Hopewell

Attribute analysis of the lamellar blade assemblage recovered from the Buried Gardens of Kampsville (TBGOK) has provided information regarding manufacture, use, and discard patterns practiced by Havana Hopewell people living in the Lower Illinois River Valley. Microwear studies provide valuable data regarding the function of Hopewell blades. However those studies are very time-consuming and require unique skillsets and expensive equipment. The attribute approach taken here provides basic information about the size, shape, and condition of the lamellar blades as well as the raw material chosen for tool production. The results of this approach suggest that blades were not necessarily the end production of blade production. People appear to have broken whole blades into smaller work units, and modified them through retouch for specialized tasks. It also appears that they chose several specific types of Burlington chert and used varying degrees of heat treatment in the production of blades.

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The preservation of complex materials and associated environments presents the Digital Preservation (DP) community in general and the JISC community in particular with considerable intellectual and logistical challenges. While many of the techniques that have been developed within the context of migration-based DP approaches are of continuing value, others cannot be applied so well given the extra complexity presented by, for example, interactive videogames. Recent work undertaken in the Planets and KEEP projects has shown that the problems involved in preserving such materials and
their associated environments, while substantial, are by no means intractable, but in order to continue to make progress in this area it is important to engage and energize the wider
DP community.

A vital aspect of this process comprises articulating the state of the art in
1. Simulations and Visualisations;
2. Software Based Art
3. Gaming Environments and Virtual Worlds.

This encompasses exploring with international experts the research results achieved so far across each of these domains; presenting coherent pathfinder solutions; and clearly signposting areas where work remains to be done. A further step is
to synthesize key findings across all three areas and emphasize synergies that can be built upon, and to disseminate these to the various stakeholder communities.

These are the principal objectives that POCOS addresses and POCOS partners are well placed to tackle the problem space, with the University of Portsmouth as overall coordinator bringing research and technical input from KEEP; the British Library
supplying project management and research expertise from Planets, King’s Visualisation Lab bringing their specialist visualisation and simulation knowledge and experience; The
Humanities Advanced Technology & Information Institute giving their specialist Software Based Art expertise from Planets.

I explore in this paper the significance of the headdress interred on Burial 11 under Hopewell Mound 25 by reexamining its
archaeological context and the history of its interpretation. Following Shetrone’s (1926) initial interpretation, I argue that
it was an avian headdress that specifically portrayed a two-headed raptor. I support this reassessment with an iconographic
analysis of related representations from the Central Ohio River Valley, especially the imagery engraved on a femur from
Hopewell Mound 25. I also delve into what these two-headed raptors might have meant to people in the Eastern Woodlands.

In the most general terms, archaeologists have classified two types of copper ear spools; solid and bi-cymbal as Hopewell and copper covered and pulley as MIssissippian. In this survey of the Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD), we'll take a closer look at what was found where in the Americas and see if that generality holds up. Here you'll discover, too, a third type of ear spool has emerged.

Results of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of Middle and Late Woodland pottery (n = 313) and clay (n = 22) samples from northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia are presented. Assemblages in this region include Swift Creek Complicated Stamped pottery that preserves unique evidence of social interactions through the inimitable qualities of designs stamped into vessel surfaces. Archaeologists have proffered various hypotheses to explain movement of ceramic vessels or the carved wooden paddles used in the manufacture of these vessels. This study tests these hypotheses and indicates that nonlocal vessels, particularly complicated stamped ones, were deposited almost exclusively in mortuary contexts, a pattern that requires new explanations for the role of pottery in social interactions. These data are being integrated with a larger project that aims to reveal the social processes that were tied to the manufacture, use, and distribution of pottery.

The Turner workshop is one of a growing number of blade-making sites recognized as associated with the major Hopewell earthwork complexes of the Ohio Valley. Blade-making is an important aspect of the Hopewell episode and a potential context for specialized production by craftsmen. Yerkes (2003:18) recently has suggested that craft specialization should be viewed as a continuum with specific situations representing one of many possible levels of intensified production. This thesis first examines the level of intra-Hopewell blade industry consistency among continuous and categorical blade and blade-core attributes. Next, the relative variability in continuous blade attributes within the Turner Workshop sample is compared with the relative variability of blade industries from other cultural contexts to gain perspective on the relative position of the Ohio Hopewell blade industry on the specialization continuum. Relative variability is measured by the Coefficient of Variation adjusted for bias (CV*), and CV*s are compared with a modified t-test as recommended by Sokal and Braumann (1980:61-62). Based on the high level of relative variability present within the Turner Workshop sample, the lack of standardization in the production process, and the high error rate evident in the final products of the industry it is concluded that craft specialization is not a characteristic of the Ohio Hopewell blade industry.

The true definition of the three major human’s viirtues. // Истинное определение трех основных человеческих добродетелей.
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Надежда, рекут, умирает последней: в сем мире последним теряем мы тело, каким есть она. Но Любовь, огнь бессмертной души, коя есть че’LOVE’к — не умрет никогда.

A brief summary of field investigations during the 1996 season at the Mound City Group, Hopeton Earthworks, and Spruce Hill units of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is presented. Small-scale test excavations document intact Middle Woodland archeological deposits at the Mound City Group. Intensive controlled surface collection at the Hopeton Earthworks sheds light on the nature and location of Middle Woodland period activities surrounding the earthworks. Remote sensing (resistivity) documents evidence of a small circular enclosure at the Hopeton Earthworks. Salvage excavations targeting a Middle Woodland period domestic occupation outside the Hopeton Earthworks (Overly Tract) are noticed. The first effort to document the nature and timing of earthwork construction at the Hopeton Earthworks is described. A trench across the wall segment forming the northwest corner of the rectangular enclosure revealed evidence of the materials and sequence of construction. A radiocarbon date from the initial wall construction episode demonstrates the contemporaneity of the Mound City Group and Hopeton Earthworks, suggesting these two mound and earthwork complexes may have functioned together as a single closely related unit. Test excavations at the Spruce Hill Works provide evidence for the Hopewellian authorship of the earthworks.

Excavations were conducted at the Riverbank Site (33RO1059), located by the Hopewell Site (33RO27), in 2004 and 2006 to gather data from the site before it is eroded away by the Paint Creek and to improve understanding of the role of small sites located near large Hopewell earthworks. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was conducted on pottery from the Riverbank Site to help clarify its relationship with other nearby sites. Fifteen sherds from the site were sent to the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) for INAA, and the results were compared to the larger database of Hopewell ceramics. Baed on the results, which show that the fifteen sherds formed a unique trace element compositional group, the site likely represents a short-term occupation, possibly for a pilgrimage to the Hopewell Site, and the ceramics were likely either locally constructed for use at the site or constructed elsewhere to carry items on the way to Hopewell.

We describe and analyze blade production at a small site near the Turner Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio. The Turner Workshop provides perhaps the largest sample of Ohio Hopewell (ca. AD 50-350) blades and blade-cores recovered from a single site to date. We focus on describing the production process at Turner and comparing our results with those from other Ohio Hopewell and nonHopewell blade production sites. Special attention will be focused on rates of production errors, metric variability in final products, and the variability ...

Blades from the Hopewellian occupation at Garden Creek (31Hw2), North Carolina and Icehouse Bottom (40Mr23), Tennessee were analyzed by incident light microscophy in order to determine their functions.  Although blades are widely, though varyingly, represented in Hopewellian material culture inventories in the Southeast, their function has not been accurately determined.  The results of this microwear analysis indicate that over 85% of the Hopewell blades exhibited microwear traces.  A variety of tasks were identified: light butchery, meat cutting; hide cutting, bone/antler working -- sawing, graving, planing, and boring; wood whittling and sawing; and cutting/incising soft stone -- mica or soapstone.  In addition, 30% of these blades were used for more than one task.  Thus, we can infer that Hopewell blades were not special purpose tools.  Furthermore, it appears that these blades were designed so that they could be used initially in one manner (butchery, wood working, hide cutting, or bone/antler sawing) and then intentionally broken to use the strong, perpendicular edge to grave or incise very hard materials like bone and antler.  Another novel discovery is the documentation of the use of at least two Hopewell blades to cut or incise soft stone.  Interestingly, both of these soft stone-working blades were recovered at Garden Creek, which is situated in a locality rich in both soapstone and mica.

The popular use of three dimensional models for visually representing information in archaeology, historic buildings, cultural heritage organisations, and academic research has created new challenges for managing and preserving such material. Successful preservation of 3D models depends on a number of parameters, including identification of file formats, specification of technical characteristics and standardisation of metadata models. Furthermore, accurate interpretation of 3D models depends on the persistence of ...