Honey

Many healthy subjects and patients are taking natural bioactive products for the prevention and treatment of multiple conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders. Based on current evidence, the scientific validity of the use of many of these commercial compounds by the ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tetracycline and oxytetracycline resistance determinants in Bacillus cereus strains isolated from honey samples. Of a total of 77 isolates analyzed, 30 (39%) exhibited resistance to tetracyclines according to the results of a disk diffusion method. Resistant strains (n=30) were screened by PCR for the presence of the resistant determinants tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetW, otrA and otrB and their MIC values for tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline were assessed. According to the PCR results, 23 isolates (77%) presented at least one tetracycline or oxytetracycline resistance determinant. The tetK genotype was present in 10 isolates while the tetL, tetM, and otrA genotypes were present in 3, 2, and 5 isolates, respectively. In addition, 2 isolates of the tetK plus tetM genotype, 1 of the tetK plus tetL genotype, and 1 of the tetK plus otrA genotype were found. All isolates were tetW, tetO and otrB negatives. On the other ha...

The presence of royal jelly (RJ) proteins in honey collected from nectars of different plants, origin, and regions and in honeybee's pollen was detected by Western-blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies raised against water-soluble RJ-proteins. The most abundant RJ-protein in honeybee products corresponded to a 55 kDa protein. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 55 kDa protein was N-I-L-R-G-E. This sequence is identical to the apalbumin-1, the most abundant protein of RJ. Apalbumin-1 is a regular component of honeybee products and thus is a suitable marker tool for proving adulteration of honey by means of immunochemical detection. Its presence in all tested samples of honeys and honeybee pollen was confirmed also by Western-blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant apalbumin-1. It has been found that major RJ-proteins, apalbumin-1, and apalbumin-2, stimulate mouse macrophages to release TNF-alpha, which demonstrates that physiologically active p...

Creamed honey is a non-liquid form of honey. This type of honey is produced mainly by adding nuclei
(i.e. previous creamed honey) to liquid honey. In this research, chemical characteristics of creamed
honey produced using two nuclei types; 10% of creamed honey (M1), and 2.4% of powdered
glucose (M2) at a storage temperature of 5°C were investigated. The sugar content, pH, and water
percent were chemically analyzed. The results showed that sucrose, fructose and moisture percents
were significantly higher in creamed honey produced using M1 by 1.09, 1.69 and 1.65%, respectively
than M2. On the other hand, creamed honey produced using M2 had significantly higher glucose
percent and pH by 2.4% and 0.53, respectively than M1. The study highlighted the noticeable
impacts of nuclei type on characteristics of creamed honey. The results of this study have a special
importance to creamed honey producers.

In this study, 24 organochlorine pesticide residues in 109 different honey samples collected from stores and open markets in Konya, Turkey were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Aldrin, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, 2,4′ -DDE, and 4,4′ -DDE were found in all honey samples. The mean value was 0.0540 μg g − 1 for oxy-chlordane. In the 55 samples of 109, levels of organochlorine pesticide residues of oxy-chlordane were determined as higher than those of Turkish Alimentarius Codex maximum residual limits (MRLs). Other organochlorine pesticide residues also exceeded MRLs except for cis-heptachlor epoxide and α-hexachlorocyclohexane. Since all of the honey samples are found contaminated and most of these samples exceeded MRLs, a control of organochlorine pesticide residues in honey is necessary for consumer health.

Honey has been used since ancient times for wound repair, but the subjacent mechanisms are almost unknown. We have tried to elucidate the modulatory role of honey in an in vitro model of HaCaT keratinocyte re-epithelialization by using acacia, buckwheat, and manuka honeys. Scratch wound and migration assays showed similar increases of re-epithelialization rates and chemoattractant effects in the presence of different types of honey (0.1%, v/v). However, the use of kinase and calcium inhibitors suggested the occurrence of different mechanisms. All honeys activated cyclin-dependent kinase 2, focal adhesion kinase, and rasGAP SH3 binding protein 1. However, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, integrin-β3, cdc25C, and p42/44 mitogen activated protein kinase showed variable activation pattern. Re-epithelialization recapitulates traits of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the induction of this process was evaluated by a polymerase chain reaction array, revealing marked differences among honeys. Manuka induced few significant changes in the expression of EMT-regulatory genes, while the other two honeys acted on a wider number of genes and partially showed a common profile of up- and down-regulation. In conclusion, our findings have shown that honey-driven wound repair goes through the activation of keratinocyte re-epithelialization, but the ability of inducing EMT varies sensibly among honeys, according to their botanical origin.

Hotrienol (3, 7-dimethyl-1, 5, 7-octatrien-3-ol, II) is the principal aroma component detected by headspace analysis in leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida) honey. It arises from the dehydration of 2, 6-dimethyl-3, 7-octadiene-2, 6-diol (I), the principal terpene in methylated and unmethylated ether extracts of leatherwood honey. The diol I was detected in leatherwood plant extracts. Methylated ether extracts of the honey also contained methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetate (III), which has not been previously reported in honey, in addition to many other aromatic substances. Compound III was a major component of the acidic fraction of the plant extract. A methylated extract of unripe leatherwood honey collected after 1 week in the hive was found to contain methyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate (IV) and an unidentified compound [m/z 91 (100), 180] as the principal components. The unidentified compound found in immature honey was not detected in the plant extracts.

The different forms of traditional communication are used in honey gathering at the local and international levels. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to examine the use of traditional forms of communication in traditional honey gathering in Sri Lanka. The conceptual and theoretical framework of this study is mainly based on the concept of development communication. The geographical location was Anuradhapura district, North Central Province in Sri Lanka. The study used the in-depth interview method for the data collection. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings show that, the different traditional forms of communication such as natural smokes, Kem Krama (kind of ritual treatments), rites and rituals, folk tales, folk poems, ceremonial occasions etc. are used to reach the honey hive and inactivate the bees without killing or harming, to cut honeycombs and to collect honey carefully and cautiously. The most important thing is that the responsible authorizes should also take necessary actions to empower traditional honey collectors to maintain the traditional honey gathering. Combing traditional folk communications, modern techniques and safety measures and educating honey collectors to avoid the potential risks are some of the solutions to increase the honey harvest as well as to empower the honey collectors.

Celem pracy było porównanie wyznaczników jakości miodu manuka importowanego i dystrybuowanego na polskim rynku. Oceniano poziom HMF, liczbę diastazową oraz porównywano poziom methylogloxalu deklarowany przez producentów i sprzedawców miodów manuka z mierzonymi, rzeczywistymi ilościami MGO w danej partii miodu. Za prawidłowe, pod względem wartości methylglyoxalu oraz jakości handlowej można uznać miody manuka z oznaczeniem typu MGO w przedziale od 0 do 499 mg methylglyoxalu na kg miodu. Przy czym, deklaracja wyższa od wartości 499 mg/kg zarówno jakość handlowa jak i zgodność faktycznej ilości methylogloxalu w stosunku do gwarantowanej jest niższa (szczególnie dla grupy o deklarowanej zawartości MGO powyżej749).

In the Italian peninsula, beekeeping reached its highest levels during the
Roman era, and then fall into oblivion for a very long time period. We can
see how beekeeping in Italy as in the rest of the world, has always been
strictly linked to the great historical periods and to the its important events
both positive and negative.

Sucrose is considered by many to be detrimental to health, giving rise to deterioration of the body associated with ageing. This study was undertaken to determine whether replacing sucrose in the diet long-term with honey that has a high antioxidant content could decrease deterioration in brain function during ageing. Forty-five 2-month old Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum for 52 weeks on a powdered diet that was either sugar-free or contained 7.9% sucrose or 10% honey (which is the equivalent amount of sugar). Anxiety levels were assessed using an Elevated Plus Maze, whilst a Y maze and an Object Recognition task were used to assess memory. Locomotor activity was also measured using an Open Field task to ensure that differences in activity levels did not bias results in the other tasks. Anxiety generally decreased overall from 3 to 12 months, but the honey-fed rats showed significantly less anxiety at all stages of ageing compared with those fed sucrose. Honey-fed animals also displayed better spatial memory throughout the 12-month period: at 9 and 12 months a significantly greater proportion of honey-fed rats recognised the novel arm as the unvisited arm of the maze compared to rats on a sugar-free or sucrose-based diet. No significant differences among groups were observed in the Object Recognition task, and there appeared to be no differences in locomotor activity among groups at either 6 or 12 months. In conclusion, it appears that consumption of honey may reduce anxiety and improve spatial memory in middle age.

Stirred yogurt manufactured using probiotic culture which usually called Rayeb milk in the Middle East region is one of the most important functional fermented milk products. To increase the health and functionality properties to this product , some ingredients like fruits, cereal, and whey protein are used in production. This study was carried out to prepare functional Rayeb milk from goat's milk, barley flour (15%) and honey (4%) mixtures using ABT culture. Also, vanilla and cocoa powder were used as flavorings. Adding barley flour and honey to goat's milk increased curd tension and water-holding capacity and decreased coagulation time and susceptibility to syneresis. The values of carbohydrate, total solids, dietary fiber, ash, total protein, water soluble nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic acids, and antioxidant activity were higher in Rayeb milk supplemented with barley flour and honey than control. The viabilities of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Chr. Hansen's Lab A/S) increased in fortified Rayeb milk. The recommended level of 10 7 cfu g −1 of bifidobacteria as a probiotic was exceeded for these samples. Addition of vanilla (0.1%) or cocoa powder (0.5%) improved the sensory properties of fortified Rayeb milk.

1 Tabooed, worshipped, and sometimes exploited, the female breast is a visible, tangible and beautiful feature of the female body. Although it is a secondary sexual organ, and not necessary for reproduction, the female breast has an aesthetic and a functionality that makes it distinctly female. While the breast is physiologically a mammary gland designed to provide nourishment to newborn babies its physical feature, its sensitivity, and its oral practicality have created a fascination that influences the value placed on it both by men and women (Jones, 15). To understand contemporary attitudes about the female breast, it is necessary to analyze traditional and persistent symbolism, and imagery, around the concept of breastfeeding, and providing natural substance that has influenced modern Western culture. In monotheistic cultures such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the breast manifested sacredness and was believed to be the "spiritual nurturance of all Christian souls" (Yalom, 5). This tradition harkens back to the Paleolithic period where archaeologists found female figurines sculpted out of bone, stone, or clay, with prominent breasts, and a voluptuous female figure believed to be a symbolism of fertility, and healthy offspring. This paper will examine the primordial, exhilarating, and monstrous image of the multi-breasted goddess Artemis Ephesia, through the continued exhibition and overlapping influence of art and sculpture, and the discourse of mothering roles and identities reflected in Mother Goddess ritual and tradition.

Mead is the only alcoholic beverage for which a name can be reconstructed  with certainty in Proto-Indo-European. The name survived in Greek, Sanskrit and Avestan with certain changes of meaning, while archaeological, literary and linguistic evidence show that mead itself (both the beverage and the name) remained familiar in north-western Europe. The evidence strongly suggests that from the earliest period it was fermented and stabilized using meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)

ICS 65.020.99 Badan Standardisasi Nasional "Hak cipta Badan Standardisasi Nasional, copy standar ini dibuat untuk Panitia Teknis 65-02: Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu, dan tidak untuk dikomersialkan" © BSN 2013 Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang. Dilarang mengumumkan dan memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi dokumen ini dengan cara dan dalam bentuk apapun serta dilarang mendistribusikan dokumen ini baik secara elektronik maupun tercetak tanpa izin tertulis dari BSN

The apiculture business plan here is a detailed information on a natural beekeeping business plan for a community based organization.
The plan also detailed the most products of beehive like, pollen, propolis, wax, royal Jelly and bee honey.