :
I - Entente et fronts périphériques en 1915
II - Les brigades russes au combat en Macédoine, 1916-1917
III - 1917 : Révolution macédoniennes
IV - Le démantèlement des brigades russes en Macédoine

From 26 September to 11 November 1918, American Expeditionary Force (AEF) launched an attack in the Meuse-Argonne against the Germans. This paper intends to answer the largely unanswered question of how necessary were the losses that made the battle the bloodiest in U.S. military history. To address the topic, the U.S. Army’s training, or lack thereof, is analyzed. Each of the offensive’s six phases is assessed in detail, too. Although there is slightly more detail on the American side, the Germans’ role in the battle is discussed, with primary documents from the U.S. National Archives cited. Throughout the battle the First Army, through trial and error, improved its tactics, even though this effort was impeded by green replacements that increasingly brought units closer to authorized strength. In the end, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive was instrumental in ending the war on 11 November 1918.

At the end of WWI, according to the peace treaty of Saint-Germain, Italy annexed the former Habsburg territories of Trentino, South Tyrol, Venezia Giulia, Istria and a part of Dalmatia (the city of Zara/Zadar and some islands). The annexation process was not easy, however, since the new borders included territories inhabited by non-Italian populations, Germans in South Tyrol and Slovenians and Croatians in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia. After excluding the use of plebiscites, adopted in the same years in other parts of Europe as well as in Italy during Risorgimento’s state-building, but counterproductive in that juncture given the often overwhelming presence of non-Italian populations, the option of large autonomies on an ethno-linguistic basis was initially considered. In any case, the principles of nationality and self-determination which, according to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, should regulate the new frontiers and the new relations between the states, were subordinated to strategic criteria of alpine ridges control. The annexed territories were initially administered by the Italian military authorities, therefore the Supreme Command of the Army became the highest political-administrative organ.
My paper focuses particularly on the eastern Italian border, highlighting how in the first phase both the Italian government and the Supreme Command of the Army were inspired by liberal principles in the management of non-Italian populations in the annexed areas, convinced that an attitude of respect for their language and culture would facilitate their gradual assimilation in the new state. In a second phase, however, the progressive strengthening of anti-democratic and nationalistic currents in the country compromised this type of approach and, finally, the advent of the fascist regime definitively put an end to every gradual assimilation project, with the launching of a process of forced Italianization of all non-Italian populations.

Europe at the dawn of the 20th century, through a treacherous system of defensive alliances, marched relentlessly toward a continental conflagration unlike any the world had ever known. Sparked by the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir, the progressive Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife on an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on 28 June, 1914, Europe plunged head-long into oblivion in a conflict which would ultimately claim more than 20 million lives, topple three Imperial dynasties and spark a communist revolution. At the outset, the United States adopted a policy of benevolent neutrality under the sanguine leadership of President Woodrow Wilson and a largely pacifist 64th Congress; a policy the Wilson Administration would cling stubbornly to throughout 1914-1917. Wilson, whose reelection campaign slogan in the fall of 1916 proudly touted, “he kept us out of war,” sat precariously on the sidelines as the Central Powers of Austria- Hungary, Germany and Italy and the Triple Entente comprised of Russia, France and Great Britain, waged the first modern, mechanized and truly global war in human history.

Da conferência da paz da Haia (1907) às negociações de paz de Paris (1919): Quando o Brasil emergiu para a diplomacia mundial?
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
(www.pralmeida.org; http://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com)

[Objetivo: texto de apoio a palestra; finalidade: Evento Embaixada Bélgica]
Palestra Terça-feira 28 de julho, 17h00 – 17h40 (BRT), no quadro do programa comemorativo do centenário da visita do rei Albert ao Brasil (1920), organizado pela embaixada da Bélgica.

Sumário:
1. Os conceitos de diplomacia mundial, internacional, global ou multilateral
2. Como o Brasil emerge para a diplomacia mundial, ou multilateral
3. A passagem do Brasil da política regional para a política internacional
4. O Brasil na conferência da paz da Haia (1907)
5. Rui Barbosa defende a neutralidade da Bélgica na Grande Guerra (1916)
6. O Brasil nas negociações de paz de Paris (1919)
7. Encontros entre o presidente Epitácio Pessoa e o Rei Albert

1. Os conceitos de diplomacia mundial, internacional, global ou multilateral Existem vários sentidos, já consolidados, ao conceito de diplomacia mundial, que pelo seu adjetivo seria algo equivalente a internacional, ou global, embora esse termo seja mais recente. Mas o conceito pode também querer dizer diplomacia multilateral, ou seja, a de organismos internacionais, que podem ser intergovernamentais, de tipo setorial, mas podem também ser de âmbito universal, continental ou regional, ou no sentido plurilateral. No primeiro sentido, isto é, mundial, significaria uma diplomacia nacional capaz de cobrir todo ou a maior parte do planeta, ou um conjunto significativo de atores relevantes, países, Estados, economias relevantes do ponto de vista das relações internacionais, da dinâmica dos intercâmbios globais, ou tocando aos temas mais sensíveis da comunidade internacional, ou mundial, que tem a ver com a paz (ou a guerra), a segurança, as relações de comércio, de investimentos, de transações financeiras, de movimentos de pessoas, tanto quanto de bens intangíveis (cultura, arte, conhecimento, cooperação), e suas respectivas instituições de suporte. Num contexto mais tradicional desse primeiro conceito ele tem a ver com a ação das grandes potências, os chamados poderes hegemônicos, as antigas nações coloniais ou imperiais, ou seja, os grandes atores, definidos pela sua capacidade de projetar poder externamente com base em seus recursos intrínsecos.
(...)

“Brazil and the 1919 peace negotiations: a newcomer among the greats”, Brasília, 7-16 june 2019, 21 p. Paper prepared for the Peace Making after the First World War, 1919-1923 Conference, due to be held on 27 and 28 June at The National Archives and Lancaster House. Sent to the Organizing Committee; The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey; e-mail: peacemaking.conference@gmail.com). Program of the  conference: Academia.edu (link: https://www.academia.edu/39527330/Peace_Making_after_the_First_World_War_1919-1923_Conference).

This paper presents the events and interactions of solidarities that occurred in the area of upper Soča/Isonzo valley (today northwestern part of Slovenia) through years 1915-1917. The town Bovec and its surroundings were evacuated in May 1915, most of the inhabitants had to flee inside Austria-Hungary or Italy. All the evacuated area became to be the new battlefield of Isonzo front, where the front line was brought to standstill until October 1917. Because there was only static fighting in fields, the rear of some valleys in Bovec area stayed inhabited. With this research I would like to present the solidarities on three levels: between soldiers in the field and in the rear; between soldiers and civilians; and between civilians. Through memories, letters, reports and other documents we can observe a number of interactions that show solidarity, for example, the solidarity that was presented to local children of Soča village on 4th of October 1916, name day of emperor Franz Joseph, when the k.u.k. staff officers gave each child a loaf of bread. And this is just one of the interactions between soldiers and civilians, where some interactions may not be so kind as others. Soldier of 27. Landwehr Infanterie Regiment Ivan Matičič observed when fighting in the mountains over the area of Bovec that some officers had no solidarity towards lower ranking soldiers and treated them scornfully. We can also observe solidarity from communal officials towards those who had to flee the area, as records show they sent seeds for sowing to local refugees in a refugee camp inside Austria so that they could grow them some food. This and many more acts of solidarity or non-solidarity that happened through the war years will be presented in the paper.

The aim of this draft paper is to investigate the claim of the inhabitants of Farnham, Surrey, that the first observance of the Two Minutes’ Silence was held in their town at 11 a.m. on Saturday, 10th May 1916, 3½ years before the first national Two Minutes’ Silence on Tuesday, 11th November 1919.  My methodology will be to analyse and contrast the intentions expressed in respect of the planning of Farnham’s silence plus aspects of the observance itself with those of the national silence, with particular reference to the contextual setting and framework, intended purpose, and aural shape and structure of each.

On 28 July 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy declared war on Serbia after its negative response to the ultimatum. Partial mobilization began on July 28 at midnight towards Serbia, where the first front of the Great War was opened. It required a new organizational framework and organizational work from the railway of the Monarchy. In peace time, the Hungarian railways were built up of 12 business management departments (railway headquarters) led by the Minister of Commerce, or subordinated to a separate board, or their own administrative organization. The commitment of the railway network for military purposes was managed in peacetime by a joint 5/Eisenbahnbüro (EB) department of the Ministry of War and the Chiefs of Staff, which had 27 railway commanding centre subordinated to the Monarchy, therefore the entire Hungarian network as well. With the outbreak of war, the 5/E.B. dissolved and military railway authorities were established while the existing railway headquarters started their operation with extended competence. The Central Transportation Management, which was established at that time, led the entire railway service during the mobilization and then to the stations assigned by the chief of military traffic in the hinterland. Subsequently, further transport was carried out by the Field Transportation Management. The Central Transportation Management was the accurate developer, implementer and control body of the planned and ordered rail transport transports with national general and partial competence in all rail transport issues and with full right of disposal. It was divided into a military, a railway department, a locomotive and a car coach management. It was also subdivided into regional and local rail transport, supply and service units. The aim of my presentation is to present the military organizational transformation of the Hungarian railways and their operation during the war period.

Un año después de su aparición en Francia durante el 2016 -coincidiendo, apropiadamente, con el centenario de la mentada batalla-, ha llegado a nuestras librerías El último asalto de Jaques Tardi (Valence, 1946), la tercera parte de la saga que el gran dibujante de cómics ha dedicado a lo más crudo de la Primera Mundial y de la que forman parte previa La guerra de las trincheras (1993) y ¡Puta Guerra! (2009) -en français suena más fino-, todas publicadas en España por Norma durante la presente década.

Avec cet ouvrage, Alexandre Sumpf réintégre la Russie dans une historiographie de la Grande Guerre (centrée essentiellement sur l’Europe et les fronts dits «  primaires  »). Pour faciliter la comparaison, l’auteur s’est borné au cadre chronologique européen, celui des années 1914‑1918. Ce cadre lui permet également d’inclure dans son propos le début de la guerre civile et de respecter ainsi les logiques spécifiquement russes du conflit....

Italian performance in the First World War has been generally disparaged or ignored compared to that of the armies on the Western Front, and troop morale in particular has been seen as a major weakness of the Italian army. In this first book-length study of Italian morale in any language, Vanda Wilcox reassesses Italian policy and performance from the perspective both of the army as an institution and of the ordinary soldiers who found themselves fighting a brutally hard war. Wilcox analyses and contextualises Italy's notoriously hard military discipline along with leadership, training methods and logistics before considering the reactions of the troops and tracing the interactions between institutions and individuals. Restoring historical agency to soldiers often considered passive and indifferent, Wilcox illustrates how and why Italians complied, endured or resisted the army's demands through balancing their civilian and military identities.

During the Great War, the Belgian ‘Second Section’ concentrated its espionage efforts on national occupied soil, operating 38 intelligence networks, and covering almost 700 agents. These networks were mainly managed from the towns of Flushing and Maastricht, in neutral Netherlands. The Belgian secret service did not coordinate its operation on occupied territory with its French and British counterparts. They even experienced a bitter concurrency with the latter. Its first but limited successes of 1914-1915 were followed by a series of disasters the following year. At the end of summer 1916, most of the resistance groups working for the ‘Second Section’ were dismantled. Subsequently, the Belgian secret service never achieved to recover its presence on national occupied soil before the end of the war.

This talk, a contribution to an experts' workshop at the University of Lincoln, takes an initial look at what music in the home meant for people in the period 1900-1925, that is, before the generalization of gramophone and radio. It is mor ein the nature of a framework for future research than a report on completed work.

Poszukiwanie debiutu Ireny Tuwim nie należy do rzeczy łatwych. Jej pierwsze utwory, pisane w wieku młodzieńczym publikowane były na łamach prasy łódzkiej, często pod pseudonimami, nadanymi przez jej brata, Juliana, który w tajemnicy przed siostrą zanosił jej wiersze do zaprzyjaźnionych redakcji. W świetle dzisiejszej wiedzy za najwcześniej opublikowane wiersze poetki należy uznać utwory "Przy kominku" oraz "Szczęście" zamieszczone w pierwszej połowie 1914 r. na łamach jednodniówki literackiej "Życie Łódzkie" pod red. A. Nullusa, współtworzonej przez J. Tuwima. Wspomniane wiersze zostały podpisane pseudonimem "Ira Blan-ka". Ponadto wierze zostały opatrzone przypisem, z którego wynikało, że ich autor-ka miała 15 lat a wiersze zostały opublikowane bez jej wiedzy. Słowa kluczowe Irena Tuwim, literatura łódzka w XX wieku W numerze 8/2019 "Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze" ukazał się artykuł autorstwa prof. dr hab. Katarzyny Kuczyńskiej-Koschany "Panienka, Godzina Polski, 1916: Irena Tuwim's Literary Debut," poświęcony młodzieńczej twórczości młodszej siostry Juliana Tuwima. Do lektury Czytanie Literatury Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze 9/2020

Soit qu'on parle d'oeuvres didactiques, récréatives ou mémorielles, l'enfance ainsi que la jeunesse  représentent sans aucun doute une partie déterminante du lectorat et bien sûr de la foule de protagonistes de la production littéraire pendant et après la Grande Guerre.  Du thème de l'Alsace-Lorraine si récurrent après 1870 sous la plume de Lisbeth-Nett ou Guy Arnoux à  l'Alphabet de la Grande Guerre de Hellé jusqau'aux Livres Roses de la Guerre de Larousse, le simplisme cocardier semble laisser également  la place à l'imagination et donc à une « littérarité » qui selon l'excellente étude de Laurece Olivier-Messonier, Guerre et Littérature de jeunesse (1870-1919) demeure méconnue  et « insoupçonnée ». 
En nous s'appuyant sur le personnage de Bécassine  issu du journal La Semaine de Suzette, (relativement aux albums publiés entre 1915-1919) qui après la déclaration de guerre en août 1914 reçoit une inflexion patrioptique, nous essayerons de conduire une analyse transversale liée à la création de l'enfant/héros, allant de la problématique axiologique jusqu'à l'histoire littéraire et à  l'évolution du système éducatif. Pour ce faire, nous priviligiérons les outils  iconographiques et rhétoriques dont les pérégrinations de Bécassine s'avèrent très riche.

One of the series of recollections and family stories - this one from a great nephew about the loss of battle cruiser HMS Invincible at the greatest naval battle of the Great War - Jutland  - which was the reason for the famous quote by Admiral Beatty "There's something wrong with our ships today".

This journal article offers a historical perspective on how a group of Australian Christians responded to a time of crisis. The focus here is on leaders and supporters of the Australian arm of the British and the Foreign Bible Society (BFBS)—since renamed the Bible Society of Australia. The Bible Society’s response to a period of “unprecedented” crisis—marked by the First World War and the Spanish Influenza pandemic—is illuminating for several reasons: in the first place, the Bible Society is Australia’s oldest and largest nationwide parachurch organisation; additionally, during the period of the First World War it was the nation’s most important ecumenical Protestant entity, and so it provides an unparalleled snapshot of religious organisation and activity across Protestant denominations. The society also possesses a rich vein of archival sources—including extensive committee and branch minutes, ephemera, and periodical publications—that remain untapped by Australian historians (until now, that is, as this lecturer is currently writing the first major scholarly history of the Bible Society of Australia).

As this article demonstrates, Bible Society leaders and supporters responded with a clear focus on their mission and raison d’être; with creativity that saw opportunities within crises; with sacrificial commitment and flexibility; and with a stubborn optimism underpinned by a theology of a transcendent kingdom governed by the providence of God—all of which was pursued in the face of profound uncertainty and loss that touched almost every family in Australia.

"Slovenské" pešie pluky zohrávali v prvom roku Veľkej vojny významnú úlohu v rámci rakúsko-uhorskej armády. Veľká časť plukov povolávajúca mužov z územia súčasného Slovenska smerovalo na front v Haliči. Po náročnom pochode sa medzi rakúsko-uhorskými a ruskými vojskami strhla prvá vážna bitka pri Kraśniku, kde boli nasadené aj tzv. "slovenské" pešie pluky. Počas trvania bitky medzi 23. a 25. augustom zaznamenali pluky obrovské straty.

Rarely has an event defined a national era so significantly as did the case of the falsely accused and imprisoned French/Jewish army captain Alfred Dreyfus in 1894.  Shadows of the dark influence of anti-Semitism fueled pre-war French national identity, disgracing the army and dividing the National Assembly.  What was a domestic issue for France the 1890s erupted into international scandal when Émile Zola published his open letter to President Faure in L’Aurore in 1898 condemning the miscarriage of justice by the Army and politicians. Resolved in 1906 with Dreyfus’ exoneration and restoration to rank, those eight years of public debate deeply divided France before and throughout the Great War.
Early French and later international filmmakers, sought to narrate the breakdown of French state and civil society through a national lens and against the social and political imprint left by the Affair.  Such prospective forms the interconnected structures of three unique yet distinctly different discourses on the traditional war film: Abel Gance’s sweeping epic J’Accuse (1919), Jean Renoir’s emotive La Grande Illusion (1937) and decades later, Stanley Kubrick’s ethical dilemma Paths of Glory (1957).
In the dialogues that Gance, Renoir and Kubrick strived to initiate through their films, each would agree with sentiments expressed by former French President Chirac during the centennial commemorations of Dreyfus’ vindication in 2006.  Chirac praised Dreyfus’ rehabilitation as a rejection of anti-Semitism and a victory for human rights, concluding that the fight against the dark forces of intolerance is never definitively won.  We must remain vigilant.

The purpose of this paper is to review the multiple meanings of the terms "barbarian" and "barbarity" during World War I in France. The atrocities perpetrated by the German armies in late Summer 1914 contributed to portray the Germans as "barbarians". This widely circulated image was increasingly used by wartime propaganda. This paper also shows how the term was used by the French themselves to describe their own barbarity and to question brutal forms of warfare.

This paper also shows how the term was used to describe one's own barbarity and to question brutal forms of warfare.

Key words : First World War; Image of Enemy; Barbarian; Brutalization; Cruelty.

Résumé :

Cet article s’intéresse aux différentes acceptions des termes « barbare » et « barbarie » en Grande Guerre, et notamment dans le cas de (...)

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Cet article s’intéresse aux différentes acceptions des termes « barbare » et « barbarie » en Grande Guerre, et notamment dans le cas de la France. Il montre que le barbare est une image de l’ennemi très répandue et utilisée qui se radicalise encore entre 1914 et 1918, notamment du fait des atrocités allemandes du début de la guerre qui permettent d’accuser l’ennemi de « barbarie ». Mais il montre aussi que le terme est parfois employé pour évoquer sa barbarie propre en interrogeant les pratiques de violence sur le champ de bataille.

Mots clés : Première Guerre mondiale ; image de l’ennemi ; barbare ; brutalisation ; cruauté.

Eliot's reading and bereavements during the Great War were to haunt him for much of his life and are still evident in "Four Quartets".  Some images recur, partly because they were saturated, as he put it, with feelings too obscure for him even to know quite what they were.