Languages

Coventry University Institution Wide Language Programme (IWLP) offers beginners language learning modules to approximately 3,000 students. Each module is taught over 11 weeks for a total of one hour and 40 minutes and two of the weeks are used for in class tests, so tutors generally agree that students need to practise their skills outside the classroom in order to pass the module. One way of doing this was to use the language learning app, Duolingo, which helps students to gradually broaden their linguistic, professional competence, and digital fluency through increased learner autonomy. How effective this approach is, however, has never been measured. The project ran from January to April 2018 and explored whether a correlation exists between regular use of the app by IWLP learners at Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) level A1 of French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, and achieving a high formal coursework assessment mark. The views of both learners and tutors of their experiences of using the software, and the tutor tools provided by Duolingo Schools, will also be canvassed. A virtual classroom was set up within Duolingo Schools for each participating cohort of students and they were encouraged to use the app on a regular basis. The tutor tools allowed the monitoring of how many days learners were active, how many lessons they completed, how many courses they completed, and how many points they were awarded while using Duolingo. These statistics were compared with

This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the "frozen" traditions of the east and the west, and astutely philosophizes about Gandhian thought in the realm of religious alterity and coevality.

This paper addresses the scientific and social interests in the comparative analysis of the international importance of language. In order to classify the different approaches to this analysis according to the criteria on which they are based, the following typology is proposed: the perception of importance, the estimation of importance, and the calculation of complex indexes. Secondly, the study provides an update to the international language index and its indicators for the year 2020. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with those of the previous indexes. The analysis provides a picture of the plural and polycentric constellation of international languages including Spanish and Portuguese, defined by their areas of influence and spread.

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

The Iliad is the story of Achilles’ journey through anger. Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a spectacle of destruction. However, as Achilles awakens to the immense personal and social cost of his anger, the spectacle begins to transform. In place of rage, compassion and humanity come forth and the fires of war are replaced by the cathartic flames of the hearth and the funeral pyre. In this thesis I chart this journey by analysing Achilles’ communicative acts: his use of speech and action, across the epic. Through examining his communication and the ways in which others communicate with him, subtle but important changes are revealed. These changes in communication reflect the transformation that takes place within Achilles and are instrumental in generating change in the world around him. My interpretation of Achilles’ use of speech draws on insights from contemporary cognitive psychology, especially the work of Martin Seligman. My work on communication is also influenced by a range of contemporary strategic studies theorists who consider a wide range of non-verbal acts that have an important communicative function, including gestural and performative acts of violence. In charting Achilles’ transformation, we also gain a glimpse into the poet’s view of the elemental and personal dynamics that lie behind the creation of war and peace. Whilst a necessary part of the mortal condition, conflict, suffering and death are shown to hold within them the vital forces of change, and to reveal the nature of humanity itself.

Bu çalışmada, XIX. yüzyıl sonunda zorunlu göçe; 1923 yılında Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında yapılan antlaşma gereğince de mübadeleye tabi tutulan Giritli Müslümanların iskân edildikleri yeni topraklarında karşılaştıkları uyum sorunu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu anlamda özellikle sosyokültürel hayatta uyumu zorlaştıran dil meselesi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Nitekim Girit’te gündelik hayatta yaygın olarak Rumca konuşan Müslümanlar, Türkçeyi çok az bildiklerinden veya hiç bilmediklerinden yeni topraklarında kendilerini ifade etmekte güçlük çekmişlerdir. Bu durum onların, görevlilerle ve özellikle de yeni komşularıyla sorun yaşamalarına neden olmuştur. Girit’te “Türkler dışarı!” sözlerine muhatap olurlarken, yeni topraklarında “yarım gâvur”, “gâvur tohumu!” gibi sözlerle itham edilmişlerdir. Bu süreçte toplumsal kabulün, sosyal bütünleşmenin sağlanamaması onlar için şartları daha da zorlaştırmıştır. Neticede bu çalışmayla hem zorunlu göç döneminde hem de mübadele sürecinde gelen Giritli Müslümanların karşılaştıkları dil sorununun, uyum sürecinde toplumsal kabul üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Bunu yaparken de arşiv belgeleri, kaynak eserler, gazeteler, seyahatnameler, hatıratlar, edebi metinler ve araştırma eserler kullanılmıştır.

This research is an exploratory qualitative approach using secondary data from the Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI), which aims to identify the voters’ behavior of Jakarta Governor candidates period 2012-2017. The results showed that the implementation of the election was considered by the respondents Honest-Fair (JURDIL) and quite satisfying. The selection was won by Joko Widodo – Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. However, the numbers did not reach half of the voters. Therefore, the election took 2 rounds. For Governor-Vice Governor couples socialization, both the majority and not overtaken, Fauzi Bowo – Nachrowi achieved top ranking with very significant. But apparently, successful socialization of media did not match with the victory in the election. This study aims to determine the behavior of voters in Jakarta governor election. The result, in contrary, shows that the couple in number two socialization won the election. For the popularity, it was not in tune with the socialization. Pers...

भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा में श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता प्रस्थान त्रयी में से एक घटक रही है। अपने सिद्धांतों को प्रमाणित करने के लिए आचार्यों ने गीता को एक प्रमाण ग्रंथ के रूप में स्वीकार किया है। वास्तव में गीता महाभारत के भीष्म पर्व के 18 अध्यायों से ली गई है परंतु कालांतर में इसे एक स्वतंत्र ग्रंथ रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया गया। मनुष्य अपने जीवन में पुरुषार्थ से क्रमशः धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्ष की सिद्धि के लिए साधन करता है। धर्म पुरुषार्थ मनुष्य के जीवन निर्माण का आधार स्तंभ है। जीवन में जब ऐसे प्रश्न खड़े होते हैं जिनका उत्तर सामान्य मानस से प्राप्त नहीं होता तब गीता जीवन के धर्म ग्रंथ के रूप में समूल प्रश्नों का उत्तर देती है। गीता में ज्ञान योग, ध्यान योग, कर्म योग, भक्ति योग आदि विभिन्न साधन बताए गए हैं, इन साधनों में से व्यक्ति अपनी योग्यता, रुचि और श्रद्धा के अनुसार अपना कल्याण कर सकता है। श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 18 अध्यायों एवं 700 श्लोकों में वर्णित है। प्रथम 6 अध्यायों में कर्म योग का ज्ञान दिया गया है, उसके पश्चात दूसरे 6 अध्यायों में भक्ति योग की शिक्षा दी गई है, तत्पश्चात् अंतिम 6 अध्याय में ज्ञान योग का अधिगम कराया गया है।

The “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” (CEFR 2001) is a tool that is widely used as an instructional basis for all foreign language education in Europe. From 2010 to 2012, the European Commission funded the project “European Benchmarks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) in order to develop benchmarks and competence descriptors for Chinese as a Foreign Language on the basis of the CEFR. After a short introduction of the project (which is freely accessible on the web) which mainly deals with the introductory levels A1 and A2, the article discusses several aspects and conflicts that occurred during the adaptation of CEFR competence descriptors for EBCL reading competence in Chinese on different levels of competency, and gives some examples. In the last chapter, the newly designed descriptors for “Graphemic and Orthographic Competence” in Chinese are introduced in detail.

Globalization has brought in several pressures on the Regional languages vis-à-vis English. On the one side the demand for English has been meteoric, mushrooming of English medium schools in the interior parts of Country ,Governments have been giving particular emphasis on educating children, in certain states  from first standard itself ,at the cost of mother tongue, in which a child is at ease and mentally prepared. The  present paper was written many years back and needs revision. However ,the language issue crops up now and then. There is a serious need to study this phenomenon .

Knowing that writing is a crucial but challenging language skill in both academic and career lives, researchers have continually explored ways to facilitate learning and teaching of writing at different educational levels. This experimental study investigates the impact of using mentor texts in undergraduate writing classes on the students' writing proficiency. A quantitative, pre-posttest experimental design was used to achieve this purpose. Based on the strong relationship between reading and writing, and stemming from the modeling approach to learning, mentor texts are tested as potential tools in teaching word choice, sentence structure, and organization for Arab university undergraduates studying English as a foreign language. This is done by examining expository essays written by 128 female students before, during, and after the fifteen-week study period. The subjects are divided into control and experimental groups. A non-parametric Friedman test of differences among repeated measures is conducted and rendered a Chi-square value of 125.242 which is significant (p<.01). Comparing the scores of the three components of the essays, which are word choice, sentence structure, and organization, resulted in the finding that mentor texts could be an effective strategy to teach these three writing traits to undergraduate students.

The Indus Valley Civilisation used thousands of seals with symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Most of these symbols were later used all over India and abroad on pottery,copper plates,rocks ,textiles,furniture , metalwork products etc. But the fundamental principle underlying these symbols escaped the attention of scholars and researchers so far.This led to many strange conclusions about their readings. In this paper we are explaining the basic principle of the symbols and their purpose. We are not surprised to find that vedic
“mangala/mangalatraya/ ashTamangala / agni/ kaala/raja/ laabha/varsha/sabha/siva/subha/srii” are the underlying words employed in most of the inscriptions. These symbols agree with the Rg vedic concept of agni/fire worship and the archeological evidence of presence of vedic fire altars in IVC sites.Worship of agni(sun,fire,king,priest) led to the use of these symbols by other contemporary civilisations also.
The Ashtamangala(asta-mangala>house of king ; cf.Heb.LMLK;Bethlehem/beth-melech;king’s sacrifice;bull’s sacrifice) is a set of Eight Auspicious Signs used in religions like  Hinduism,Jainism, and Buddhism. In the Hindu tradition, the Ashtamangala may be used during certain occasions like pujas,weddings,coronation of kings etc.  They have been depicted in decorative motifs on pottery ,temples,royal palaces, houses and cultural artifacts.This paper explores the Harappan ashTa mangala rationale in vedic literature,rituals and sacrifices,temple architecture etc.

The Analects is one of the famous books from China which records Confucius’ teachings. Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda 2 are two famous animation films from America. After seeing these movies, there are some similar values that can be found between the movies and The Analects, especially in education field. The writer limited the scope into teaching and learning principles. The writer defined 2 main issues. First is to explain the correlation between Kungfu Panda and Kungfu Panda’s teaching and learning principles with The Analects. Second is to understand those principles and its application in our daily lives.  This research method is library research. The results stated that there are some correlation between Kungfu Panda, Kungfu Panda 2, and The Analects. Analyzing the correlation will help us to understand more about Confucius’ teaching, especially in education field.

It is alleged that there are some forces in the outside world (especially in the Western world) exposing Islam as a hateful religion that promotes violence and destroys peace. There is no doubt that this propaganda is spreading in the West. However, there are some unknown and hidden secrets about it. To reveal these secrets, it is necessary to find the right answers to the following questions:

1. Is there really an anti-Islamic opinion or movement in the Western world (as it claims), or is it Müslümanlik, not Islam, the subject of hate?

2. Who are those who propagate and spread this hate? Westerners or Muslumans?

The answers to these two questions are very important. So we should know that there is no such religion on the stage today as Islam. So the religion that is actually hated is Müslümanlik which is practiced by one and a half billion people in the world today.. So why does the Western world hate a religion that doesn't exist? It doesn't make sense. The purpose of this hatred is not Islam, but the hated religion of Müslümanlik. This is a secret kept by Muslumans themselves, not Westerners. If Westerners learn the insides of this secret, it means Without doubt end of the religion of Müslümanlik . In this post I have tried to fix this problem.

In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by extension, the entire Ok family. A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun

Our Japanese textbook, “Japanese in 30 Weeks Romaji Course” is based on exclusive method only to our online school.  You can expect the following outcome.
• Communicate with Japanese scholars, diplomats and those with high social ranks.
• Japanese Language Standard Exams
• Essential communication with friends, family and business such as below.
• Introduce yourself, greeting, giving directions, shop, job interview, studying in school and tell days and times and writing diary, accounting, days and time, comparing and contrasting, suggestions, guessing and advice
• Friendly informal Conversation
• School, work, and trip

This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of sounds which are realized in speech production undoubtedly have an interrelation with this discrete nature of sounds. The researcher adopted a purely analytical approach in viewing this topic, with little reliance on literature. It may be described as a purely scientific study as the researcher uses practical examples and correlates to drum home the interconnection between abstract sounds and their physical properties. The study notes that a letter of the English alphabet, for instance ‘y’, has different production realisations as both a vowel and a consonant based on the articulatory nuances a phonetic analyst associates with it. And secondly, the study finds that English speech sound may or may not have the same physiological identification with its ...

""Netzbasierte Kommunikation, Identität und Gemeinschaft" – in diesem Band finden sich zwanzig Beiträge versammelt, gruppiert um ein thematisches Zentrum: sich verändernde Muster individueller und kollektiver Identitätsbildungen in Verbindung mit sich verändernden Formen in der Assoziation zusammen lebender, interagierender oder miteinander kommunizierender Personen.
Als "sozio-kulturelle Transformationen" sind diese Veränderungen nicht einfach Folge erweiterter technischer Möglichkeiten oder deren breiterer Nutzung. Internet, computervermittelte Kommunikation und neue Medien zeichnen sich vielmehr dadurch aus, dass sie die Verhältnisse von "Virtualität und Realität" sowie von "Raum und Zeit" in einem bisher unbekannten Ausmaß gesellschaftlich verfügbar und gestaltbar machen.
Für uns ergeben sich damit neue Bedingungen und Modalitäten in der Expression und Wahrnehmung eigenen und fremden "kommunikativen Handelns" sowie im Arrangement des räumlichen und zeitlichen aufeinander Bezugnehmens von Interaktionen. Zu diskutieren sind daher ebenso vielfältige wie weitreichende Konsequenzen für unser Selbst- und Weltbild, unsere Vergesellschaftungsformen, die politische Willensbildung und die Diversität sprachlich-kultureller Praktiken überhaupt."

This mixed-method study examined students’ perceptions of involvement in the assessment practice of oral competence in English in Norwegian upper secondary schools. Student involvement in assessment can be seen as a key factor when it comes to enhancing students’ learning outcome and motivation. Previous research has, however, shown that student involvement and the assessment of oral competence in English as a second language classes have been challenging. Surveys (N = 116) and two focus group interviews (N = 8) were used. The findings revealed that the students wanted to be more involved in the assessment practice. Moreover, the students saw this increased involvement as a way to enhance their oral competence in English. The students expressed uncertainty as to what they were assessed by. The implications of this study suggest that increased involvement in developing goals and criteria and more dialogue-based feedback are beneficial measures for strengthening students’ learning out...

In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away from service implementations, in order to verify and to enforce some important security properties.

The present study was carried out to determine the views and thoughts of school principals, teachers and pre-school children‘s parents about the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program (LFFLAP.) The research was carried out qualitatively. In order to collect the qualitative data, a semi-structured interview form, which was developed by the researcher, was used. The collection of qualitative data was between December 1, 2015 and February 19, 2016. Interviews were done with 38 participants. The participants were as follows: one principal, one assistant principal, four teachers and 32 parents. The qualitative data obtained in the study was analyzed by ―content analysis‖ technique. Word Clouds Program was used to determine the relevant concepts and distributions that emerged during the interviews. As a result of analysis of various data obtained from parents, teachers, and the school principal and assistant principal in the study, positive opinions regarding the Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Program were found. The themes that emerged during the interviews are as follows: active foreign language use, active transfer of foreign language, self-confidence in using foreign language, active interest/positive attitude towards foreign language, improvement in self-expression/pronunciation, sharing whatever is learned effectively, making progress actively in the foreign language and multiple experiences in foreign language learning (visual, auditory, etc.).

This paper explores the theory of lexical knowledge set forth in the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (Biq 2000) and extends its scope to include issues concerning verbal polysemy. Previous versions of the theory postulated that different event structures required sense distinctions. In examining corpora data for the verbs &#39;put&#39; and &#39;set&#39; we argue that an additional criterion for &#39;sense&#39;

The core of D. Lewis' many con tribution to philosophy, including his work in philosophical ontolo gy, intensional logic and semantics, probability and decision theory, and topics within philosophy of science as well as a distinguished philosophy of mind, dan ve understood as the development of a philosophical postion that is centered around his conception of Humean supervenience. If we accept the thesis that i t is physical science and not philosophical reasoning that will eventually arrive at the basic constituents of all matter pertaining in our world will supervene on the class of physical truht in the following sense: there are no truth in any compartment of our world that cannot be accounted for in terms of differences and similarities among those properties and external space-time relationsthat are fundamental to our world accordint to physical science.
Together the published essays challenge  aspects of Lewis' philosophy, posing new questions  and opening up new points of view in one of contemporary philosophy's most  ingenious and independent authors.

Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.

https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742512009/Reality-and-Humean-Supervenience-Essays-on-the-Philosophy-of-David-Lewis

The partner of this Community Partnership Program was Mammesa Institution (Massenrempulu Meeting of the English Students Association). The problems were: (1) The absence of facilitators who were considered competent in carrying out TOEFL training for Mammesa institution, (2) The TOEFL work program was not implemented because of financial constraints to bring up the facilitators. The expected outcome was that 80% of participants know the forms of questions in the TOEFL Test and are able to answer these questions using certain strategies. The approach used in the implementation of the training consisted of two methods, namely the presentation of material and the provision of tests. The results achieved were 90.3% of participants had known the forms of TOEFL questions and were able to answer these questions using the strategies that had been taught during the training. It was proved by the increase in scores they got from pre-test to post-test. Based on observations during the training activities, it can be concluded that the training participants were very enthusiastic in participating in the training. They earnestly paid attention to the presentation of material and asked questions that they did not understand. They were also very enthusiastic in working on examples of TOEFL Tets. They hope that similar activities will be carried out because it was very beneficial for them I. PENDAHULUAN Program Penguasaan Bahasa Inggris sangat penting bagi seorang mahasiswa, namun masih banyak juga yang belum menyadari perlunya Bahasa Inggris untuk diketahui. Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa bahasa inggris merupakan bahasa internasional yang paling banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia. Itulah mengapa bahasa inggris dipandang penting bagi seorang mahasiswa. Disamping itu, salah satu persyaratan seorang maha-siswa untuk mencapai gelar sarjana adalah harus melalui test bahasa inggris yang lebih dikenal sebagai TOEFL. TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test of English as Foreign Language (Test Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing), yang diorganisir oleh sebuah lembaga di Amerika Serikat yang bernama ETS (Educational Testing Service). Pada awalnya, TOEFL diperlukan bagi para pelajar di negara-negara yang bahasa utama-nya bukan bahasa Inggris, tetapi ingin melanjutkan studi ke negara-negara yang bahasa resminya adalah bahasa Inggris, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan negara-negara Eropa Barat. Ini diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa siswa-siswa dari negara berbahasa non-bahasa Inggris tersebut dapat mengikuti perkuliahan di negara berbahasa Inggris dengan baik. Saat ini hampir semua bidang pekerjaan mensyarat-kan hasil TOEFL untuk bisa melamar pekerjaan. Beberapa instansi telah mengharuskan calon pelamar untuk melampirkan sertifikat TOEFL sebagai salah satu persyaratan mengingat pentingnya keterampilan dasar berbahasa Inggris. Seorang sarjana yang ingin melanjut-kan kuliah pada program pascasarjana sudah tentu harus memiliki sertifikat TOEFL dari lembaga-lembaga resmi yang diakui. TOEFL juga merupakan salah satu syarat mutlak untuk memperoleh beasiswa pascasarjana (S-2 dan S-3). Saat ini banyak sekali tawaran beasiswa pascasarjana untuk sarjana sarjana di Indonesia, baik untuk kuliah di dalam negeri maupun di luar negeri. Beberapa lembaga kursus membuka pelatihan untuk TOEFL test. Tidak sedikit masyarakat terutama mahasiswa yang tertarik untuk mengikuti pelatihan tersebut dengan harapan akan mendapatkan peng-etahuan yang mendalam mengenai cara-cara meng-hadapi TOEFL test. Namun terkadang mahasiswa terkendala pada masalah financial sehingga mereka memilih untuk belajar secara otodidak atau memper-banyak latihan mengerjakan test daripada harus mengeluarkan biaya yang tidak sedikit untuk mengikuti kursus pelatihan TOEFL. Disamping lembaga kursus, terdapat pula komunitas-komunitas bentukan mahasiswa yang bergerak dalam bidang bahasa Inggris, baik itu organisasi di dalam kampus maupun organisasi di luar kampus, termasuk organisasi daerah. Salah satu organisasi daerah yang berkonsentrasi pada pengembangan bahasa Inggris adalah Mammesa. Mammesa merupakan komunitas mahasiswa pencinta Bahasa Inggris yang terbentuk di FBS UNM Parang-tambung sejak tahun 2008. Meskipun lembaga ini dibentuk di kampus FBS UNM, namun sebenarnya tujuan awal dari lembaga ini adalah untuk mempererat silaturrahmi antar mahasiswa bahasa Inggris yang berasal dari Kabupaten Enrekang. Namun demikian, lembaga ini akhirnya berkembang sampai melibatkan