Landscape Studies (Architecture)

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-a-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park’s strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.
Key words: Central Park, urban commons, urban enclosure, public behavior, regimes of publicity, public space use.

Il volume raccoglie la schedatura delle pievi del Mugello. L’oggetto della ricerca, basata sul rilievo puntuale dell’architettura dei nodi di una rete, è la relazione tra il costruito e il territorio, che evidenzia con la sua evoluzione il ruolo della presenza antropica nella trasformazione del paesaggio. La schedatura offre uno strumento di rilievo a grande scala che permette di leggere attraverso il confronto degli edifici l’esistenza di caratteristiche peculiari nel costruito, anche quando questo non presenta particolare rilevanza architettonica e artistica.

A critically neglected short poem that focuses on the ancient custom of stone giant building in Cumbria, William Wordsworth's “Rural Architecture” avoids the monumental permanence and transcendent universality so often associated with Lyrical Ballads. An expressly opaque “local lyric” that refuses to preach, this poem reimagines the provincial form of the Cumbrian riddle to figure the habitual rebuilding of these giants as an emblem of regional resistance. At a time when Cumbria was increasingly depicted as an uncolonized remnant of a savage English past, “Rural Architecture” marshals Cumbrian dialect, tradition, architecture, temporality, and history to question both the exploitation of the Lake District's natural resources and the British Empire's developmental narratives relating to industrialization, urbanization, commercialization, and militarization. While emphasizing the difficultly involved in capturing an authentic understanding of the Cumbrian custom of giant building, the poem also attempts to relay this local practice intelligibly to a metropolitan reading community whose only likely knowledge of the region's traditions in the early 1800s came from eighteenth-century architectural studies and tourist guides. The enigmatic qualities of this lyric, however, have frequently made it hard for readers unacquainted with Cumbrian culture to recognize the ethical significance of the turbulent local history that informs the apparently inconsequential regional practice that the poem depicts. Paying close attention to the persistence of a Cumbrian custom that has undergone considerable mutation over the centuries prompts us to rethink “Rural Architecture” itself as a local phenomenon whose distinguishing character rests in its anachronistic desire to survive in a hostile imperial framework.

In this paper, an attempt in finding alternative to lawn solutions for the Mediterranean region and semi-arid areas with water deficit is made. Persistence to lawn and its intensive cultivation can be linked with probable environmental problems, but also with the identity and special biodiversity of the Mediterranean and Greek region. Thus, the lawn issue is connected with the broader topic of sustainable landscape design and management and also search of the genius loci, for ecologically sound, aesthetically pleasing and functional places. 
An attempt in finding solutions for land cover that fit the characteristics of Mediterranean areas is made through bibliographical research on the history of vernacular and modern landscape architecture in Greece and other Mediterranean countries and open field research. In open field, the ability of the grass Dichantium ischaemum in producing leaves after cut, under severe water stress is tested. The choice of a C4 plant with exceptional ability in surviving under water stress conditions is linked to its probable ability in forming a sustainable lawn. Results confirm the hypothesis in this first attempt but further research is recommended. Furthermore, 5 more alternatives to lawn are examined, and conclusions are made.

This chapter deals with the ambiguity that political authorities feel toward culture and history when they are pressed to enlarge and modernize urban infrastructures (Caldeira Cabral et al, 1999, and Yusuf et al, 1997). I will discuss the strategy followed by the Harbour Works Department of Macau as the city sought to reposition itself as an international trade centre. I examine Macau’s spatial transformations between 1910, when a progressive regime came to power in Lisbon, and 1930, when the first extension phase of the Porto Exterior facilities was completed. I review the tactics used to promote a new image of the Portuguese colony, and seek explanations for the contradictions found in the official discourse on the changing environment. I rely mostly on the comparison of the visual narratives provided by the tourist guidebooks published during the period (Ho, 1994, and Pittis et al, 1997). Paying attention to the omissions, repetitions and silences found in the descriptions of this unique historical landscape allows me to test the limits set by culture to the globalization processes that are transforming the southern coast of China (Cartier, 2001).

Las ciudades se construyen en tiempo y espacio, son el escenario de funciones sociales, culturales, económicos y el bagaje histórico-identitario. Desequilibrios territoriales como congestión de unas zonas y la desertificación de otras han contribuido a deshacer una continuidad histórico-cultural en ciudades patrimoniales, lo que ha incidido en el organismo urbano. Hace algunas décadas, la gestión del patrimonio cultural en España disponía de un modelo restringido enfocado en la excepcionalidad, monumentalidad y antigüedad, una situa- ción que también es latente en Ecuador. Cuenca, electa Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad en 1999, evidencia una fragmentación entre el área histórica y la ciudad total, lo que ha dado lugar a desaciertos urbano-arquitectónicos, sobretodo en la inserción de nueva arquitectura en el paisaje urbano histórico. El barrio El Vado posee cualidades físicas determinantes asociadas a referentes históricos, religiosos, culturales y urbano- arquitectónicos reafirmantes del acervo del lugar, sin embargo, el 36% de su arquitectura es susceptible a demoliciones. El enfoque usado para este estudio es de tipo cualitativo- descriptivo, usa el método etnográfico y técnicas como entrevistas semiestructuradas, cartografía social e historias de vida a los miembros con trascendencia social y cultural del barrio en cuestión, con la intención de obtener la valoración de una unidad de paisaje histórico urbano. A partir de aquello y de la alineación a políticas y estrategias nacionales, se propusieron lineamientos vinculados al uso de suelo, la organización social del espacio, la geomorfología y protección de visuales con el respaldo normativo de la UNESCO y confrontación con la normativa local.

Capability Brown, Royal Gardener: the Business of Place-Making in Northern Europe, eds. Jonathan Find and Jan Woudstra, WRUP, White Rose University Press, 2020.

https://universitypress.whiterose.ac.uk/site/books/e/10.22599/CapabilityBrown/

Chapter 13:
Laurent Châtel and Monique Mosser
Brown Invisible in France? The French Perception and Reception of Eighteenth-Century British Gardens -
direct link:
https://universitypress.whiterose.ac.uk/site/books/10.22599/CapabilityBrown/read/?loc=020.xhtml

本文以莊子的「觀景」而發的哲思，引伸為景觀建築的哲理；透過分析全書有關樹木山林等各綠色自然景象，和論及「天地」的命題，為景觀建築活動作哲理反省。「景觀建築之意義」的核心是大自然和人的關係。莊子的寓言，反映他的自然觀。自然的景觀建築，包括了表達、協調、保護大自然運作，協調生命系統的彼此間係。

「景觀建築之道」，是景觀建築過程（道）後面的哲思。莊子描述自然的偉大，故順應自然的過程乃當然之道。莊子的「君子十項」及「七大」，以及他對如何得道、順物、忘言、事物的相對標準等看法，對景觀建築的設計過程有很大的啟發。

與大自然合作的景觀建築師，可以藉莊子探討個人修養路向，及對自身使命的了解。這包括管治家園、四時順化的使命；安然順化之氣慨；「用志不分無心」的境界；積極投入、協調自然；與天地合一的心，與造化者為友。這是「景觀建築師之氣」也。

The philosophy of Chuang-tsu, unfolded in parables, centres around ‘the way of nature.’ From his many stories about the human person in and with the natural landscape, one can discern a philosophy regarding the landscape. By an in-depth analysis of the natural themes in his fables, this paper attempts to reflect on the philosophical aspects of landscape architecture: its meaning, its way and the spirit of the landscape architect.

Exploring the meaning of landscape architecture points out the relationship between the human and the natural world. Chuang-tsu questions the dialectic of the natural and the unnatural, the useful and the useless, and about the symbolic meaning of the environment.

The meaning of landscape architecture, which one can extrapolate from his philosophy, is based on the intrinsic value of life manifested in the natural system.

The way of landscape architecture refers to the process followed in the design and the ‘Tao’ expressed by the design. The natural themes in Chuang-tsu’s stories reveal his awe for the landscape. Such is the foundation for an ecological approach to interacting with the landscape.

The 'Tao' of the design process relates to how the ‘noble’ designers express themselves in artistic creation. Chuang-tsu’s way of enlightenment is analogical to the development of a design solution. The principle of relativity is also discerned in the natural environment.

Finally, Chuang-tsu’s zeal towards the landscape can shed light on how to build up the personal integrity of a landscape architect. One can be encouraged by the green heart of Chuang-tsu to grow in personal virtues and self-understanding of the mission of a landscape architect. Thus, one may conceive an ideal landscape architect who is a steward of the natural world and shows a saintly personality, always seeking harmony with nature and friendliness with the Creator. Such a spirit is crucial to both the manifestation of the meaning and the way of landscape architecture.

Published in: Henk Engel, Henk Hoeks, Esther Gramsbergen (editors) Overholland 14, Dec. 2014 (in print). All rights reserved.
The article inquiries into the origins of layering as a graphic technique for the spatial representation of complex environments.

The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in gated communities (GCs) in relation to stages in the life cycle. The aim is to identify possible differences between the different stages in the life cycle in terms of the most important predictors of overall residential satisfaction. The study relies on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of residents of Al-Rehab GC in Cairo, Egypt (n = 131). The sample was divided into four life cycle stage groups: young singles (YS) (n = 36), heads of young family households (YF) (n = 41), heads of households with older children (OC) (n = 34), and empty nesters (EN) (n = 20). Statistical analysis does indeed reveal differences between stages in the life cycle in relation to the most important components of residential satisfaction. In particular, for YF and OC, the social environment within the GC was the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. For these two life cycle groups, issues related to the needs and safety of their children were also important. In contrast, for EN, the social environment and characteristics of the area around the dwelling appeared to be much less important than for other groups. For EN, satisfaction with the dwelling unit itself was shown to be the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to provide a multidisciplinary approach to social organization of space based on the analysis of the fortified farmhouses in Villarluengo (Teruel). The information obtained from written sources and material remains allows to identify the processes of formation and transformation of the rural elites, a socially heterogeneous group, but that share elements of distinction taken from the knighthood ideal. A powerful group originated out of the agrarian conversion towards a market-driven production in the southern highlands of Aragon during the Late Middle Ages as a result of the subsequent economic and social transformation.

Prefacio
INTRODUCCIÓN
Masías fortificadas, hábitat de las élites rurales: estado de la cuestión
‘Si las paredes hablaran’: metodologías
Modus operandi
GÉNESIS DE LAS MASÍAS FORTIFICADAS DEL MAESTRAZGO
El entorno físico: un medio complejo y difícil
El entorno histórico: un Maestrazgo que sobrevive a las crisis bajomedievales
Modelos de ocupación del territorio en los siglos XIII-XV: el hábitat disperso
El mas como unidad vertebradora
Un estudio de caso: Villarluengo en los siglos XIV-XV
FÓRMULAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y SOCIEDAD
‘De buena factura’: los aspectos técnicos
La apropiación del espacio
LA FORTIFICACIÓN DEL HÁBITAT
La masía fortificada: residencia de un grupo social privilegiado
Un modelo de capital simbólico en un mundo de montaña
Masías fortificadas y élites rurales
CONCLUSIONES
SELECCIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA
APÉNDICE DOCUMENTAL
Catálogo de los yacimientos

TÉMOIGNAGES D'UNE ÉCOLE ("L'ÉCOLE DE GENÈVE"):
Pendant cinq années, Eunate Torres-Modrego a filmé le déroulement des séminaires du troisième cycle Architecture et Paysage. Avec des photographies et vidéogrammes, archivés dans son "Atelier de Paisaje", situé au Pays basque, elle réagit librement à des extraits de témoignages collectés par TRACÉS auprès des étudiants et enseignants qui ont participé à cet enseignement.

In the last years the urban sprawl growing suggested by various requirements is producing a radical territory transformation, with negative consequences on environment and society. This phenomenon requires the current settlement model rethinking, adapting to the rapid transformation conditions of the contemporary urban culture and the compatible development current lines. In response to these issues and in line with current conditions, technology and environmental design is addressing towards a new trend that places landscape design as the primary city making tool, summed up through the recent landscape urbanisme theory, that deals with the phenomenon of landscape at different scales. The significant increase of environmentalism and global ecological awareness associated with the growth of tourism, in the search of the local identity sense and the documents arrival such as the European Landscape Convention and the Codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio, give new importance to the landscape, recognized as a public, cultural, ecological and social asset as well as economic resource. So it is a subject to protect and enhance. It also becomes a multipurpose and multiform tool for the organization, control and generation of urban form, given its qualities that make it suitable for contemporary urbanization processes. In this context, “urban gaps” assume crucial importance, considered a resource in the metropolitan landscape. Landscape architecture becomes the starting point of contemporary urbanism, intervening within multiple processes of territorial planning: from the recovery of degraded sites to drosscapes, from the transport infrastructure integration in the urban fabric to the ecological network restoration. The concept of city as opposed to countryside is outdated and the agricultural landscape is called to play an important strategic role in the urban regeneration policies on the city suburbs, in those of recovery, maintenance and enhancement of landscape, in terms of collective cultural identity and in the economic point of view. The contemporary technological and environmental practices positively affect on the economy, lifestyle, politics, social relations and ecology, bringing out a new urban quality.

October and November 2020 in Copenhagen.

This PhD course invites students from landscape architecture, architecture, urbanism, urban planning, heritage studies, geography, cultural studies, urban history, and related fields to exchange knowledge and learn from each other regarding questions of gender in relation to architecture, cities and landscapes.

Pedagogical Formats
The course is structured as a PowerPoint-free zone, with dialogical workshops and shared learning tailored to the needs of the student group as well as to individual development.

The course is organized by Svava Riesto and Henriette Steiner, University of Copenhagen, Landscape architecture and Planning. We are excited to be able to welcome the following guest teachers to the course:

Barbara Penner, Architectural Humanities,
University College London, UK
Meike Schalk, Urban Studies and Urban Theory,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Despina Stratigakos, Architecture and Gender
Studies, University at Buffalo, USA
Heidi Svenningsen Kajita, Architecture, Landscape
and Planning, University of Copenhagen/Newcastle University, UK

The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, residential satisfaction in gated communities (GCs) in relation to stages in the life cycle. The aim is to identify possible differences between the different stages in the life cycle in terms of the most important predictors of overall residential satisfaction. The study relies on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of residents of Al-Rehab GC in Cairo, Egypt (n = 131). The sample was divided into four life cycle stage groups: young singles (YS) (n = 36), heads of young family households (YF) (n = 41), heads of households with older children (OC) (n = 34), and empty nesters (EN) (n = 20). Statistical analysis does indeed reveal differences between stages in the life cycle in relation to the most important components of residential satisfaction. In particular, for YF and OC, the social environment within the GC was the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction. For these two life cycle groups, issues related to the needs and safety of their children were also important. In contrast, for EN, the social environment and characteristics of the area around the dwelling appeared to be much less important than for other groups. For EN, satisfaction with the dwelling unit itself was shown to be the most important predictor of overall residential satisfaction.

Une double enquête menée à la fois sur la France et sur l'Angleterre qui apporte un éclairage comparé et contrasté sur la question du paysage trop souvent envisagée sous le seul angle « national ». On y entend les voix des peintres paysagistes, des collectionneurs et des amateurs, avec leurs mots pour « dire » le paysage. Si Augustin Berque inclut le critère linguistique pour déterminer le degré de maturité d'une civilisation paysagère, c'est parce que les discours, tout autant que la pratique,-échanges et correspondances entre artistes-articulent une théorie du paysage. L'examen de la terminologie et de l'écriture permet d'évaluer la pertinence de catégories comme celles de « paysage historique » ou de « pittoresque ».

Table des matières voir ici: http://pur-editions.fr/couvertures/1615451477_doc.pdf

Introduction: http://pur-editions.fr/couvertures/1615451465_doc.pdf
Illustration: En couverture : John Constable, The Hay Wain, dit aussi Une charrette de foin traversant un gué au pied d'une ferme, paysage, 1821, huile sur toile, 130,2 × 185,4 cm, Londres, The National Gallery. 9 782753 580367 ISBN 978-2-7535-8036-7 28 €

Next event:” LANDSCAPE PAINTERS ANONYMOUS” NOVEMBER 11th, 2015, 5-8pm

The evening will begin with a tour of the current Hestercombe Gallery exhibitions ‘Arcadia’ the culmination of Bayliss’ summerlong residency and ‘Wish You
Were Here?’ artist postcards from Jeremy Cooper’s collection.

In the subsequent talk Bayliss reveals his conflicting feelings about becoming a landscape painter. He discusses the limitations and freedoms of a romantic or picturesque approach to landscape, in relation to both tourist art in the South West and the landscape gardens at Hestercombe. Through considering the work made during his residency Bayliss also describes his exploration of personal and artistic identity through painterly connection to place.

Châtel will follow with a talk ‘In and Out of Landscape – Eighteenth-Century Virtual Reality Experiences’ which describes how tricky the notion of the ‘picturesque’ was in the eighteenth century. This is not with a pedantic academic intent at linguistic clarification, but with a view to transferring us back to eighteenth century visual and mental habits, showing how men and women at the time used and perceived the picturesque.

Châtel will point to the new technologies which today enable us to digitally obtain an experience of ‘virtual reality’ not altogether alien to their own experiences of imagination, fancy and virtuality within gardens back in the 1750s, such as at Hestercombe.

A discussion chaired by Hestercombe curator Tim Martin will conclude the evening.

FOR FURTHER DETAILS, click

The present paper discusses the results of an R&D project (fi PULU) in south western Finland to develop a general purpose mobile application framework for elementary and grammar schools with a special emphasis on distributed content creation and a usage model anchored in the convergence of pedagogics and location-based cultural heritage information. Since the beginning of 2001, the LAMB project and its predecessors have studied, developed and evaluated several different technological and content design approaches starting from stand-alone applications on palmtop computers, tablet PCs, and smart phones to modern small light-weight portable tablet computers. The technological focus of the effort has been to develop a simple and robust position-aware multiplatform software application based on a simple general purpose data model based on locations. The Java application designed for the LAMB project can be run on diverse portable computers and used by a group of pupils together. Interac...

La Regola di Benedetto non prescrive come debba essere il paesaggio  circostante il monastero, ma ispira un rapporto con la natura e, di  conseguenza, uno stile di vita destinato a modellare lo spazio interno e  quello esterno ai chiostri. L’atteggiamento dei monaci all’atto di fondare e  abitare i loro monasteri è di adattabilità alla natura e alle condizioni geo fisiche dell’ambiente. Questo approccio spirituale sigilla l’interazione  uomo-ambiente, indica il rifiuto di ogni forma di rigidità e di violenza nei  confronti della natura e favorisce anche un preciso rapporto con gli ospiti  e i pellegrini, basato sull’accoglienza, il dialogo, lo scambio. Durante il seminario del 2021 si intende riesaminare teoricamente il  senso del rapporto dell’uomo (e del monaco) con il territorio e si ambisce  a rispondere a queste domande: il paesaggio monastico esiste? I  valori che ispirano la Regola si riflettono nello stile di inserimento  delle costruzioni benedettine nell’ambiente? E, in questo caso, si  può parlare di contributo del monachesimo all’identità europea?  In linea con la tradizione di Armonie Composte, gli studenti saranno  divisi in gruppi di lavoro ai quali verranno affidati temi, discussioni e  approfondimenti da esporre alla conclusione del seminario. Seguirà,  come di consueto, un momento di condivisione con il pubblico, con la  tavola rotonda di sabato 6 novembre pomeriggio, cui parteciperanno eminenti personalità che discuteranno di quanto l’eredità di Benedetto possa ancora dare indicazioni per l’attualità.

Description of the book:

Fancy in the eighteenth century was part of a rich semantic network, connecting wit, whimsicality, erotic desire, spontaneity, deviation from norms and triviality. It was also a contentious term, signifying excess, oddness and irrationality, liable to offend taste, reason and morals. This collection of essays foregrounds fancy – and its close synonym, caprice – as a distinct strand of the imagination in the period. As a prevalent, coherent and enduring concept in aesthetics and visual culture, it deserves a more prominent place in scholarly understanding than it has hitherto occupied. Fancy is here understood as a type of creative output that deviated from rules and relished artistic freedom. It was also a mode of audience response, entailing a high degree of imaginative engagement with playful, quirky artworks, generating pleasure, desire or anxiety. Emphasizing commonalities between visual productions in different media from diverse locations, the authors interrogate and celebrate the expressive freedom of fancy in European visual culture. Topics include: the seductive fictions of the fancy picture, Fragonard and galanterie, fancy in drawing manuals, pattern books and popular prints, fans and fancy goods, chinoiserie, excess and virtuality in garden design, Canaletto's British 'capricci', urban design in Madrid, and Goya's 'Caprichos'.

Maintaining existing levels of landscape diversity is becoming more and more important for planning considering the increasing pressures on agricultural ecosystems due to soil sealing, sprawl processes and intensive agriculture. Norms for land-use regulation and measures for landscape Safeguard and Rehabilitation have to take into consideration these threats in landscape planning. Evaluating the diversity of agricultural ecosystems is a fundamental step for proposing sound approaches to planning and managing both soil and landscape, as well as maintaining the related ecosystem services. The paper proposes a method aimed at the qualitative evaluation of spatial diversity of agricultural landscapes using a reduced set of ecological indicators based on land-use vector data. Indicators are calculated for defined landscape units characterized by landscape homogeneity. GIS geoprocessing and spatial analysis functions are employed. The study area is the Province of Enna in Sicily (Italy), ...