Optoelectronics

The paper is a concise digest of works presented during the XIth Symposium
on Laser Technology (SLT 2016) [1]. The Symposium is organized
since 1984 every three years [2–8]. SLT 2016 was organized by
the Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology (IOE
WAT) [9], Warsaw, in cooperation with Warsaw University of Technology
(WUT) [10], Warsaw University [11], and Wrocław University of
Technology [12] in Jastarnia on 27-30 September 2016. Symposium
is a representative portrait of the laser technology research in Poland.
Symposium Proceedings are traditionally published by SPIE [13–21].
The meeting has gathered around 150 participants who presented around
120 research and technical papers. The Symposium, organized
every 3 years, is a reliable image of laser technology and laser applications
development in Poland at university laboratories, governmental
institutes, company R&D laboratories, etc. The SLT also presents the
current technical projects under realization by the national research,
development and industrial teams. The works of the Symposium, traditionally
are divided in two large areas – sources and applications.
The main topics of SLT were: laser sources in near and medium infrared,
picosecond and femtosecond lasers, optical fiber lasers and
amplifiers, semiconductor lasers, high power and high energy lasers
and their applications, new materials and components for laser technology,
applications of laser technology in mea surements, metrology and
science, military applications of laser technology, laser applications in
environment protection and remote detection of trace substances, laser
applications in medicine and biomedical engineering, laser applications
in industry, technologies and material engineering.

We propose a graphene-gated GaN MESFET (Metal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and model the graphene-GaN Schottky junction for use as a UV (Ultra-violet) photodetector. The simulation results reveal a maximum device photoresponsivity of 0.167 A/W (EQE (External Quantum Efficiency) of 59.3%), a photocurrent gain of 5.31, a large bandwidth (in the THz range) and low power dissipation under 350 nm illumination at a reverse bias of 1.1 V. The results also demonstrate better or comparable performance to many Schottky-based photodiodes reported in the review. The device will prove useful for UV applications.

Visible Laser Light Communication System (VLLC) is a wireless communication system, using laser as the medium. In the data transfer process, it is possible to have optical interference where 2 laser beams coincide with one point on the reflector. Research on the effect of laser source interference has been carried out by several researchers including mitigation actions to reduce its effects. This experiment uses 2 optical distance sensors that produce a laser with a wavelength of 650 nm with a power <=4.1 mW and with the direction of the laser beam both of them cross each other. To determine the effect of the interference of two laser beams when crossing the communication process in the visible light communication system, a reflector is used which can capture the two laser beams and the reflector can be shifted gradually so that a condition can be obtained where the two laser beams meet at one point. From the measurements made at the points after the laser beam crossing, the meas...

The human body can be affected for different kinds of diseases. A disease is always associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by factors that can come from an external source or by internal dysfunctions. The pupil changes of diameter and shape, as well as the pupil reaction to light and darkness are factors that become an important way to know and understand different diseases and how they affect the human body. In this work we propose an optoelectronic device that measures the pupil changes due to external light stimulations. A video camera is placed to record the pupil changes of diameter while this is stimulated by light pulses on red, green, blue and white. The pupil is placed in an initial diameter by means of a dark cabin, this will allow the measures to be more precisely, and then it is stimulated by the wavelength above mentioned. The results are shown in a graphic interface (software) designed for this development where, also, the pupil changes are shown...

The challenge of realizing electronic devices based on organic materials started in the early 70‟s. The discovery and advent of conducting polymers in the 80‟s paved the way to new solution-based process and realization of cheap and flexible electronic devices. Mastering thin films fabrication by evaporation techniques also made possible devices realization with optimal properties and control. Organic electronics is nowadays becoming a mainstream innovative field, with perspectives in solar cells, lightning and cheap electronics. The first industrial products are emerging in our every day‟s life, for example in screens for portable electronics. From another perspective, electrical transport through molecules, or entities of molecular size or thickness, created a growing interest in the research community. The development has been slower, mostly hindered by the technical issue of matching the nm molecular size with the typical 100 nm electrical interconnects sizes. This is illustrated by the scientific literature on the topic, with large fractions of the publications related to theoretical studies and nanofabrication methodologies, leaving aside only a marginal numbers of experimental results reports. The field of molecular electronics has nevertheless matured, and initial high expectations are nowadays moderated by the reality of difficulties in reuniting the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In particular, the scanning probe studies on molecules deposited on surfaces illustrated that stability usually require cryogenic temperatures, and the intrinsic conductivity of the molecules under study can be remarkably modified by the environment, the molecules conformations, and details of its interactions with the substrate. These points illustrate how difficult it is to create molecular devices of reproducible and robust properties. Tackling molecular electronics problems through size reduction of „standard‟ organic electronics systems also have stringent limits. The progress in this field cannot be compared to progress in miniaturization of inorganic silicon-based electronics. The primary technical bottleneck to miniaturization is metal-organic interfaces, which have a large importance for organic devices, and easily become predominant for sub-micrometer sizes. A huge research effort has been dedicated to this problem in the last 15 years, aiming at better for better characterization and understanding of dielectric-organic and metal-organic interfaces joining two materials of very different electronic properties. In the midway between bulk organic electronics and single molecule devices, are molecular electronic devices in the size range of 10-100 nm. This thesis is mostly dedicated to investigate these intermediate size devices. We envision several key advantages: (1) direct top-down nanofabrication tools can be used to fabricate reliable and reproducible interconnects in the 50 – 100 nm size range, (2) we can use bottom up fabrication methodologies to create molecular-based materials of size exceeding a few tens of nanometers, (3) by targeting devices where transport occurs though a significant number of molecules, we get access to average properties, with the advantage of studying more robust and reproducible samples, with expected environmental stability making ambient conditions measurements possible. Our ambition is to convince the reader that this mid-sized devices approach is promising, with high potentials. Our ambition is to provide a solid ground for molecular electronics devices realization, where reliability and results confidence are priorities. This explains why, all along this thesis, a large number of control experiments have been performed. This thesis is essentially articulated in three sections. In the first section (Chapter II), we present our methodology for creating the electrodes circuit, the interconnects, the excitation and measurement environments. Light is used as a trigger or excitation source, illustrating how molecular devices can have controlled properties, making them potential candidates for devices properties beyond those of standard inorganic electronics. For this aim, the setup for electrical measurements is placed in a home built-interconnect setup over an inverted optical microscope where we can apply simultaneous optical-electrical measurements followed by temperature and magnetic field complementary studies. We report the fabrication of lateral electrodes with high aspect ratio (104) separated by a 20-100 nm distance, and using simple optical lithography techniques. These „nanotrenches‟ are our basic top-down tool for interfacing organic materials. The next section (Chapter III) is a proof-of-principle experiment, showing that we can create robust molecular electronics devices. The best experimental confirmation for the occurrence of molecular-type transport relates to the study of „switching‟ molecules. Such systems exhibit a reversible, and possibly hysteretic, modification of their properties under external stimulus. For experimental convenience reasons, aiming at minimizing the risks of experimental artifacts, we use a benchmark molecular system, choosing a photochromic molecular film. These molecules are known to reversibly exhibit a change of conformation (cis↔trans) under light excitations in the UV and blue ranges. We use a microsphere coated with a film of these molecules, and trapped over the nanotrench. The sphere is the intermediate size connector, closing the junction between metallic electrodes through a double molecular layer. While a light induced change of conduction has been shown in a vertical geometry in these molecules, the lateral geometry is unexplored. On-switching molecular films as check system, we provide quantitative success rate in observing electrical transport unambiguously related to molecules properties, reaching a success rate better than 90%. The third section (chapters IV and V) presents the use of our methodology to investigate original new molecular materials. The spincrossover phenomenon, occurring as a collective transition with hysteretic behavior triggered by a change in temperature, pressure or irradiation in transition metal complexes, from paramagnetic high spin state (HS, S=2) to diamagnetic low spin state (LS, S=0) has been studied thoroughly in the literature, and well suites as switching molecular system. The transition is often accompanied by a change in color, dielectric constant and volume of the bulk material. Studies have shown that due to the collective nature of the transition, the hysteresis occurs in an ensemble of molecules and not in single molecules, thus spincrossover nanostructures are ideal candidates for observing the physical change (volume) due to the transition and we aimed to detect this change in their transport properties in chapter IV. We therefore used original spin crossover nanoparticles, of well-characterized spin transition properties, positioned over 100 nm-size gaps. The obtained results do not relate to spin transition, but to other intrinsic properties of the particles (high conductivity and photoconductivity) and confirmed that this geometry and size scale opens a view to novel properties investigation. The other molecular system is designed for supramolecular electronics studies, where the bottom-up fabrication involves the construction of a large molecular architecture, of size matching the nanotrenches widths. We investigate a self-assembled molecular system based on a triarylamine derivative as building block. Light triggers a polymerization of these molecules, through radicals creation in the solution. When this growth procedure is probed between metallic electrodes, a surprising self-fabrication of highly conductive molecular wires parallel to the linesof electric field in the gap is observed. The wires have an ohmic character with conductivity values of 104 S.m-1 combined with an extremely low interface resistance, typically six orders of magnitude lower than conventional polymers, samples exhibit high environmental stability persisting for a long time. This "discovery‟, detailed in chapter V, represents a milestone discovery for organic electronics since it describes the first molecular self-assembly having intrinsic metallic behavior in both bulk and at the metal/organic interface when lowering the temperature down to 1.5 K. Once again we emphasize the importance of the intermediate sized devices in making progress in the field of molecular electronics, by discovering materials with novel intrinsic properties and taking a great step towards lowering the parasitic interface resistance of organic materials with metals using self-fabrication procedures.

Artur Dybko, Światłowodowy czujnik do pomiaru stężenia jonów hydroniowych, Praca dyplomowa magisterska, Instytut Podstaw Elektroniki, Politechnika Warszawska, 1990  (okładka, spis treści, dedykacja)
Wstęp,
Przegląd konstrukcji pH-metrów światłowodowych,
Wybór metody pomiarowyej,
Wyniki prac doświadczalnych,
Sugestie dalszych prac,
Dodatek chemiczny
Literatura.

The transport properties of indium selenide (InSe) along the layers have been widely investigated in the past years [1, 2]. The near band–edge optical and electrical properties of strongly anisotropic crystals are a subject of considerable technical interest. The InSe ...

Growing need for Anitmonide based , room temperature, 2-5 μm, semiconductor laser, ultra low loss optical communication motivate me to do this work. The work describe in this proposal is aimed to use past investigated result of photoluminescence from GalnSb/AllnSb type first multiple quantum wells grown on GaAs in new way. This investigation successfully found that luminescence lie in between 3-4 μm. In my demonstration I used eight different samples GalnSb/AlGalnSb/AllnSb multiple quantum well laser (In cylindrical VCSEL structure) attached in single 3D photonic crystal emitting mid infrared laser light to transmit binary data from one computer to another computer through chalcogenide optical fibers by using DWDM system.

The selection of nanoparticles for achieving efficient contrast for biological and cell imaging applications, as well as for photothermal therapeutic applications, is based on the optical properties of the nanoparticles. We use Mie theory and discrete dipole approximation method to calculate absorption and scattering efficiencies and optical resonance wavelengths for three commonly used classes of nanoparticles: gold nanospheres, silica-gold nanoshells, and gold nanorods. The calculated spectra clearly reflect the well-known dependence of nanoparticle optical properties viz. the resonance wavelength, the extinction cross-section, and the ratio of scattering to absorption, on the nanoparticle dimensions. A systematic quantitative study of the various trends is presented. By increasing the size of gold nanospheres from 20 to 80 nm, the magnitude of extinction as well as the relative contribution of scattering to the extinction rapidly increases. Gold nanospheres in the size range comm...

In this paper, we have investigated the capability of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) JEOL JSM6460LV with Raith-ELPHY Quantum, EBL-system for the fabrication of micro-scale Fresnel rings on silicon Si, substrate for optoelectronics devices application. The design of Fresnel rings was achieved by hierarchical structures in extended Graphic Database System GDSII Editor which is sub-software built in the Raith-ELPHY Quantum software. The Fresnel rings were fabricated by exposing electron beam on PMMA photoresist in the Fresnel zones’ region on Silicon substrate. A Fresnel rings is made up of eleven concentric rings having the maximum diameter of the external rings as 52μm, and the minimum diameter of the internal ring as 5μm was fabricated by this method.

It is Optoelectronics course notes in Persian language (Farsi) which includes: Optical Materials - Optical Fiber - Waves Equations - LED - Laser Diode (LD) - Optical Detectors - Optical Metamaterials.

See:
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12128.69124

Laser Technology VIII was the eighth symposium in a periodical series that deals
with advances in the state-of-the-art of laser technology in Poland. Historically,
this series of symposia has evolved since 1984 due to the activity of the
Committee on Electronics and Telecommunication of the Polish Academy of
Sciences and the support of relevant universities.
The first symposium on laser technology was organized and hosted by the
Nicolaus Copernicus University at Toruń and co-organized by Warsaw University of
Technology, Military University of Technology, and Industrial Center of Optics in
Warsaw. Three volumes of proceedings were published beginning in June, 1984.
Laser Technology II was organized in 1987 by Szczecin University of Technology,
Warsaw University of Technology, and Military University of Technology. The host of
the symposium was the Institute of Industrial Automation Szczecin University of
Technology. The symposium provided material for four volumes of proceedings.
Two of them were published in Polish (a volume of 140 contributed papers and
volume of 14 invited papers,) and two in English (a volume of abstracts and SPIE
Proceedings Vol. 859).
Laser Technology III was organized in 1990 also by Szczecin University of
Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, and Military University of
Technology. It was hosted by the Institute of Industrial Automation of Szczecin
University of Technology. The symposium provided materials for four volumes of
proceedings. Two of them were published in Polish (a volume of 140 contributed
papers and another of invited papers,) and two in English (a volume of abstracts
and SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1391).
Laser Technology IV was organized in 1993 by Szczecin University of Technology,
Warsaw University of Technology, and Military University of Technology. The host of
the symposium was the Institute of Electronics and Computer Science of Szczecin
University of Technology. The symposium provided material for five volumes of
proceedings. Two of them were published in Polish (a volume of contributed
papers and another of invited papers,) and three in English (a volume of
abstracts and SPIE Proceedings Vol. 2202 and 2203).
Laser Technology V was organized in 1996 by Szczecin University of Technology,
Warsaw University of Technology, and Military University of Technology. The host of
the symposium was the Institute of Electronics and Computer Science of Szczecin
University of Technology. The symposium provided material for five volumes of
proceedings. Two of them were published in Polish (a volume of contributed
papers and another of invited papers,) and three in English (SPIE Proceedings Vol.
3186, 3187, and 3188). Laser Technology VI was organized in1999 by Szczecin University of Technology,
Warsaw University of Technology, Military University of Technology, and by the
Committee for Optoelectronics of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers
under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences Committee on Electronics
and Telecommunication. The symposium provided material for four volumes of
proceedings. Two of them were published in Polish (a volume of contributed
papers and another of invited papers,) and two in English (SPIE Proceedings Vol.
4237 and 4238).
Laser Technology VII was organized in 2002 also by Szczecin University of
Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Military University of Technology,
and by the Committee for Optoelectronics of the Association of Polish Electrical
Engineers and SPIE Poland Chapter under the auspices of the Polish Academy of
Sciences Committee on Electronics and Telecommunication. The symposium
provided material for four volumes of proceedings. Two of them were published
in Polish (a volume of contributed papers and another of invited papers,) and
two in English (SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5229 and 5230).
Laser Technology VIII was organized in 2006 also by Szczecin University of
Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Military University of Technology,
the Committee for Optoelectronics of the Association of Polish Electrical
Engineers, and SPIE Poland Chapter, under the auspices of the Polish Academy of
Sciences Committee on Electronics and Telecommunication. This recent
symposium was hosted by the Institute of Electronics, Telecommunications and
Computer Science of Technical University of Szczecin and held in Świnoujście on
25–29 September 2006. Approximately 130 participants including a number of
foreign guests attended this symposium. Professor Wiesław Woliński, Chairman of
the Polish Committee for Optoelectronics and the Committee on Electronics and
Telecommunication, presented the welcome address and opened the meeting.
The opening lecture, “Single-frequency solid-state micro lasers,” was given by
Arkadiusz Antończak, Jarosław Sator, and Krzysztof Abramski.
The topics of Laser Technology VIII were as follows: (1) new active media,
component and laser subassembly construction problems; (2) solid-state,
semiconductor, gas, ion, and other laser types; (3) laser radiation: amplification,
generation, stabilization, synchronization, frequency multiplying, and pulse
shaping; (4) laser beams: collimation, focusing, polarization, filtration, modulation,
and detection; (5) measurements of lasers and their radiation; (6) equipment
cooperating with lasers; and (7) laser applications in material processing,
medicine, and metrology. Included in these topics were 44 oral papers and 86
contributed papers.
The symposium provided materials for four volumes of proceedings. Two of them
were published in Polish (a volume of 36 oral papers and another of 71
contributed papers) and two SPIE Proceedings in English. The editors of these volumes present the full texts of 61 chosen and reviewed papers by authors
affiliated primarily with university-based laboratories.
The symposium chairs and editors would like to thank personally the authors and
conference contributors who made these books possible. Special cordial thanks
are also due to SPIE for supporting the symposium by undertaking the publication
of two proceedings volumes. The Symposium Committee announces with
pleasure that the next meeting on Laser Technology is scheduled to be held in Świnoujście in 2009.
Wiesław L. Woliński
Zdzisław Jankiewicz
Ryszard S. Romaniuk

Στην άσκηση αυτή θα παρουσιασθεί η λειτουργία των οπτικών ινών (optical fibers) ως μέσα διάδοσης οπτικού σήματος και θα μελετηθούν χαρακτηριστικά τους, όπως η ισχύς εξόδου της ίνας και το ποσοστό διάδοσης του σήματος, η σύγκριση αριθμητικών ανοιγμάτων δέσμης και ίνας, πώς εξασθενεί το σήμα όταν δύο ίνες είναι συνδεδεμένες σε σειρά και ο υπολογισμός του συντελεστή εξασθένησης οπτικής ίνας.

Laser Technology (SLT 2018) was the twelfth symposium in a periodic series that
deals with advances in the state-of-the-art of laser technology and applications
in Poland. Historically this series of symposia has evolved since 1984, due to the
work of the Committee of Electronics and Telecommunication of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, the Polish Committee of Optoelectronics of the
Association of Polish Electrical Engineers, and the support of relevant universities.

Ryszard Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Tailored optical fibers technology, This report contains a comprehensive description of the basic and engineering, including some practical and application, aspects of tailored optical fibers (analysis, design, fabrication and measurements) such as signal transmission properties, optical signal transformation, fiber materials and fabrication processes, as well as real fiber characteristics and environmental sensitivities. Tailored optical fibers are defined here generally as the ones not designed directly for long-haul applications. Detailed data on the optical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of various fiber materials and optical filaments researched and measured by the author and his co-workers at Biaglass Co. are described. The fabrication processes of optical fibers are also described from the viewpoint of understanding what factors are important in the manufacture of special fibers. The modified multicrucible process (MMC), which has been co-developed by the author, is described in detail, as well as mosaic assembling technology, and hybrid ones – leading to very complex filamentary optical guiding structures. Brief review of fundamental kinds of studied tailored fibers, associated design problems and signal properties leads to a list of potential applications as photonic functional devices. Design algorithms to fulfill some of the application requirements and their theoretical background as well as hardware realization are described. The report contains also some practical information for tailored optical fibers users and photonic components, circuits and systems designers.

In this paper, I reviewed comprehensively the structure and operation of closed-loop IFOGs, Feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for closed-loop IFOG has been studied. The signal processing in the closed-loop IFOG was simulated using PSCAD software. In the closed-loop IFOG, the phase shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase. According to Sagnac shift phase we could determine angular rotation rate.

Ryszard Romaniuk (Warsaw University of Technology), Praca stanowi wprowadzenie do wybranych zagadnień obecnego stanu wiedzy w zakresie teorii, technologii i zagadnień aplikacyjnych światłowodów kształtowanych. Jest przeznaczona dla studentów elektroniki i fizyki, doktorantów, inżynierów praktyków i pracowników naukowych, którzy pragną poznać, w aspektach podstawowych i stosowanych, tą stosunkowo nową i dynamicznie rozwijającą się dziedzinę fotoniki światłowodowej. Zamierzeniem autora jest, przy pomocy tej pracy, podjąć próbę rozszerzenia znajomości techniki światłowodów kształtowanych wśród szerszego kręgu inżynierów. W celu osiągnięcia tego zamierzenia przedstawiono wyczerpująco poszczególne zagadnienia teoretyczne, analityczne, projektowe, technologiczne, konstrukcyjne i aplikacyjne w kontekście fizycznym, chemicznym i technicznym starając się utrzymać pełną precyzję dyskusji naukowo-badawczej.
Technika światłowodów kształtowanych oferuje znacznie szerszy wybór narzędzi projektowania samego włókna optycznego i następnie wykonywanych z niego elementów i urządzeń światłowodowych, niż klasyczna technika światłowodów telekomunikacyjnych. Cena, którą płacimy za rozszerzenie swobody projektowania są znacznie większe straty jednostkowe światłowodów, gorsze właściwości mechaniczne i słabsza stabilność chemiczna. Świat praktycznych zastosowań włókien optycznych nie zdecydował jeszcze obecnie czy jest to cena warta zapłacenia. Niniejsza praca, poprzez szeroką analizę aktualnych problemów badawczych i technicznych, próbuje znaleźć kilka nowych przyczynków do takiej, ewentualnie pozytywnej, odpowiedzi. W najszerszym ujęciu, autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytania dotyczące „konkurencji” w zastosowaniach światłowodów telekomunikacyjnych i kształtowanych. Czy nominalne charakterystyki światłowodów kształtowanych predestynują je do zastosowań np. w trudnych warunkach środowiskowych w przemyśle, w technice wojskowej, motoryzacyjnej, lub fotonicznych systemach monitorowania stanu rozległych technicznych systemów municypalnych a także stanu środowiska naturalnego.