Organic Chemistry

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a grave threat to human health. Because antibiotics are no longer a lucrative market for pharmaceutical companies, the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a crawl. The World Health Organization reported that the 8 new bacterial agents approved since July 2017 had limited clinical benefits. While a cohort of biopharmaceutical companies recently announced plans to develop 2-4 new antibiotics by 2030, we needn’t wait a decade to find innovative antibiotic candidates. Essential oils (EOs) have long been known as antibacterial agents with wide-ranging arsenals. Many are able to penetrate the bacterial membrane and may also be effective against bacterial defenses such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and quorum sensing. EOs have been documented to fight drug-resistant bacteria alone and/or combined with antibiotics. This review will summarize research showing the significant role of EOs as nonconventional regimens against the worldwid...

Laboratory Information System (LIS) streamlines workflow in the laboratory and eliminates time-consuming paperwork. The business today is getting increasingly pressured to be more productive and efficient with less traditional resources. If we look at a typical production process, for instance, the level of automation and optimization that has permeated into the production floor is quite astounding. Many industries have had a tremendous impact in bringing to the market the automation and optimization solutions to streamline -the production floor. The other ends of the spectrum are the back-office transaction oriented processes like Inventory Management, Materials Management, Financials and so on, Therefore a lab’s ability to process data quickly and its ability to disseminate that information efficiently throughout the plant is vital for the success of the production process. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) can help in managing the information flow within the lab and can be the modus operandi of connecting the lab with the rest of the organization. For instance, imagine all the information that is generated in a lab.

Aim To synthesise 4 different Ni(II) complexes: Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O, Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2, Ni(Et2en)2(NO3)2 and Ni(Et2en)2I2 and ascertain the effect of the ligands on the electronic structure of the complexes by UV spectrometry and also through the magnetic moments of the complexes. Results and Calculation 1. Mass of Compounds obtained, and their respective percentage yields Compound A, Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O Mass of NiCl2.6H2O used = 0.79g Mass of Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O obtained = 1.05g NiCl2.6H2O + 2Et2en ↔ Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O + 4H2O Amount of NiCl2.6H2O used = 0.79g / (58.7 + 2(35.5) + 6(18.0)) = 0.0032394 mol Amount of Et2en = 0.77g / (6(12.0) + 16(1.0) + 2(14.0)) = 0.0066379mol (limiting reagent) Theoretical Amount of Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O obtained = 0.0066379/2 = 0.0033190mol Theoretical mass of Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O obtained = 0.0032394 x (58.7 + 2(35.5) + 2(116) + 2(18.0)) = 1.2883g Percentage Yield of Ni(Et2en)2Cl2.2H2O = (1.05/1.2883) x 100% = 81.5% (3 s.f.) Compound B, Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 Mass of Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 obtained = 0.76g Ni(NO3)2.6H2O + 2NaNCS  Ni(NCS)2 + 6H2O + 2NaNO3 Ni(NCS)2 + 2Et2en ↔ Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 Amount of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O used = 0.97g / (58.7 + 2(14.0 + 48.0) + 6(18.0)) = 0.0033368mol Amount of NaNCS = 0.54g / (23.0 + 14.0 + 12.0 + 32.1) = 0.0066584mol (limiting reagent) Theoretical Amount of Ni(NCS)2 obtained = 0.0066584/2 = 0.0033292mol Amount of Et2en = 0.77g / (6(12.0) + 16(1.0) + 2(14.0)) = 0.0066379mol (limiting reagent) Theoretical mass of Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 obtained = 0.0033190 x (58.7 + 2(14.0 + 12.0 + 32.1) + 2(116))

Lemak merupakan sekelompok besar molekul-molekul alam yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen meliputi asam lemak, malam, sterol, vitamin-vitamin yang larut di dalam lemak (contohnya A, D, E, dan K), monogliserida, digliserida, fosfolipid, glikolipid, terpenoid (termasuk di dalamnya getah dan steroid) dan lain-lain. Lemak secara khusus menjadi sebutan bagi minyak hewani pada suhu ruang, lepas dari wujudnya yang padat maupun cair, yang terdapat pada jaringan tubuh yang disebut adipose.

Denila, Richard V.
This study investigated the relationship of high school chemistry students’ motivation to learn and attitude towards chemistry with their chemistry academic achievement.  This study was conducted at Norala National High School, Division of South Cotabato, for the school year 2009-2010.
The study made use of the correlation method with the questionnaires in Likert scale to gather the data.  The instruments used were: Motivation questionnaire to learn (as adopted and modified by Ortiz, 1997) for determining the students’ motivation to learn chemistry; the Attitude Towards Science Scale (ATSS) by Wilkinson, 1979, as adopted by Alava, 2004 for determining the students’ attitude towards chemistry; and the Achievement Test in Chemistry for ascertaining the academic achievement of the third year chemistry students.  The statistical tools used in the study were frequency count, percentage, the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product-moment correlation (r) at 0.05 confidence level. 
Findings showed that the third year students are motivated in achievement, in affiliation, in competence, and in maintenance to learn chemistry. Study show that they have the desire to learn the concepts and skills in chemistry. Collectively, the third year high school  students’  have  favorable  attitude  towards  chemistry.    The academic performance level of the of the third year students in high school chemistry is satisfactory. This indicates that the students are moderately competent in the knowledge and skills in chemistry. There is a statistically significant relationship between the third year students’ motivation to learn chemistry and their attitude towards chemistry. A statistically significant relationship exists between the third year students’ motivation to learn chemistry and their academic achievement in chemistry.  Statistically there is a significant relationship between the third year students’ attitude towards chemistry and their academic achievement in chemistry.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Standard Chemical Tests:
- Carbon-Carbon double bond – Alkenes
- Hydroxyl Group (Alcohols and Phenols)
- The Carbonyl Group – Carboxylic Acids
- The Carbonyl Group – Ketones
- The Carbonyl Group – Aldehydes
- The Carbonyl Group – Esters
- The Amino Group
- Amides
- The Nitro Group
- Ethers
- Molisch’s Test For Sugars

A typical character of plants is the production and storage of usually complex mixtures of secondary metabolites (SM). The main function of secondary metabolites is defense against herbivores and microbes; some SM are signal compounds to attract pollinating and seed dispersing animals or play a role in the symbiotic relationships with plants and microbes. The distribution of SM in the plant kingdom shows an interesting pattern. A specific SM is often confined to a particular systematic unit, but isolated occurrences can occur in widely unrelated taxonomic groups. This review tries to explain the patchy occurrence of SM in plants. It could be due to convergent evolution, but evidence is provided that the genes that encode the biosynthesis of SM appear to have a much wider distribution than the actual secondary metabolite. It seems to be rather a matter of differential gene regulation whether a pathway is active and expressed in a given taxonomic unit or not. It is speculated that the...

Antibiotic resistance rate is rising worldwide. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potent for fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), independently or synergistically. The purpose of this study was to prepare AgNPs using wild ginger extracts and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of these AgNPs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. AgNPs were synthesized using wild ginger extracts at room temperature through different parameters for optimization, i.e., pH and variable molar concentration. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Disc and agar well diffusion techniques were utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of plant extracts and AgNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absor...

Most synthetic stains are expensive as they are synthesized from mixtures of various chemicals, there is need to explore other cheaper and natural sources of obtaining dyes used as biological stains. For this purpose, Punica granatum peels and Beta vulgaris root extracts were used as a source of natural dyes. Plant parts were extracted using three solvents (acetic acid, ethyl acetate and ethanol) indicate that most dyes with different solvent can capable for plant chromosome staining and also define mitotic cell division. Dyes used with staining agent tannic acid or ferrous sulfate were more sufficient to stain the chromosomes. Punica granatum ethanol solvent show not clearly plant chromosome staining and unable to define the cell division. Punica granatum and Beta vulgaris extracts may be used as chromosome dyes.

The effects of surface pretreatments on the cerium-based conversion coating applied on an AA5083 aluminum alloy were investigated using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), polarization testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Two steps of pretreatments containing acidic or alkaline solutions were applied to the surface to study the effects of surface pretreatments. Among the pretreated samples, the sample prepared by the pretreatment of the alkaline solution then acid washing presented higher corrosion protection (~3 orders of magnitude higher than the sample without pretreatment). This pretreatment provided a more active surface for the deposition of the cerium layer and provided a more suitable substrate for film formation, and made a more uniform film. The surface morphology of samples confirmed that the best surface coverage was presented by alkaline solution then acid washing pretreatment. The presence of ...

Root barks of Chionanthus virginicus L. are used in homeopathic medicines in the treatment of icterus and hepatitis. The objective of this study is to identify novel secoiridoids and lignans and to develop a simple and reliable HPLC method for the determination of oleuropein, phillyrin, total secoiridoids and total lignans for quality control and stability studies of C. virginicus herbal drug and preparations. Secoiridoids and lignans were purified by preparative HPLC. Compounds previously described were identified by HPLC according to their retention times and UV spectra. Structures of new compounds were determined by NMR. Two compounds namely excelside B and acetoxypinoresinol-4"-O-beta-D-glucoside are described for the first time in the drug. HPLC separation was performed on Symmetry C18 (Waters) by gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.2% aqueous phosphoric acid. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and quantifica...