Petnica Science Center September, 22 - 25th 2016. Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Book of Abstracts Editors: Marko A. Janković Vladimir D. Mihajlović Advisory Board: Ton Derks (Amsterdam University, Netherlands) Alka Domić Kunić (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Croatia) Dragana Grbić (Institute of Balcanology, Serbia) Marko A. Janković (University of Belgrade, Serbia) Vladimir D. Mihajlović (University of Novi Sad, Serbia) Martin Pitts (University of Exeter, UK) Jörg Rüpke (University of Erfurt, Germany) Inés Sastre (Instituto de Historia, Madrid, Spain) Book Design: Nikola Stepković/Marko Janković Print: Galaksija, Niš Organization: Department of Archeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad Petnica Science Center, Valjevo The conference was organized within the projects no. 177008 - „Archaeological Culture and Identity at the Western Balkans“ and no. 177002 - „The Region of Vojvodina in the context of European History". Cover illustration: Bone dice, 4th century, Petnica Cave Contents: Introduction ............................................................. 5 Organizers ............................................................. 8 Abstracts ............................................................. 13 List of Participants ....................................................... 108 Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World Petnica Science Center, September 22 – 25th 2016 The third conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World covers the range of topics including the social interactions directly or indirectly connected to the Roman sociopolitical system operating for several centuries in the Mediterranean and continental parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. The term Roman world should be understood loosely, as diverse sorts of heterogeneities somehow related to the power centered in Rome. In other words, the Roman world here implies a number of social, economic, cultural and other ties that various communities and individuals had with the dominant sociopolitical structure of the age. In this context, the edges in the title do not mean only peripheral areas of the Roman Empire and dynamics between the “Roman” and various local societies in the border zones, but also the social groups and phenomena at the fringes of what could be called Roman elites’ social networks. The notion identities refers to different means of (self)identiication, categorization, social positioning etc. and practices involved in such processes, both in terms of individuals and collectivities who were affected by Rome’s imperial politics. It is used primarily to emphasize the ongoing change of views on the “Roman world” from the static concept of “Roman/civilization” vs. “native/barbaric” dichotomy to more complex comprehensions of this segment of the past. The goal of the conference is to enable an open discussion on variety of approaches to these problems from different theoretical positions, as well as variety of disciplinary perspectives (archaeology, history, anthropology, art history, heritage studies). The IIERW is set to establish a wide network of scholars with different academic backgrounds and research experiences dealing with the Roman imperialism and related issues. Besides the topics and areas of research which (due to their actuality and wide interest) remained the same as in the previous meeting, the second conference will also direct attention to relexive views on our disciplines, their epistemology and the topic of reception and modern usage of the Roman past. The main topics of the conference are: • Relations between the Roman imperialism and regional/local communities, “non-elite” or “marginal” social categories of various sorts (global and local social/cultural trends and the creation of different life-experiences) • Social and cultural dynamics in the areas of interaction (contact, conlict, resistance and coexistence) • Complexity, variety and intersections of social/cultural realities and imaginations • Diversity of construction and communication of identities • Relexive history of Roman studies • Roman heritage The conference Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 will gather 54 participants from 17 different countries coming mostly from Europe, but also from Australia and USA. Most of the participants are academics and PhD students, but the conference was also opened for undergraduate students in order to give young students an opportunity to engage in academic debate as soon as possible in their academic life. The organizers hope that this conference is going to be just as succesfull as the previous two in 2012 and 2014, and that will keep to maintain the interest of the academic community for it's topics. Marko A. Janković Vladimir D. Mihajlović Organizers Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy – University of Belgrade, founded in 1838, is the oldest and most prominent institution of higher education in Serbia and among the oldest in the SouthEastern Europe. Today it is a modern school in compliance with contemporary trends in European academic space and upholding a high standard of academic excellence. It employs 255 teaching staff and has approximately 6000 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at nine departments: Department of Philosophy, Department of Classics, Department of History, Department of Art History, Department of Archeology, Department of Ethnology and Anthropology, Department of Sociology, Department of Psychology and Department of Pedagogy and Andragogy. Department of Archaeology was formed in 1881. at Belgrade University when Mihajlo Valtrović was elected for the irst archaeology professor in Serbia. Archeology seminar was separated as individual teaching and research unit in 1920. for the irst time, but since 1962. teaching was conducted through the Department of Archaeology. Today, archaeology courses are organized through three levels of studies – bachelor, master and PhD studies. Students are atending basic and specialistic courses from different archaeology areas, but also from similar disciplines – archaeozoology and phisical anthropology. Courses are covering geographical regions from Europe, eastern Meditterian, Near East ang Egypt, from early prehistory until the Middle Ages. Department of Archaeology also has separated units – Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Collection, Teoretical Archaelogy Center and Bioarchaeology Laboratory. Department consists of 16 lecturer, 8 researcher and cca. 400 students. Department of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad Founded in 1954, the Faculty of Philosophy is one of the two oldest faculties of the University of Novi Sad. The Faculty started its teaching and scientiic activities by enrolling 566 students on six study groups: History, South Slavic Languages, South Slavic Literature, English Language and Literature, German Language and Literature and Mathematics with Physics. It developed gradually, new departments were founded, three independent institutes were formed and the Faculty began its publishing activity and opened the library. The Faculty established the postgraduate studies in 1961 and the irst doctoral thesis was completed in 1969. Today the Faculty of Philosophy has grown to become recognizable as the leading centre of national cultures, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ruthenian and Romanian, offering at the same time study programs for foreign languages Russian, German, French and English. Students are given the opportunity to learn Italian, Ukrainian, Polish, Spanish, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek and Portuguese. Apart from the languages, the Faculty offers other disciplines such as history, philosophy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The youngest department at the Faculty is the Department of Media Studies which developed in 2004 and immediately gained enormous popularity. The Department of History was founded in the autumn of 1954, the same year as the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. In addition to history courses, the Department also organized introductory courses in Social Science Pedagogical Science, which were later established as separate teaching units. The primary task of the Department, which began on 1 December 1954, was to organize and conduct regular classes in history and academic research. The Department of History at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad was consolidated with the Institute for Historical Research of Vojvodina in 1975. The reason for this consolidation was the need to improve the overall teaching and academic research within the Province of Vojvodina. The academic work at the Institute was accomplished with the cooperation of various scientiic institutions both within the country and abroad. Petnica Science Center, Valjevo Petnica Science Center is a regional parallel-to-school institution aimed at cutting-edge, extracurricular science education of students with extraordinary aptitude for science and research in wide spectrum of sciences and technologies. With 4000 sq. meters of modern classrooms, labs, and library space, and more than 1,000 guest teachers selected from among the best scientists, each year PSC offers more than 130 different courses, workshops, conferences, and science camps to schools, students, and teachers. The students are carefully selected from among 500 high schools throughout Serbia, as well as from nearby countries. Through carefully designed programs, Petnica Science Center covers a wide spectrum of subjects: from astronomy and physics to biology and chemistry; from archaeology and linguistics to computer science and electronics; from mathematics and psychology to geology and anthropology. In place of traditional subject-oriented science education, integral and problem orie-nted education is emphasized. PSC encourages students to think more and to rely on their knowledge, skills and experience of the world as a whole, in order to participate actively in education process. Not only does it teach students, the Petnica Science Center also assists schools and teachers to improve science education by using new teaching tools and methods, modern science concepts and knowledge, extracurricular activities, and recognizing gifted and talented students. Using its widespread contacts and relationships, the PSC searches for interesting ideas and experiences to implement. Moreover, through carefully designed teacher training courses and workshops, it tries to help in rapid development of more effective, lexible and student-centered education system. Abstracts Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Diplomacy and political communication at the edges of the Western world: relations between Hispanic peoples and Rome in the pre-provincial era (218-197 BC) Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain Enrique García-Riaza University of the Balearic Islands, Spain The contact between the Hispanic peoples and Rome, initiated before the outbreak of the Second Punic War, experienced during the Hannibalic conlict a signiicant impulse. The strategic and logistic needs of the Roman expeditionary forces generated the creation of links of cooperation with the still independent Hispanic cities and communities. Thus, an intense diplomatic and political dialog was developed, in order to create a strong anti-Punic military alliance under Roman leadership (symmachía / societas armorum). Once the war ended, the Iberian peninsula became for Rome a new frontier-land, with multiple vectors of military, diplomatic, political and economical intercourse. In order to keep an active presence in Iberia, Roman authorities developed a twofold attitude towards the so called "indigenous communities", mixing up a policy of incentives for the collaborators, and an increasing repression against independent communities (as the Celtiberians) or recently revolted peoples (i.e. the Ilergetians). In this context, diverse speciic practices, institutions and mechanisms of political and diplomatic interaction can be identiied. The dispatch of diplomatic missions (legationes), the celebration of high-level meetings (colloquia), the request of hostages or the employment of diverse symbolic elements represent some of the most signiicant expressions of this interesting dialog. This study is carried out by the Group Occidens (www.occidens.es), that integrates scholars from several Western European universities, currently working for the Research Project: "Diplomacy and political communication in the West (III-I centuries BC)" (HAR2015-66232-P), funded by the Spanish Government and the European Union (FEDER). 14 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 From Drunken Kings to Roman Emperors. Roman Perception of the Area Between the Adriatic And the Danube Alka Domić Kunić Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Zagreb, Croatia The perception of Others, the way that one community forms an opinion about another, whether neighbouring or far away, is an intriguing topic. In the majority of cases the perception is based on political, military or cultural perceptions that the superior community records in a written manner about the inferior community. These observations are generally subjective, with numerous misconceptions, misunderstandings and sometimes even thinly vailed contempt, although in some cases there may be admiration for some features that the superior culture appreciates, such as bravery or love of warfare. Numerous examples from historical sources will demonstrate how the relationship between the Greek and Roman world and the Others, located outside the Mediterranean basin, subtly but inevitably changed with time. As the theme of this congress is Imperialism and identities at the edges of the Roman world, older Greek writers who irst described contact between the Mediterranean and its barbarian neighbours will be left out (although not completely, because some of them are very picturesque). The main subject of the presentation will be Roman historical sources that describe how Rome viewed the inhabitants of the area between the Adriatic and the Danube river, beginning with the irst contacts in the 3rd c. B.C., through Rome's acquisition of this territory and its adjustments to Roman administration, up to the time when the Danube region took on the mantle of defender of Rome against northern barbarians. 16 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The inhabitants of world borders in Strabo’s work: some notes starting from Str. 1.2.1 e 2.5.12. Mattia Vitelli Casella Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstveno raziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti Ljubljana, Slovenia During the irst century BC, the most remote regions of the oikoumene were directly known thanks to the Roman military expeditions, as it had happened before in the case of the Iberian Peninsula at the times of Polybius. Strabo, who had the intention to describe the whole world following Augustus’ ideology, received and accepted a lot of this recent information unknown to the previous historiographers, above all Polybius himself and Posidonius. In some cases, Strabo himself took part in these expeditions and therefore saw directly what he was going to write about; in other cases, he is equally reliable, as he was able to get irsthand information thanks to his good relationship with the elite of Roman government and army. Apart from this irm standing point, investigating his sources one by one is a very dificult task, despite its being one that has already been performed. So I ind more interesting paying attention irstly to which improvement he brings to the previous knowledge in regions newly discovered, secondly which way he presents the inhabitants of these areas: as friends of the Roman power or as dangerous and underdeveloped enemies? The topic is chosen being wellknown to Strabo, it is particularly sensitive to the ‘anthropic’ geography. In order to answer this question, I will focus especially on Northwestern Europe, among the regions announced as new discoveries by the author at the beginning of his work, and I will compare his passages to the previous ‘mythical’ views of these people. 18 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 A people on the edge: a reassessment of the Narbo warrior denarius serratus (RRC 282) Ellen MacDougal School of Classics University of St Andrews St. Andrews, UK This paper provides a reassessment of the signiicance of the Narbo warrior denarius serratus when it comes to considering how foreign communities from the boundaries of the Roman Empire were represented on Republican coinage. This coin was minted in Narbo in approximately 118 B.C. following its foundation as the irst Roman colony out with Italy. At the time, it was a far from paciied region. It depicts a nude male Gallic charioteer who is armed and in the process of hurling a spear towards an unseen enemy. This type marks the earliest extant appearance of a foreign people on Republican coinage. Despite this, it has attracted very little attention in scholarship, which has identiied the image of the shackled captive, submissive to triumphing Roman power as the deining image of a foreign people in Republican numismatics. The composition of the denarius serratus presents a vastly different picture. Rather than being shown bound and submissive, he is shown active, armed and aggressive, with the outcome of his struggle unclear. By placing the coin type as far as possible within its contemporary context, this paper considers how an ancient viewer at the boundaries of the empire might have understood this image. The paper offers two potential avenues for interpretation. Firstly, the coin is considered against the contemporary backdrop of on-going conlicts in what was a far from settled region surrounding Narbo. Secondly, the coin is interpreted in the light of contemporary attitudes towards Gauls relected elsewhere in literature and artwork. There is a clear second century B.C. literary and artistic focus upon Gallic warriors at moments of combative action. In this tradition, a contemporary ancient viewer might have understood this scene as anticipating a Roman victory through superior military strength. A thorough investigation of this coin type in the light of its contemporary historical, literary and artistic context provides a more nuanced picture of peoples from the boundaries of the Empire in late Republican numismatics than just the image of the captive. 20 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Being Greek, Being Roman: identity crises and representations of political anxiety in the coinage and epigraphic record of Bosporan dynasts Magdalena Anna Bulanda Birkbeck College, University of London London, UK Of all the states of the Greek East, the Bosporan Kingdom, and particularly its relationship with the Roman Empire, is the subject of little discussion in modern academia. This lack of interest stems from a general tendency to regard, almost exclusively, this peripheral state as part of the Greek world. After all, it was Greek colonies that lay at its foundation. Yet once within the Roman sphere of interests, Cimmerian Bosporus remained irmly under imperial inluence until the 4th century, contributing to the success of imperial policy within the Black Sea Littoral and the Eastern Mediterranean. This paper will examine the dificulties experienced by the Bosporan dynasts, balancing a perceived commitment to the Empire, whilst preserving their heterogeneous, GrecoScythian heritage. The anxiety to appeal to both their Roman patrons and subjects is displayed in the changing symbology and patterns of the local coinage; and the periodic veiling of Roman imagery attests to shifting attitudes within Bosporan society. Depending on the political circumstances within the Pontic region either nationalistic or servile attitudes emerged. The beneits of Roman assistance, when deemed necessary, drove monarchs to express their loyalty; a lack of culpable support encouraged manifestations of their independence and sovereignty. The study of self-representation within both the local coinage and epigraphic monuments of the Bosporan kings contributes to our understanding of the cultural and political interactions, and their consequences on the fringes of the Roman Empire. Fundamentally, this conlict between political alliance and nationalistic attitudes exempliies the growing anxiety of the Roman clients to construct a domestic selfportrait of both authority and domination. 22 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Some traits of Romanization in Eastern Dalmatia Dragana Grbić Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Serbia From Roman epigrapher’s point of view, the author focuses on some aspects of Romanization and urbanization in the Roman province of Dalmatia, primarily on its eastern part. The impact of Roman culture and urban development greatly varied indifferent regions of the province and the tempo of acculturation was dictated by somewhat harsh realities of the life of provincial population which was mostly used for ore-mining and recruitment for auxiliary units. The changes brought on by the process of Romanization were usually slow to come, especially in places where a proper urban setting was lacking and where there was no greater outside inluence. A vital Romanizing impulse came from the presence of Italic families in provincial communities and their social and business networks. The establishment of Italic settlers promised intensiied economic and cultural exchange, bringing prosperity to thriving communities and instigating the rise of native Romanized families. Inscriptions testify to their intensive interaction with native population in eastern Dalmatia and reveal some very interesting information which will be discussed here. 24 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Identities Under Pressure: Ethnogenesis and Imperialism in Late Iron Age Gaul Alberto Pérez Rubio Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid, Spain I n this paper we analyze the dynamic nature of ethnic identities in Late Iron Age Gaul and the paramount role that in their deinition played warfare and military pressure, especially Roman intervention from the middle of the 2nd century BC onwards. Even if some ethnic identities in Gaul could perhaps be traced as far back as the 4th century BC, the migration of the Cimbrii and Teutones at the end of the 1st century BC, the increasing Roman presence, crystallized in the Caesarean conquest, and the own rivalries among Gallic civitates, meant a situation of pervading military stress. Against this backdrop, group identities were redeined according to political and military developments. Migrating communities as the Helvetii, military coalitions as the one constituted by the Belgae, or hegemonic civitates as the Aeduii, show us inclusive and luid processes of construction of ethnic identities, where small groups could coalesce into bigger ones ‒or segregate. Alongside the political dimension, cultural strategies as the construction of a shared cultural memory were crucial in the strengthening of these redeined identities, in a time when changes brought by Roman Imperialism were increasingly felt by Gallic societies. This study is carried out by the Group Occidens (www.occidens.es), that integrates scholars from several Western European universities, currently working for the Research Project: "Diplomacy and political communication in the West (III-I centuries BC)" (HAR2015-66232-P), funded by the Spanish Government and the European Union (FEDER). 26 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Civitas sine urbe: an approach to different ways of being roman in northwest Iberia Antonio Rodríguez Fernández Instituto de Historia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiicas Madrid, Spain Northwest Iberia has been usually understood as a landscape of cultural resistance to the Roman Empire. A periphery detached from the province’s process of subjugation with few Roman settlements as islands of cultural spread when a big majority of the population seems to keep organizational structures and cultural expressions from ancestral origins. Against this perspective, we will begin by acknowledging the colonialist mind-set in the acquisition of the Roman’s populi names by autochthonous groups, which so far has been assumed as a strategy to maintain their traditional mode of societal organization. Afterwards we will analyse different cases that have been interpreted in terms of either local resistance or rough forms of Roman models. In this sense, the rural epigraphy from the civitas Vadiniensis is a paradigmatic example of elite discourse regarding the development of social inequalities. A critical approach to the classic concept of Romanization is required to emphasise the local understanding of Roman culture, the inner hierarchy involved in their access to the Roman’s civitas system, and the inluence over modes of social representation. 28 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Iudaea/Palaestina vs. Erets-Israel Jewish identity and the perception of “Holy Land” during the Roman occupation of Iudaea/Palaestina Tibor Grüll University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary I mperialism―no matter when or where―uses the policy of changing borders. Romans were masters of the principle of what we call “divide and conquer”, especially in Judea. Pompey the Great was the irst to divide the country in accordance with the interests of Rome, and since the borders of Judea have been modiied several times. The legal status of Judea has also been changed from time to time: it was a kingdom (Herod the Great; Agrippa I and II); a small province subordinated to Syria (under Roman praefecti; procuratores; and legati); as well as a territory of principalities governed by tetrarchs and ethnarchs (Archelaus, Antipas, Philip). During the almost 400 hundred years of Roman occupation (63 BCE – 325 CE) the territory of Iudaea/Palaestina became a patchwork of free cities (with their territoria of signiicant size); military bases and zones; villages with mixed populations; farm-house estates (villae); imperial estates etc. The country of the Jews became heterogeneous, both ethnically and religiously: Romans, Greeks, Syrians, Samaritans, Idumeans, and Arabs―all with their own languages, cults and customs―settled here. Multiethnicism and multiculturalism was a well-known phenomenon in other Roman provinces as well, but in Iudaea/Palaestina it caused many troubles for the indigenous Jewish people. Cohabitation with “pagans” (i.e. non-Jews) is not without its problems because of the practical regulations of the Jewish halacha. While the Romans saw Iudaea/Palaestina as a territory conquered and incorporated to the imperium populi Romani―for the Jewish people it was the “Holy Land” promised by God to their forefathers. After three lost wars (66–73; 115–117; 132–135 CE) and the destruction of the Temple (70 CE) the “Holy Land-theology” has remained an important issue for the Jewish people living in Iudaea/Palaestina. Both the Tannaitic literature and a peculiar Hebrew inscription found at the Rehov-synagogue (ifth century CE) show that the Rabbis were frequently addressed on the question of the “borders of Erets-Israel”. It is obvious that this particular question was of great importance in keeping the religious identity of the Jewish people living in the province of Iudaea/Palaestina. To keep all the laws concerning the “Holy Land of Israel” (tithing, sabbatical fallowing, laws of purity etc.), however, was also important from an economic point of view. Consuming the wine of the pagans was absolutely forbidden for the Jews; the bread made by a pagan baker was allowed only when a Jewish bakery was not available; but the oil was allowed by the Rabbi (Judah the Prince), i.e. in the second half of the second century CE. 30 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Disorders on the edge: Iberian banditry in ancient discourses and modern identities Tomás Aguilera Durán Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid, Spain The banditry as the characteristic warfare and way of life of the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia is a typical question of ancient and modern historiography. This paper will make a diachronic analysis of the topic from the classical sources to the most recent revisions, focusing on the symbolic and ideological implications of its evolution. Firstly, it functioned as negative stereotype in the context of the Hellenistic ethnography and imperialist discourse of Rome. However, its original sense was inverted in its modern reception in two interesting ways. In the nationalistic context the topic was idealized as the irst example of the guerrilla resistance of Spaniards. On the other hand, the Marxist historiography reinvented the topic as an ancient case of revolution and class struggle. The paper will consider how these paradigms remain in the collective imagination. In some extent, this imperialist stereotype originated one of the most distinctive features of the Spanish historical identity. 32 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Roman Imperialism in the Historia Augusta: Construction and communication of Emperors' virtues and vices Cristiana Rofi Graduate School for the Humanities Cologne, Department of Ancient History − Universität zu Köln Cologne, Germany The aim of this abstract is to examine a speciic aspect of the collection of Roman imperial biographies conventionally known as Historia Augusta (henceforth: HA), namely the igures of the emperors and the analysis of the ideal of optimus and malus princeps through the semantics interpretation of adjectives − sanctus, optimus, malus – and nouns − clementia, parcitas, pudicitia, pietas / luxuria, voluptas, peridia, crudelitas, severitas – in comparison with the corresponding biographical vitae. In addition, this paper proposes to trace the development of an exemplary aspect of imperial imageforming, starting from the analysis of the traditional imperial representations and the vitia and virtutes of the rulers. A special section will be dedicated to the topoi related to tyrants and the negative or positive connotations not derived from topoi, examining the literary strategy used by the authors to discredit or praise an emperor (in terms of consecratio and damnatio memoriae). In particular, I will focus especially on the authors’ attempts to discredit the rulers and to differentiate between sovereigns regarded as “good” or “bad”, providing an overview of cultural stereotypes in the HA, examining (self-)representations and (self-)images and their impact on the formation of imperial identity. What is more, it will be relevant to investigate the traditionally “good emperors”, examining in depth an ambivalent impression of the sovereigns (Alexander Severus, Tacitus and Probus − boni princepes par excellence) and also exploring the list of traditionally “evil emperors”, especially Commodus and Heliogabalus. 34 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Provincial religion or religion in provinces – some theoretical considerations Josipa Lulić Department of History of Art Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia Religion in provinces has been studied for a long time as an indicator of the level of Romanisation. After the strong paradigm shift in the light of postcolonial theory that banished the word and the concept of Romanisation, a large theoretical vacuum is being illed with an excitingly large number of new theoretical models that try to conceptualize the cultural and religious change in the provinces. There are several additional problems for the theoretical framework for studying the Balkan provinces, mostly created by the tradition of scholarship that itself was developed from a “provincial” standpoint of semi-periphery. One of those problems is the implicit ideological framework of nation as zero institution (Močnik, Žižek) in historiography, which has framed especially the research of religion in provinces. The trans-historical concept of nation, embedded in the ideological framework, shaped the possibility of the conceptualization of the religious change in the province, constraining it to the resistance – Romanisation paradigm. For the province of Dalmatia, the theoretical conceptualization of provincial religion as an autonomous system (Rüpke, Ando) has been proven more fertile. This is further elaborated through the use of notions of epidemiological theory of culture (Sperber), network theory, and cognitive theory of religion (Whitehouse); and demonstrated trough the interpretation of several Liber reliefs from the province. 36 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Beyond religion and beyond theories: new approaches to the study of sanctuaries in the Hauran, southern Syria (100 BC-AD 300) Francesca Mazzilli University of Cambridge Cambridge Archaeological Unit Cambridge, UK From the 1980s until nowadays scholars have argued the notion of local cultural identities in the Hauran, when looking at sanctuaries from the pre-Roman to the Roman period. They have not taken into consideration different and more recent approaches and theories applied to archaeology and Roman archaeology that have developed in the last twenty-thirty years. Examples are the theory of globalization, for instance, by McGrew, Pitts and Versluys’ work, and the concept of networks, for instance, by Collar, Seland, and Brughmans. Recently, sessions from the joint Roman Archaeology Conference and Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference held at Rome in 2016 have discussed religion and identities as more dynamic aspects of the Roman Empire. How do different theoretical approaches help us to shape and mould a different understanding of the past? How has our understanding on sanctuaries in the Hauran moved forward or backward from previous work through the use of different recent approaches? These are the research questions that this paper will address by applying different theoretical approaches listed above to the study of sanctuaries in the Hauran. 38 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Living in the Roman Memphis: the burials of the divine Apis bulls Nenad Marković Czech Institute of Egyptology Charles University at Prague Prague, Czech Republic The burials of the divine Apis bulls, the embodiment of the creator-king-god Ptah in life and the king-god Osiris in death, were among the most important religious festivals of Memphis for centuries, carrying the strong socio-political messages issued by the king himself, the members of the royal family, the various priesthoods, and other members of the ruling élite, as well as alluring the hundreds of pilgrims at least mostly from Lower Egypt to visit the city and take part in funerary processions. Certain breaks with former indigenous traditions occurred with the Roman conquest and especially in later times, but the activities concerning the Memphite divine bulls are attested almost continuously in surviving records until the second half of the second century CE at latest. However, the burials of the Roman Apis bulls have not yet been discovered, in stark contrast to the burials of the divine Buchis bull in Hermonthis (Thebaid), spanning from Augustus (30 BCE) until Constantius II (340 CE). This paper aims to investigate exact circumstances around the last two known Apis burials under Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius, dated to c. 156 and c. 170 CE respectively, the social status and prosopography of people said to be involved with the organization of burial in and out of Memphis, their attested mutual connections, and social structure those interconnections imply. 40 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 On Typhon, red men and the tomb of Osiris: Ancient (mis)interpretations and human sacriice in Egypt Uroš Matić Institute for Egyptology and Coptic studies University of Muenster Muenster, Germany Egyptological tendency to use later written sources to interpret earlier ritual practices, and vice versa, to use earlier evidence to interpret attestations in later written sources, often produces circular arguments and constructed continuities of ancient ritual practices. Greek and Roman authors describing Egyptian rituals are understood by most Egyptologists as a valid source of information comparable to the sources coming from Egypt herself. Indeed, some of the ritual practices attested in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt have earlier origins, some however do not, and some are described by Greek and Roman authors only. This does not necessarily mean that they actually ever existed in Egypt. In this paper I will deal with transfers of knowledge on human sacriice in ancient Egypt. The aim is to examine which elements of the ritual of human sacriice described in the works Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, Porphyrus, Achiles Tatius and Procopius of Caesarea are indeed attested in visual and written sources of different periods of Egyptian history and which are added or (mis)interpreted, deliberately or not. It will be argued that Greek and Roman authors used human sacriice in Egypt as a literary topos. At the same time the knowledge of Egyptian rituals inluenced by this topos was (mis)interpreted, transformed and transferred through an orientalist discourse by both ancient authors and modern scholars. 42 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Addressing the emperor as a religious strategy at the edge and in the centre of Empire Jörg Rüpke University of Erfurt Erfurt, Germany Recent research has shown that there was not even a vaguely deined segment of religious practices that could or should be labeled „imperial cult“. Directly addressing the emperor in religious communication or bringing him (or her or them) into such communication as additional beneicients (pro salute) was an option that was or was not taken at speciic times and in speciic places. Once taken, however, similar practices of given permanency and visibility to such communication as in other religious acts were taken. These sacralizations took the form of dedications, monumentalized inscriptions, temples or foundations for smaller or larger (festivals) rituals. The talk will try to reconstruct motifs for engaging in such actions and transregional communications and institutionalizations that were framing and informing such choices. Speciic attention will be given to the spatial aspects and the agents involved. 44 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Relations between Rome and the cities of the Western Black Sea koinon Valentin Bottez Faculty of History University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania This paper focuses on the history of relations between the poleis of the Western Black Sea koinon and the Roman authorities, as seen especially at a religious level. Once they entered the Roman sphere of inluence, the old Greek cities in question introduced the imperial cult as a ritual medium for dealing with their supreme master. But in time this cult lead to a change in their identity, and their need to “earn” a place in the new world lead to new religious and social phenomena that stressed their belonging to the Roman world, while at the same time emphasizing their Greekness. To pursue this line of investigation we will approach two separate issues, involving the same city - Istros: (1) the case of the local gerousia, a traditional Greek institution that promoted the local elite and its relationship with the emperor via the imperial cult, and (2) the introduction of an unlikely god in the traditional Istrian pantheon, namely Mithra. 46 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The Materiality of Divine Agency: The Example of Small and Miniature Reproductions of Mithraic Icon Nirvana Silnović Medieval Studies Department Central European University Budapest, Hungary A new class of “small and miniature reproductions of Mithraic icon” has been recently identiied (R. Gordon, 2004). The class includes representations of bull-killing scene on stone reliefs, bronze statuettes, silver and bronze plaques, cult-vessels, and personal ornaments. As usually accepted, Mithraic cult-reliefs are characterized by the relatively uniform and stereotypical iconography, which allowed for the “symbol-package” to travel, and stay coherent and easily recognizable in the various parts of the Roman Empire (L. Dirven/M. McCarty, 2014). The same features are observable on the “small and miniature reproductions of Mithraic icon.” This presentation will deal with these reproductions, easily transportable objects found at various parts of the Roman Empire, and will discuss their mediatory role between materially represented god on cult-reliefs and mentally visualized one, resulting from contemplating these reproductions. It will be argued that these miniature objects acquired a role of a memory aid, and served as a reminder of the sacred narrative depicted on cult-reliefs. It will be shown that they must be seen as objects which were produced and circulated in particular social milieux, thus obtaining a practical role of social agents (A. Gell, 1998) in a process of establishing the collective identity, as well of a personal relationship with the god. 48 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Displaying Roman and Local Identities at the Edges of the Empire Ghislaine van der Ploeg University of Tampere Tampere, Finland Asclepius enjoyed widespread worship in the Danube and Balkan provinces and Thrace, where he was mainly supplicated by soldiers and oficials. These men enjoyed high levels of mobility in their professional lives, far more so than foot soldiers who could expect to be stationed in one province for their entire career, and were often moved around the empire. They took with them the familiar gods which they had previously worshipped and supplicated them anew in the new locality where they were now stationed. This would have boosted dissemination of the cult but dedications also show that supplicants used this religious context to display their identities, which were often a blend of Roman and local. Identities were constructed in ways which appeared Roman but kept strong local elements through names and places of origin but also by worshipping their regional version of the god. This paper aims to examine how people perceived and displayed their identities within the religious context of the cult of Asclepius by investigating dedications to the god. These demonstrate that while attempts were made by locals to appear more “Roman,” they also kept elements pertaining to their place of origin. It will explore how the multi-directional connectivity is displayed in these dedications and how this was a result of migration. 50 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The impact of empire on cult places and ritual practices in Roman Gaul and Germany Ton Derks Faculty of Arts VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands This paper explores the articulation between the religion of Rome and that of the newly conquered peoples. It hopes to make the point that following the Roman conquest the cults and cult places in what became the Gallic and Germanic provinces underwent a dramatic change, not to say a complete transformation. The essence of this transformation was twofold and comes down to both the establishment of new cults and a reorganization of the existing cults according to the civic model of Rome. Each civitas got its own set of public sanctuaries and its own set of public cults. Some of these were completely new, others were transformations of pre-existing cults and cult places. In addition, a completely new visual imagery derived from imperial examples was introduced. It will therefore be argued that for most cases for which we have good archaeological evidence the endeavor to try to distinguish between ‘indigenous’ and ‘Roman’ cults is misleading and in fact hampers a good understanding of the processes at work. 52 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The amphitheatre in Roman cities: urbanistic correspondence during the Augustan Age Ilaria Trivelloni Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy The amphitheatre is one of the most dynamic realities of the Roman cities. In Italy irst amphitheatres were built about the I century B.C.; today archaeological remains allow to count circa sixty amphitheatres between the Augustan Age and the irst half of the I century A.D.. All Italian cities are invested by a process of renovatio urbis, wanted by the princeps. Thanks to this new urban-planning, a very high number of public areas became spaces for public utilities, especially dedicated to an important aspect of Roman daily life: “free time”. From the architectural point of view, the monumental expression of Roman “free time” are: thermae, theatrum, amphiteatrum. Speciically, the amphitheatre appears as macrocosm for entertainment inside the greater macrocosm represented by the city; the amphitheatre in fact can hold for itself thousand people and include many spaces for public utilities. The purpose of this study is to explain how far this huge typology of ‘free time’ architecture has modiied the urban-topography, in order to highlight their position, inside or outside the city wall, paying attention to the connection between city, amphitheatre and main urbanistic roads system. In many cases in fact, beside the renovatio of a consular road corresponds the construction of an amphitheatre in a peripheral or suburban city area. 54 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 'Triumphal' Arches in a Provincial Setting Joanna Kemp The University of Warwick Warwick, UK In Rome there were a number of arches which have been identiied as ‘triumphal’ i.e. relating to a triumph or the defeat of a foreign enemy, for example, the arches of Titus, Septimius Severus and Constantine. They are characterised as such based on their decoration: defeated or submissive barbarians, a quadriga chariot, the triumph itself or arms and warfare. Arches have been located throughout the provinces, clearly copying the model that developed in Rome. Heinz Kähler’s wrote a catalogue in the Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaftin which he detailed almost 250 locations with Roman arches, or as he termed them, ‘triumphbogen’. Many of these arches contained decoration depicting captured barbarians, weapons friezes or trophies of some sort, leading to their identiication as triumphal arches. But if the Latin literature is examined, the term arcus triumphalesis never seen. Therefore, if the ancient authors did not distinguish these as their own distinct group of monument, there is the question of how the peoples of the empire perceived them. This paper examines the function of an arch, which carried heavily imperialistic overtones in Rome, when it appeared in a provincial setting, focusing upon the Rhineland. It investigates who set them up and how their messages could be interpreted or altered by the local community. 56 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Competition, Meaning, and Monumentalization in Gallia Comata Aaron Irvin Murray State University Murray, USA Perhaps the most striking, and archaeologically speaking the most evident, change that occurred in Gallia Comata from the 1st century BCE to the end of the 2nd century CE was the incorporation of massive, monumental, Roman-style architecture. Many of these monuments still stand to this day, providing an obvious, visual argument for the impact that Roman culture had on native Gallic society. Overall, the incorporation of Roman architecture and monuments, paid for and dedicated by members of the local elite, seems to indicate a clear cultural shift in Gallic society and the adoption of Roman conceptions of urbanism and the role of the urban aristocracy in providing munera for the populace. This presentation will examine the remains of monumental architecture throughout the Three Gauls, speciically focusing on those structures that can be said to be “purely” Roman in their origin: the forum complex, theaters, baths, amphitheaters, and triumphal monuments. This presentation will argue that these monuments served as public validation of the authority of the Roman imperial power; by extension, these monuments served to validate the authority of the local elite, as well as to identify the cracks and contours of local alliances and factions. The ediication of urban space thus became a new ground for the Gallic aristocracy to play out its internal rivalries, rather than a public expression of acceptance or obedience under Rome. 58 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Fora: refunctionalization of the public space after the end of the Roman city Dario Canino Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy The paper is the analysis of a number of examples of forensic complex in which, after the end of the roman city (as an entity organized and administratively dependent from a central power) and the next phase of abandonment, happens a reoccupation of the spaces, that previously had been public. The forum of the city, for its innate topographical peculiarities, among which, in primis, the constant characteristic of centrality (which does not always exist from a geometrical point of view, relative to the entire urban plant, but certainly always exists from a functional point of view) and point of passage of large road arteries, is particularly appropriate to become the place where, even after a big traumatic event, can easily be realized a new beginning of human activities, although very different from those carried out during the life of the Roman city. The same condition of “destroyed city” can give life, also in a relatively short time, to a mosaic of activities related to the recovery of material, coming from the destroyed buildings and create a new, also if reduced, urban core. Not only a natural disasters can determine the end of a city; the absence of a strong central government, in fact, can determine the abandonment, or a substantial downsizing, of an urban plan, in particular, if it was originally designed for strategic or commercial demands. Even in these cases, the area of the forum, may be altered, such as, for example, the invasion perpetrated by citizens who take possession of space previously of public destination. 60 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Soldiers and gladiators: Amphitheaters of Balkans provinces and their relation to Roman army Marko A. Janković Archeological Collection Department of Archaeology Belgrade University Belgrade, Serbia Relations between Roman army and gladiatorial spectacles were outlined more than several times before - prisoners of war, important Roman victories reenactments, images of conquered people through gladiatorial equipments and ighting stiles are just a few quick connections. Still, in provincial contexts, Roman spectacles organized in specially designed venues - amphitheaters, were important in everyday routine communication between Roman administration (and military units) and local populations. Such venues were usually erected outside the city walls and in the vicinity of local settlements, and in that manner they were available to all. Visiting the spectacles were just one of myriad of ways of constructing and maintaining Roman identities in the provinces. Visiting, watching, engaging in such practices inluenced social mobility and differentiation of status identities within local populations. The most prominent role of spreading spectacles in Balkan provinces (Dalmatia and Moesia Superior) was given to Roman legions. Several epigraphic monuments conirms that amphitheaters were dedicated to faithful legions (Burnum), so we can assume that they were erected for the military units, at least in earliest periods. Assumption that military used those venues for parades and trainings is at least, problematic. Nearby campus (training ground) was conirmed in Burnum, so erecting the amphitheater for that purpose would be unusual. This paper aims to put some light on the role of Roman army when it comes to Balkans provincial amphitheaters and spectacles organized within them. If we observe them as a kind of key points of everyday interactions, it is of vital importance to understand their dynamics and their purpose. 62 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Trappings of power at the end of empire: Military authority in transition from the later 4th century i n northern Britannia Rob Collins Newcastle University Newcastle, UK The changed circumstances of the later Roman Empire saw the evolution of its elite classes in a complex political dynamic in which senators, equestrians, and even noncitizen barbarians could wield the reins of power. Military oficers and generals, traditional igures of authority in the Empire, were no exception to these new circumstances – yet we know surprisingly little about the oficers of the limitanei, the frontier soldiers. In northern Britannia, a number of changes are evident in the archaeological record of late 4th century military sites. Artefactual and architectural evidence indicates that the praepositii in this distant frontier zone were no longer living in a fashion ‘typical’ of their class. This paper will present that evidence, arguing that the adaptation of the military elite was crucial to the post-Roman development of northern Britannia. 64 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Different forms of Roman Imperialism: social and territorial changes in Northwestern Iberia from 2nd B.C. to 2nd A.D. Inés Sastre Instituto de Historia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiicas Madrid, Spain The Roman domination of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by a variety of stimuli and the related diverse responses. In this context the simplifying duality of "Roman vs. indigenous" completely foregoes the rich historical tapestry we intend to analyze. It also conceals the role of contact and subordination as cornerstones of this historical process. Recent contributions have focused for too long on the indigenous aspect, conferring Rome only a marginal role. But evidence reveals that Roman irruption is actually the reason why local forms of symbolic and social organization were abruptly overturned. A supericial application of the concepts of “tradition”, “survival”, “continuity” has carelessly shadowed over the peculiarities of provincial society. Two processes of change are documented in Northwestern Iberia, with different responses from local communities. At the end of the Republic, from 2nd c. B.C. until Augustus’ conquest, the presence of the Roman army caused a drastic change in some Atlantic coastal areas, with the appearance of large fortiied settlements and a very unique material record. With these traits a “lourishing period” of Iron Age Castro Culture has been constructed. A closer analysis reveals that they are an effect of Roman imperialism within this later Republican phase. A second greater transformation, this time affecting the whole Northwest region, was the Augustan provincial organization upon completing the conquest during the Cantabrian Wars. Augustus applied a new vision of imperial domination which better suited the political system he had created, and it entailed direct and systematic control of all territory and communities. This was carried out by applying a system of civitates peregrinae, with legal, administrative, political and iscal connotations. On this base, the systematic exploitation of gold mines could be carried on by the State. All these transformations are relected in a new territorial articulation that conforms a basically rural landscape. 66 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Beyond ethno-determinism and tribal hierarchy: Roman imperialism and late Iron Age communities of Lower Sava and Middle Danube Vladimir D. Mihajlović Department of History Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad, Serbia The traditional historical and archaeological approach to late Iron Age and early Roman period in the area of the central Balkans is biased by ethnocentrism and culturalhistorical paradigm. Perceiving the late Iron Age as the period characterized by ethnic tribes, these interpretations tended to ascribe the whole area of the Lower Sava, Middle Danube and Great Morava valleys to the ‘Celtic’ tribe of Scordisci. Supposedly direct descendants from the ‘Celts’ who attacked Delphi in 279 BCE, the Scordisci are imagined as highly warlike population, ruled by (so called) military aristocracy/elite, who were constantly fought (starting from the end of the II c. BCE), inally defeated (16 BCE), incorporated into the Empire and then Romanized in the course of I and II c. CE. However, moving away from tendency to ethnically determine Iron Age populations with the help of ancient written sources (i.e. by ascribing the ethnonyms known from them to material culture and deined territory), as well as from the idea of hierarchically ordered ethnic tribes, some other pictures might appear. By pointing out general and vaguely deined meaning of the term Scordisci, and taking into consideration settlement patterns (spatial distribution, size, type, internal features) of the area in question, I try to open the possibility of the existence of numerous (‘small-scale’) communities whose mutual relations might have been very different then imagined hierarchical ethno-tribal organization. I also argue that change of perspective allows fresh problematization of the nature of interactions between Roman imperial structure and local societies, which were fragmented, particularized and at the base of emerging provincial social structures. 68 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The landscape of dominance: two case studies from the provincia Judaea Adam Pažout Department of Archaeology University of Haifa Haifa, Israel The impact of Roman army and administration on provincial population and its different manifestations is a subject of ongoing scholarly research. Special case presents province of Judaea due to historical account offered by Josephus and two devastating revolts – the Great Revolt of 66-72 CE and Bar Kochba uprising in 130s CE. Two cases of visual impact of Roman period military installations on the landscape and civilian communities will be presented. The irst is concerned with marginal region of northern Negev in the valley of Nahal Beersheva, which is nevertheless crossed by important commercial routes. It is argued that military installations in settled agricultural area of the region were constructed so that they could accommodate for signalization and visual control of civilian settlements. Thus creating “landscape of dominance” not only monitoring the population but also manifesting the presence of central administration and the army. The second case study is treating region of southern Golan Heights between Sea of Galilee and gorges of Yarmuk and Rukad rivers – the chora of the city of Hippos. Preliminary results of ongoing PhD research of the author will be presented. 70 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Landscape and Limes: Interpreting the Antonine Wall via spatial analyses in GIS Mychal Dycka Institute of Classical Archaeology Faculty of Arts, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic Recent studying of the Antonine Wall via Viewshed Analysis has presented an interesting pattern. Locations chosen for Roman forts and fortlets offered good observation of the frontier zone, most sites were intervisible each with other and thus fundamental conditions for existence of a visual signal chain on the limes were met. On the other hand, some problems occurred as well. In order to give potential Roman sentries a full observance of the coastal region, apparently at least one fortlet on the coastline is still missing. Predictive modeling or Cost Path Analysis could help us to ind the most favourable location for this installation. However, some forts were in terms of visibility analysis situated on unfavourable locations. Despite a fact that visual signal chain could have been maintained even without them, nodal question why they were situated where they were still remains. This leads us back to another very old question: What kind of qualities should a spot chosen for a Roman fort have? While some forts on the Anotnine Wall were clearly situated where they were in order to it the visibility and intervisibility pattern, some were not. Could the Cost path Analysis be a key to better understanding the Antonine Wall? Presented paper is principally trying to examine correlation between locations of Iron Age settlements north of the Antonine Wall and positioning of Roman forts via spatial analyses in GIS software. 72 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Frontier Zone into Empire's Core: Ljubuški Archaeological Project and Cultural Landscapes of Narona's Hinterland Tomasz Dziurdzik Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland The aim of the paper is to present the cultural landscape research project in Ljubuški community, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by University of Warsaw in co-operation with University of Mostar. The irst campaign took place in October 2015; further research in 2016-2019 is inanced by Polish National Science Centre (grant 2015/19/N/HS3/00886). The surroundings of Ljubuški are ideally suited to study cultural processes causing long-lasting differences between coastal and hinterland parts of Dalmatia. The area is a miniature of the whole province, containing different landscape and economic zones and having among its ancient inhabitants diverse categories of people with various origins and lifestyles. It lay on the edges of the territory of Roman colony Narona, one of the major cities in the region, its settlement inluenced not only by this vicinity, but also by the military, deployed to protect the farming population well disposed towards Roman rule from pastoral inhabitants of the interior. During the rule of Tiberius a group of veterans given plots of land as an award for their service was also settled there. According to traditional historical narratives, such direct involvements of Imperial power greatly facilitated the development through the process of Romanization and urbanization. However, it appears that cultural changes result more from the complex landscape conditions and various centre-periphery interactions than political decisions. The answers to questions about processes taking place in that particular area will hopefully allow to reconstruct the causes of dissimilarities in the pace of development in Roman Dalmatia. 74 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The patterns of settlement in the Balkan countryside during the period of the High Empire Damjan Donev Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands The great majority of the Roman urban and para-urban settlements of the Balkan Peninsula and the Danube provinces were new foundations. Most of them were built on green-ield sites, uninhabited in the preceding Hellenistic/La Tène periods. Outside Greece only a small fraction of the Roman urban network was inherited from the preRoman period. In contrast to the new foundations the towns that were incorporated into the Roman Empire kept their old constitutions, civic and religious institutions and in some cases, they even preserved the old urban fabric and layout. In what other aspects was this dichotomy relected? We are particularly interested in exploring the possible differences in the patterns of exploitation in the hinterlands of these two categories of urban settlements. Knowing the current state of art of the archaeological studies in the Roman countryside, this broadly deined research goal will remain beyond our reach for a longer period of time. The humble corpus of legacy data at our disposal is often highly ambiguous and dificult to systematize. Nonetheless on the basis of what is known about the relation between the Roman town and its countryside in general and the intercity distances in the zones of Roman and pre-Roman urbanism, a number of important inferences can be made which can help us deine more speciic research hypotheses. In addition we can start making use of the data collected during the intensive ceramic surveys carried out in a couple of micro-regions along the Vardar valley over the past several years. The region of the Vardar valley is a study unit particularly well-suited to answer our research goal as it unites the zones of the old and new urbanisms. Moreover the insights which have been obtained from the systematic collections of the surface ceramic record will put the legacy data from the rest of the Balkan interior in a clearer perspective. We will try to avoid making precocious and unwarranted generalizations, even though parallels seem to abound between our narrower study area and the broader region of the Balkan Peninsula. The critical reading of the available legacy data can doubtlessly offer valuable information, but on their own they are insuficient and they can’t replace the systematic study of the Roman countryside. 76 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Aspects of material culture in rural identities in Roman Wales and the Marches Leah Reynolds Cardiff University Cardiff, UK The study of the Roman period in Wales and the Marches has traditionally focused on military sites, and the resulting martial narrative of the conquest of the region is relatively well understood. However, the responses of the civilian population to the process of conquest and integration into the Roman imperial system are less well known, particularly in the context of rural settlement. The relative lack of research in this area has led to the persistence of simplistic Roman/native dichotomies in the discussion of identities within the region, as well as the continued inluence of concepts such as Romanization. This paper will focus on the impact of Roman conquest on the identities of the civilian population of the region, exploring its potential by considering aspects of material culture from a case-study of rural settlement and working within a body of theory in Roman archaeology in which the role of material culture has been central to the development of a more nuanced understanding of the construction and expression of identities. In doing so I shall explore the extent to which rural assemblages of pottery, small inds, and other material – even in a region long considered to be materially poor - can be utilised to investigate the responses to imperial control in this part of the western fringe, its engagement with the wider Roman networks of exchange, and the varied ways in which inhabitants subsequently constructed and negotiated their identities within the imperial system. 78 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Physical and Temporal Edges of the Roman World: Copper Alloy Vessels applied to the Problem of Late Roman Antiquity Jason Lundock Gulf Archaeology Research Institute Crystal River, Florida, USA Ever since the introduction of the term ‘Late Antiquity’ into the vocabulary of historical studies, researchers have been grappling with the problem of deining when the transition between ‘Roman Europe’ and ‘Late Antique Europe’ lies. While core areas of the Empire are relatively well documented by contemporary sources, the frontiers and limes provinces struggle with fragmentary and often contradictory historical references. The application of inds studies, particularly developmental use and distribution patterns of material culture, promises to provide new and refreshing insight into this issue. This paper will analyse copper alloy vessels from the irst ive centuries of the Common Era in the Western Roman provinces. Case studies will be offered from Britain, Gaul, the Balkans and the German frontier to examine both the development of vessel typology as well as the distribution patterns of copper alloy vessels across time and space. This paper will illustrate that a distinct shift may be traced to the Third Century Crisis which affects the vessel assemblage of the Western Europe and represents a change of vessel use and ritual practice from the Principate and may be argued to signal the beginning of the Late Antique period. 80 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 De-globalizing Romanization? Recent trends in imperialism across the Roman World at the end of the Postmodern era Edoardo Vanni University of Siena Siena, Italy This paper examines on the one hand, the Romanization debate, and the role of postcolonial studies in deconstructing this paradigm and in building new narratives concerning the Roman world (creolization, cultural revolution, globalization theory and so on). Although it takes up the thread of some recent contributions to Roman studies, the question is to understand theoretically and historiographically, the origin of this profound deconstruction of scholarship on Romanization and its outgrowths, by referring in detail to pertinent socio-historical tendencies and cross-disciplinary developments. The aim is to verify the utility of this deconstruction concerning the imperial debate where the postcolonial theory is employed both as a tool for critical discourse analysis and as an approach to past cultural contact at the end of the post colonial era. Finally, it is argued that the debate should be cast in a new, relational mould in order to take into account both local and global perspectives on the Roman past. After the failure of great narratives, we are now seeing a rise (or a need?) of strong theoretical back-grounds, that recall (new)-materialism. We suggest to rethink the role of Romanization thought in the wider context of different academic traditions, especially for the Theoretical Roman Archaeological Agenda, at the end of Post-Modern Era. 82 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Moving objects, mass consumption and cultural imagination in the early Roman West Martin Pitts University of Exeter Exeter, UK What was the cultural impact of standardised objects in motion like terra sigillata and ibulae in the early Roman West? Recent research has done much to dispel the myth that the mere presence of these objects can be taken as a uniform indicator of the desire to ‘become Roman’. We know that culture in the provinces was much more complicated than old-fashioned models of Romanisation once assumed, and that the uses and meanings of standardised objects varied immensely according to local circumstances. Nevertheless, it remains the case that few contextually-sensitive studies of consumption have been conducted across larger vistas of connected localities that made up the Roman world. A perspective founded on connectivity and globalisation challenges prevailing tendencies to consider regions and provinces in isolation, prompting new questions about the extent and agency of long-distance connections, and the impacts of circulating objects. This lecture presents some of the initial indings from an ongoing project on the impacts of moving objects on local communities in Belgica, Britannia and Germania, c. 100 BCE – 100 CE. Having amassed a database of artefacts from over 3000 graves and equivalent settlement contexts, I ask if there was more to standardised material culture than simple likeness, exploring the dynamic between styles of objects, local uses, regional distinctiveness, and pan-regional practices. To what extent can we speak of a shared cultural imagination in the early Roman West, and how did different communities relate to this? To this end, the lecture focuses on objects and mortuary practice in the late Augusto-Tiberian and Claudio-Neronian periods (late irst century BCE – mid irst century CE), when standardised material culture irst became apparent on a large-scale. 84 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Expressions of Identity and Mechanisms of Change in South-West England: a new approach to the reading of material culture and identity on the edge of the Empire Siân Thomas Cardiff University Cardiff, UK The counties of Devon and Cornwall have been marginalised in past studies of Roman Britain. This region lacks developed urban centres, villa estates, and imported ceramics and other materials from the Roman world. This has been used to suggest that the communities of the south-west were never fully integrated into the province of Britannia and in essence the area remained a cultural backwater throughout the four centuries of Roman governance. New research is however, beginning to offer a new reading of the archaeology of this area. Recent theoretical shifts have seen more emphasis being placed on artifacts and their use in the creation of identity. Using these theoretical approaches I have developed a new methodology to allow me to re-evaluate ceramics and personal adornment items from sites within the south-west and explore this relationship between material culture and the creation of identity. Results suggest that communities and individuals did express themselves in different ways after the conquest, although differing stimuli for change meant that these identities were unstable and were renegotiated through time. In this paper I would like to explore the way in which these new identities were formed and expressed, and how they altered during the Romano-British period. In particular I would like to examine the mechanisms for change to offer an explanation as to why these differing identities formed. It is hoped that this approach can be applied more widely across other areas of the Roman World which display low levels of engagement with ‘Roman’ material culture. 86 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Impact of Romanisation on local cultural identities in Etruria: from a multicultural society to a society of partial identities Raffaella Da Vela Rheinische Friedrich Wilhellm Universität Bonn Bonn, Germany The Romanisation of Northern Etruria is a long and complex process. Its impact on local Etruscan communities is ruled by the interaction of economic, social and cultural factors within challenges which affected the whole Mediterranean. This is the reason because I have chosen to approach the study of local cultural identities under the point of view of the evolution of the relational aspects, to try to contextualize the local dimensions into the global evolution of their historical context. I propose four parameter to individuate the marker of local cultural identities: 1. the association of objects in context; 2. the existence of speciic patterns in the material culture; 3. the choice of the semantic value of objects in the social and religious rites of the communities. 4. and the choice of the language. Once individuate the peculiarities of local identities, one need to relate them with the global dimension. For this reason I analyze the network of the local communities through the Social Network Analysis and inally I suggest some possibility to interrelate the evolution in the global network with the changes in the markers of the local identities. In conclusion I propose to apply a glocal approach to the question of the local identities during the Romanization to understand local changes in relation to global challenges. 88 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Cultural change as social discourse: an interpretive framework of socio-cultural integration in Roman Liburnia Charles Barnett Macquarie University Sydney, Australia This paper aims to investigate the impact of Roman imperialism on existing social and cultural templates in ancient Liburnia, the modern-day Ravni Kotari region of northern Dalmatia. Epigraphic and archaeological evidence relating to social structure and identity construction is discussed in order to formulate a methodological framework for assessing and explaining socio-cultural developments in local Liburnian communities. Examples for evidence of monument construction, burial rituals, cult worship and familial relations are used to examine how social processes in Liburnian communities were altered and maintained during Roman expansion in the region. During the Late Iron Age many Liburnian communities had adopted proto-urban features and the archaeological record shows signs of increasing social hierarchies and the development of a monetary economy. They were particularly receptive to certain aspects of the social and cultural templates of the Hellenistic cities in southern Italy and the eastern Adriatic, in the sphere of burial rituals as well as in terms of socio-political structures. This paper will assess cultural change in Roman Liburnia as an element of social discourse to highlight how the indigenous elite developed practices in identity construction and negotiation of power according to their contemporary cultural and political environment. 90 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Liburnica/Liburna: Borrowing technology from the edges of the Roman world Danijel Dzino Macquarie University Sydney, Australia Luka Boršić The Institute of Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia Liburnica or liburna is well-known type of warship that was widely used in the Roman imperial leets. The name leaves little doubt about the origins of the ship – it must have been originally developed by the Liburni, the indigenous people from northern part of Eastern Adriatic coast – modern-day northern Dalmatia. The Liburnian communities developed complex social structure prior to their inclusion in Roman imperial networks, and were known to Roman writers as able and innovative seamen connected with invention and use of two types of ship – the warship liburnica and merchant vessel made of stiched planks called serilia. Earlier scholarship discussed the period when this Roman adoption of foreign technology occured, how and why it occured, how did those warships looked like – originally and in the Roman version. This paper wants to go one step beyond those obvious, and certainly justiied, questions. Our intention is that through examination of available written and material evidence ask different set of questions, shifting the focus of the debate from the description of cultural and technological exchange to more profound discussion about the actual meaning of this exchange for the both sides in interaction. On one hand, the paper will assess Roman adoption of liburnica on the local level, by looking in to the nature of trans-Adriatic networks, construction and perceptions of local indigenous identities in the period of late Republic and early Empire. On the other hand, it will discuss wider problems, using this transfer of technology to analyse some aspects of interaction between the imperial core, its peripheries and frontier-zones in period under discussion. 92 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Identity and its borders in contemporary Roman mortuary archaeology in Slovenia Kaja Stemberger Department of Classics King’s College London London, UK Identity studies have long been present in the Slovenian archaeological discourse, as has the concept of Romanisation. One further characteristic they share is that both are applied almost exclusively in the context of ethnic identity – broader consideration and, more controversially, a universal deinition of the term are absent. In this paper I examine several deinitions of the concept of identity advanced by various authors and discuss their possible application in the context of mortuary archaeology. I base my discussion on the rich material from Colonia Iulia Emona (modern Ljubljana, Slovenia) comprising several thousand well-documented graves that span from the 1st to the 5th century AD. Within the Empire, Emona occupied a strategically important position in Regio X close to the provincial border which helped ensure a unique diversity. I compare the material remains and burial manners of Emona’s graves to Norico Pannonian sites towards the east as well as to the more Italic inluenced cemeteries towards the west of modern-day Slovenia. Burials form a special type of deposit as the identities of the deceased are negotiated and changed on purpose at the time of burial, and the graves sealed afterwards. I approach identity in the burial context as a process in order to establish not only its ethnic aspect, but also a multitude of others which can be and, indeed, are expressed in funerary rituals and assemblages. What arises is a dynamic and complex picture of Roman Emona’s inhabitants. 94 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 When in Rome, eat as the Romans do: changing patterns of food consumption during the late Iron Age-Roman transition at Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia) Bernarda Županek Museum and galleries of Ljubljana Borut Toškan Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU Ljubljana, Slovenia In the last decade, the research of Colonia Iulia Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia) has focused on questions regarding the beginnings of the colony. Archaeological sources place the building of the colony on the left bank of Ljubljanica river into late Augustan/ early Tiberian period. However, questions regarding the time of foundation remain unanswered, and anearlier colonial deduction in the vicinity of the later city still seems an option. Besides, questions regarding indigenous settlers and their relationship towards newcomers in the 1st century BC arise. Research on the right bank of the Ljubljanica river, under the Castle Hill, have conirmed the existence of an indigenous settlement during the whole 1st century BC and in the beginning of 1st century AD. During that time the settlement was becoming Roman.This is testiied by epigraphic sources, remains of imported eating and drinking vessels and amphorae as packaging containers for wine and oil. Besides, we notice distinct patterns in meat consumption. In our contribution, we explore those patterns and interpret them as changes in eating and drinking practices when new foodstuffs, new vessels, new methods of preparation and new ways of consuming food were becoming available, and discuss the dynamics of early Italic permanent settlement in area decades before the building of the Colonia Emona on the left bank of Ljubljanica river. 96 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 A taste of Rome? Archaeobotany and Identity in Roman Pannonia Kelly Reed School of Life Sciences University of Warwick Warwick, UK The frontier of Roman Pannonia would have been a dynamic zone where the interactions of different peoples would have had transformative repercussions on the local food system. Food impacts not only ourselves physically, but the global economy, the environment and society (i.e. rituals, social status etc.), but to date very little is known about what was eaten and why in this region. Presented here are new archaeobotanical inds from Roman Mursa providing for the irst time evidence of the plants that were locally grown but also imported into the town during the early 2nd century AD. In particular, the discovery of rice and black pepper highlight the importation of luxury items from the Roman Empire and beyond, but does this suggest a desire of the inhabitants of Mursa to be more Roman? Or are people from the Empire moving into Mursa and creating the demand for these luxury items? 98 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Refurbishing Pannonian identities Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke University of West Hungary Sopron, Hungary Ivan Radman-Livaja Archaeological Museum Zagreb, Croatia Ottó Sosztarits Savaria Museum Szombathely, Hungary Andrea Csapláros Savaria Museum Szombathely, Hungary As human skin covering the body from outside is seen as the physical, although for cultural impacts not impenetrable, boundary of the individual as a biological and psychological entity, gestures, formation-modiication of the corporeal body and clothing together can be interpreted as its social skin. This constitutes a malleable surface, which is not only shaped by personal preferencies, social consent and expectations, but communicates personal and social identities as well. Both the type of dress and how it is treated are important parts of such a cultural medium. The archaeological excavations of a workshop in the southern suburb of ancient Savaria yielded an abundant corpus of textile tools and inscribed commercial lead tags. Tools, most of which have no local indigenous predecessors, but their parallels origin back to Italy, are a very useful source for the textile technologies applied locally by the workers. The tags were used as labels for valuable garments entrusted by clients to the care of this workshop for refurbishing them. The archaeological inds from this workshop and similar inscribed lead tags (more than 1200 has been known by now) from other sites of Pannonia not just allow us to study the local wardrobes (which seem to be different from the iconographically attested picture), and help to trace the cultural biography of different garments in this region (e.g. the Roman dress icon, the toga), but also the local practice for treating clothes in the local Pannonian culture. 100 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 Hannibal – Roman soldier: inscriptions on the Roman military equipment from the territory of Serbia Marković Dimitrije Savić Milan Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia Roman army had a crucial role in the expansion of Roman state. Great war operation, that led to conquering territories of what are today Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, happened at the time of the emperor Octavian August, somewhat at the beginning of the I century AD. In the archaeological material, the presence of the Roman legions in certain territory, among other things, can be recorded through incised and punctured inscriptions on bricks, as well as on parts of the weapons of the Roman soldiers, the later being the subject of this research. The phenomenon of inscriptions on military equipment is known from earlier periods, within the framework of the Spartan army, the phalanx of Alexander the Great, and from the Middle Ages. However, it seems that the majority of these indings come from the period of Roman domination and in the form of inscriptions which consists of names of the soldiers, Centuries, a superior oficer or a master who made that object. These inscriptions are not very common, but can represent a very important source of information because, in archaeological sense, they may directly refer to the understanding of the individual. Also, in a way, they can testify about the process of acculturation of the "other" in the system of the Roman army, as the inscriptions are often of the names of non-italic origin. This paper will present a total of 18 indings of weapons and military equipment (parts of helmets, swords, parade weapons, military belts and horse equipment) with inscriptions, found on the territory of Serbia and dated in the period between I and IV century AD, with special emphasis on the ethnic attribution, and the very identity of the soldiers. Among them are specimens with names such as Hannibal - Rome's former nemesis, but also groups of several names, which can testify about the principle of succession of military equipment. 102 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 “Persecutio piratarum. A rereading of the Illyrian piracy, through new underwater archaeological inds in the coast of South Illiria” Adrian Anastasi Underwater Archaeology Department National Institute of Archaeology Tirana, Albania By the end of the IV century until the beginning of the II century BC., Illyrians continuously are accused for piracy, data which relect the ancient sources of Greek and Roman authors. Greek and Roman historiography will geographically proiled as a pirate territory, almost all the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and in the collective imagination is conveyed slowly emerged and was conceived Illyrian pirate igures. On this "stereotype" was built the "casus belli" of the Roman Senate to intervene in this area. Many modern authors have treated this subject widely this theme, some of them remaining faithful to the historical and literary ancient data and others that have interpreted these data from a different perspective. These last have requested to see beyond ancient historiography, placing this argument, in a wider context, economic, political, social, military and cultural, offering research methodologies that go beyond a literary historical discipline, and have sought to increase the geographical focus from regional to Mediterranean, in order to achieve balanced conclusions. However it is not the objective of this paper to analyze or evaluate these authors. For all of us, I believe it is clear, the lack of resources from the ancient Illyrian author, which I think actually undermines a the right analysis of this historical period. Underwater archaeological research of the National Institute of Archeology, are extended to all Albanian coast and have given very good results. There are discovered wrecks, areas with archaeological material, objects that showed a great development of ancient marine, anchorage areas, informations for ancient ports, and for the deinition of ancient trade routs. These discoveries, integrated with archaeological data from the excavations in the ancient coastal cities like Dyrrachium, Apollonia, Orico, Lissus etc., for IV-II centuries BC, attest to uninterrupted economic development and constantly increasing. So, in my contribution, I would like to give a synthesis of these material evidence, which are not always in harmony with ancient written sources, especially the dimensions of Illyrian piracy identiication of historical actors and why not, with the aims of the Roman Senate for to intervene in the Illyrian territory. 104 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: Imperialism and Identities at the Edges of the Roman World 3 The multiple identities Christian martyrs from Scythia province Andrei Soicaru Department of Paleoanthropology “Francisc J. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology Romanian Academy Bucharest, Romania Identity is frequently understood as living people’s perceptions of themselves. After death, facets of the personal and social identity of the deceased may be highlighted in mode of burial and grave goods. Aspects of the identity of past people may also be known through bioarchaeological study of the human skeleton by reconstructing life history; as a biological and cultural entity the human skeleton records on-going changes from environment and behaviour. It is therefore possible to consider three kinds of identity: the personal, that assigned after death, and one created by bioarchaeologists in the present. Written sources (Acta Sanctorum) and archaeological data evidence religious persecution of early Christians under the Tetrarchy. Eleven such individuals have been identiied on the basis of inscriptions associated with skeletons in crypts. The bioarchaeological data can be linked to descriptions of punishments and cause of death in the Acta Sanctorum for two of them. The study will try to demonstrate the multiple identities of such individuals, some of constructed by other people. 106 Petnica Science Center, September 22-25th 2016 NOTES: List of participants Adrian Anastasi Underwater Archaeology Department National Institute of Archaeology Tirana, Albania adrian.anastasi@qsa.edu.al Charles Barnett Macquarie University Sydney, Australia charles.barnett@students.mq.edu.au Luka Boršić The Institute of Philosophy, Zagreb, Croatia Valentin Bottez Faculty of History University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania valentin.bottez@istorie.unibuc.ro Magdalena Anna Bulanda Birkbeck College University of London London, UK mbulan01@mail.bbk.ac.uk Dario Canino Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy caninodario@gmail.com Rob Collins Newcastle University Newcastle, UK robert.collins@newcastle.ac.uk Andrea Csapláros Savaria Museum Iseum Savariense Szombathely, Hungary Ton Derks VU University Amsterdam Faculty of Arts Amsterdam, Netherlands a.m.j.derks@vu.nl Alka Domić Kunić Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Zagreb, Croatia adomic@hazu.hr Damjan Donev Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands d.donev@hum.leidenuniv.nl Tomás Aguilera Durán Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid, Spain tomas.aguilera@uam.es Mychal Dycka Institute of Classical Archaeology Faculty of Arts Charles University Prague, Czech Republic dyckamichal@centrum.cz Danijel Dzino Macquarie University Sydney, Australia danijel.dzino@mq.edu.au Tomasz Dziurdzik Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland t.dziurdzik@gmail.com Enrique García-Riaza University of the Balearic Islands, Spain Dragana Grbić Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Serbia ddgrbic@gmail.com Tibor Grüll University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary grull.tibor@gmail.com Aaron Irvin Murray State University Murray, USA awirvin82@gmail.com Marko A. Janković Archeological Collection Department of Archaeology Belgrade University Belgrade, Serbia markojankovicc@gmail.com Joanna Kemp The University of Warwick Warwick, UK J.Kemp@warwick.ac.uk Josipa Lulić Department of History of Art Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia josipa.lulic@gmail.com Jason Lundock Gulf Archaeology Research Institute Crystal River, Florida, USA lundock.jason@gmail.com Ellen MacDougal School of Classics University of St Andrews St. Andrews, UK em445@st-andrews.ac.uk Dimitrije Marković Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia markovicdika@gmail.com Nenad Marković Czech Institute of Egyptology Charles University at Prague Prague, Czech Republic nenadmarkovic.is@gmail.com Uroš Matić Institute for Egyptology and Coptic studies University of Muenster Muenster, Germany uros_arheo@yahoo.com Francesca Mazzilli University of Cambridge Cambridge Archaeological Unit Cambridge, UK mazzillifra@gmail.com Vladimir D. Mihajlović Department of History Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad, Serbia v.mihajlovicc@ff.uns.ac.rs Judit Pásztókai-Szeőke University of West Hungary Sopron, Hungary pszeoke23@gmail.com Adam Pažout Department of Archaeology University of Haifa Haifa, Israel A.Pazout@seznam.cz Alberto Pérez Rubio Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid, Spain albertom.perez@uam.es Martin Pitts University of Exeter College of Humanities Exeter, UK m.e.j.pitts@exeter.ac.uk Ghislaine van der Ploeg University of Tampere Tampere, Finland Ghislaine.van.der.Ploeg@staff.uta.i Ivan Radman-Livaja Archaeological Museum Zagreb, Croatia iradman@amz.hr Kelly Reed School of Life Sciences University of Warwick Warwick, UK kellyreed@hotmail.co.uk Leah Reynolds Cardiff University Cardiff, UK ReynoldsLJ2@cardiff.ac.uk Antonio Rodríguez Fernández Instituto de Historia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiicas Madrid, Spain antonio.rodriguez@cchs.csic.es Cristiana Rofi Graduate School for the Humanities Cologne Department of Ancient History − Universität zu Köln Cologne, Germany cri.rofi@hotmail.it Jörg Rüpke University of Erfurt Erfurt, Germany joerg.ruepke@uni-erfurt.de Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain eduardo.sanchez@uam.es Inés Sastre Instituto de Historia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientiicas Madrid, Spain ines.sastre@cchs.csic.es Milan Savić Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia milan.savic93@gmail.com Nirvana Silnović Medieval Studies Department Central European University Budapest, Hungary nsilnovic@gmail.com Andrei Soicaru Department of Paleoanthropology “Francisc J. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology Bucharest, Romania soicaru.ad@bioarchaeology.ro Ottó Sosztarits Savaria Museum - Iseum Savariense Szombathely , Hungary Kaja Stemberger Department of Classics King’s College London London, UK kaja.stemberger@kcl.ac.uk Siân Thomas Cardiff University Cardiff, UK ThomasSA10@cardiff.ac.uk Borut Toškan Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU Ljubljana, Slovenia borut.toskan@zrc-sazu.si Ilaria Trivelloni Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ila.trivelloni@gmail.com Edoardo Vanni University of Siena Siena, Italy edoardo.vanni@unifg.it Raffaella Da Vela Rheinische Friedrich Wilhellm Universität Bonn Bonn, Germany s5radave@uni-bonn.de Mattia Vitelli Casella Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti Ljubljana, Slovenia mattia.vitelli@studio.unibo.it Bernarda Županek Museum and galleries of Ljubljana bernarda.zupanek@gmail.com