Prefabricated wood

Climate change and demographical increase in developing countries are inducing us to reconsider the way we build the buildings. Concrete and steel have already reshaped our cities for 2 centuries but problems related to the non-sustainable aspects of steel and concrete are now appearing in their productive system, characteristics, creation process and energy demands. It is necessary to find new solutions, especially regarding high-rise buildings which will be one of the main typologies of construction in a more and more urban future scenario. The only structural material that can tackle the future demand of building is wood as Mass Timber Products. There are already several successful examples of how this material could answer architectural challenges. As architects, we have the power to choose how the building is built and realized. On our profession stands a great chance to increase the realization of sustainable buildings. Since the beginning of mankind, wood structure was one of the most common types and this trend was decreased only in the last 2 centuries thanks to the rise of steel and concrete structures. The 21st century can be instead the century of the renaissance of wood an the motifs are really a lot. Sustainable, renewable, zero impact and other qualities certified that it must be considered as possible solution. The context of the competition Wien Heiligendstadt Wohnen und Arbeiten is a pretext to show how an international competition can adopt Mass Timber as technological solution compared with a concrete solution. Showing the plus points and demerits of wood as a structural material is the main aim of this Master Thesis. Additionally, this Master Thesis aims to demonstrate the feasibility of an on field context rather than a theoretical solution, while also displaying the current status of wood technology.

Proposition d'un système conceptuelle numérique, architecturaleconstructive, appelé « SP3M » pour la production de logements personnalisés en bois et en masse, adapté à un contexte culturel, sócio-economique et climatique précis. Ce projet est le résultat de la thèse de l'auteur pour l'obtention de son dégrée de Master en Construction chez l'Institut Supérieur Technique, de l'Université Technique de Lisbonne, en avril 2009.

Versatile, wood has been used by mankind in furniture, instruments, utensils and construction. About timber buildings, this critical review discusses their valuable and sustainable features that label their multiple options. Numerous contributions were compiled from the author's collection and prospection in relevant databases. Construction techniques were featured, vocations were identified and production systems were remarked to detail wood-based resources and residues. Discussions and suggestions were raised as promoting strategies. Secular buildings prove the convenience of wood materials in construction, since they have decent levels in sustainability, durability, stability, value added, aesthetics, strength and weight. Timber construction enables artisanal to industrial productions and traditional to contemporary techniques with different materials, sizes and architectural styles. Global barriers are marked by obscurities about logging and illegal deforestation, and deficiencies in the regulations of native species. The utilization of sustainably sourced wood, sylviculture as a viable social-economic driving force and several advantages of timber construction are positive reasons. Actions were proposed to drive policy and multiply timber buildings, since they form a promising segment for emerging bioeconomies of innovative nations. Changes in wood consumption to enhance sylviculture combined with the waste reutilization should intensify the sustainability of timber construction and establish industrial synergies.

Timber is an ambiguous material, saturated with implicit values of sustainability, and locality, and at the same time globally ubiquitous. This essay examines the curious moment in Norwegian architectural history when timber, long associated with tradition and craft, became an industrial material of mass-production—in particular, through prefabricated structures produced by the Norwegian company Moelven Brug. By tracing the marketing narratives behind the company’s two main products—large timber housing panels and glued laminated (glulam) beams—this essay reconstructs a complex field of ideas related to building with timber. It argues that, on one hand, Moelven products reflected shifting architectural attitudes towards timber in mid-twentieth century Norway, treating it as the most “neutral” material, and on the other, they shaped new narratives of “updated tradition” advanced through the use of engineered timber in representative buildings. A curious by-product of a marketing narrative, the myth of updated tradition survives until today, providing a local resolution to the homogeneous global typologies of timber construction.

The only natural material for building boats is wood. There are various designs in the art of wooden boat building. The techniques for building wooden boats depends on the type of boat, the technique and procedure for making day sailors is different from the one used for construction of powerboats, cruising boats, or performance rows among several others.

Likewise, depending on the type of boat you want to build, you have an option of choosing from a large variety of timbers....

“Wood Processing, Pulp & Paper Industry” is the third handbook of a “trilogy” about heavy industry.
This Handbook has been prepared to identify and flag issues a prudent underwriter ought to consider and evaluate relating to the wood processing, pulp & paper industry risk selection, determination and calculation of loss estimates when deciding whether to accept a risk and, if so, on what terms.
The main processes of wood, pulp & paper and related special hazards are described.
The supply chain aspects are also addressed considering the process flow between the different units involved in the wood, pulp & paper business (i.e. interdependencies, CBI, Service Interruption).
Standard recommendations based on recognized international standards and good practices are proposed.
Many thanks to the following people and organizations for their invaluable and extensive contributions:
• ARAUCO Chile - Chilean wood pulp, engineered wood and forestry company
• FM Global - Factory Mutual Insurance Company
• Nicole Jamieson, Conference Interpreter (AIIC)
• Franck Orset (FPO), Loss Prevention Engineer – drawings and more

Mechanical characteristics were evaluated of wood-bamboo-based particleboard having the proportions of 100% wood and 0% bamboo, 75% wood and 25% bamboo, and 50% wood and 50% bamboo. This particleboard used Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis wood, Dendrocalamus asper bamboo, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin. Through destructive testing, the values of perpendicular tensile, static bending, modulus of elasticity, and screw pullout strength in the top and face surfaces were analyzed. For 0%, 25%, and 50% bamboo the values were 1.68 MPa, 1.37 MPa, and 1.4 MPa, respectively, for perpendicular tensile; 15.2 MPa, 17.6 MPa, and 18.5 MPa, respectively, for static bending; 2466 MPa, 2694 MPa, and 2922 MPa, respectively, for modulus of elasticity; 1256 MPa, 1922 MPa, and 1362 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in top; and 1392 MPa, 1342 MPa, and 1414 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in face. These results were superior to those presented by ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI 208.1 (1999). After performing a Tukey test at 5%, the values for each treatment did not show a significant difference among them.

Existe un conjunto de características que parece remitir a los alcances de lo que significó ser británico en Buenos Aires a mediados-fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, como la puntualidad o la "palabra de inglés". Este trabajo pretende revisitar y resignificar una serie de supuestos que signaron ese “ser británico”, construyendo esa figura desde la historia cultural y poniendo el foco en los espacios materiales y culturales que fueron construidos por la comunidad y, a su vez, contribuyeron a construirla como tal. Los suburbios y los clubes deportivos se presentan como esos espacios para indagar acerca de algunas de las aristas distintivas de las representaciones, las imágenes y las huellas construidas de la comunidad británica en Buenos Aires, en relación al paisaje, el ocio y la arquitectura. Respecto al marco temporal del trabajo se extiende en un periodo que va desde 1864, año en que se formaliza el funcionamiento del primer club deportivo fundado por la comunidad, hasta 1908 que es cuando se inaugura el edificio principal de ese mismo club, íntegramente prefabricado, en una localidad suburbana.

There is a set of characteristics that seems to refer to the scope of what meant to be British in Buenos Aires in the mid-late XIXth and early XXth centuries, such as punctuality or the "English word". This work aims to revisit and resignify a series of assumptions that marked that "British being", building that figure from cultural history and focusing on the material and cultural spaces that were built by the community and, in turn, contributed to its construction as such. The suburbs and sports clubs are presented as those spaces to inquire about some of the distinctive edges of the representations, images and footprints built by the British community in Buenos Aires, in relation to landscape, leisure and architecture. Regarding the time frame of the work, the period from 1864, the year in which the foundation of the first sports club by the community is formalized, until 1908, when the main building of the same club, completely prefabricated, was inaugurated in a suburban town.

The primary focus of this study is understanding the behaviour and structural performance of prefabricated composite timber floor cassette systems with Oriented strand board (OSB) stressed-skins. These do not have a dedicated top flange, instead their plywood webs are integrally bonded to the OSB flooring skin through a chemical connection. Subsequently, local buckling of the stressed-skin was found to occur as the first failure mode. Specimens with 150 mm and 300 mm nail spacings were investigated for its effects on performance due to the criticality of the integrated web to floor skin connection in these systems. A total of 20 stressed-skin specimens were tested in three-point bending with recordings of the applied force, displacement, slip and failure modes. It was found that local buckling of the skin is prone to occur prior to reaching the designed SLS limit. A detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) which takes into consideration the full behaviour of the materials and the glue and nail connections along with failure modes has been validated and used to provide insight to potential design solutions. Key parameters investigated include the adhesive properties, the ratio of clear effective out-stand width of the flange to the thickness of the stressed-skin (b eff,o /t), ratio of the clear depth of the web to the thickness of the web (d p /t w), ratio of the clear span to the total depth of the composite beam (L c /D) and finally the spacing of the nails. This has resulted in a broad level understanding of the effects of these design parameters to the behaviour of stressed-skin engineered timber flooring cassettes.

Carlo Mollino (1906-73) ha sempre mostrato un atteggiamento ambiguo nei confronti delle tecniche e dei processi di industrializzazione e standardizzazione dell'edilizia. Ciononostante, negli anni a cavallo della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, in alcuni progetti straordinari ha avuto l'occasione di riflettere sull'ambiente domestico quale guscio, monade, unità indivisibile che si realizza attraverso la progettazione e modificazione di mini-moduli, che possono dar luogo a configurazioni sempre diverse, tutt'altro che monotone.

Despite the promising future to industry in Brazil, most production sectors still suffer with the access to newer industrial technologies. Some very specific and limited incentives have been offered by the local Government to stimulate these companies. However, the forestry-timber sector hardly has access them, due to the several barriers and bureaucracies. Together with other factors, it is a visible reason to the lack of the renovation of their production lines, as well as the improvement of their industrial technologies. Industrial parks with modern technology contribute directly to products which better quality, and it could be a favourable way to the Brazilian development in industrial aspect. For that reason, it is important to perform studies to stimulate this sector. This study aims to verify the situation of the timber machinery of the wooden housing manufacturers in the Brazilian State of São Paulo. It was realized through a survey applied directly to the companies' owners. This work revealed that the largest share of these companies of São Paulo State presented update equipment to produce wooden houses. Nevertheless, these companies still could improve the technology of their manufactures with robotic and automated machinery, looking for a better productivity.

Mechanical characteristics were evaluated of wood-bamboo-based particleboard having the proportions of 100% wood and 0% bamboo, 75% wood and 25% bamboo, and 50% wood and 50% bamboo. This particleboard used Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis wood, Dendrocalamus asper bamboo, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin. Through destructive testing, the values of perpendicular tensile, static bending, modulus of elasticity, and screw pullout strength in the top and face surfaces were analyzed. For 0%, 25%, and 50% bamboo the values were 1.68 MPa, 1.37 MPa, and 1.4 MPa, respectively, for perpendicular tensile; 15.2 MPa, 17.6 MPa, and 18.5 MPa, respectively, for static bending; 2466 MPa, 2694 MPa, and 2922 MPa, respectively, for modulus of elasticity; 1256 MPa, 1922 MPa, and 1362 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in top; and 1392 MPa, 1342 MPa, and 1414 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in face. These results were superior to those presented by ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and A...

Turkey has undergone numerous deva stating earthquakes due to be ing located on the Mediterranean Seismic Belt throughout its history. The date of transition to a settled order in Anatolian peninsula bases on approximately 13.000 years and it has been a cradle for many cultures and civilizations. These cultures understood the seismi c character of the country and developed earthquake-resistant buildings with timber which was a lightweight and ductile material in this trial and error platform. The descriptions on archaeological finds have been an important factor in the reflection of historical chronology of past life st yles and structural forms. This c ould cover a wide area such as hieroglyph and cuneiform texts and weapons in hunting rituals, musical instruments in religious or wedding ceremonies, architectural spaces and structural definitions. Turkey has its specific kind of timber buildings th at elped the people to survive the destructive earthquakes. In this research it is s...

The ability to adapt is certainly one of the best qualities possessed by life forms on earth, an essential component for the survival of species. Talking about adaptation in architecture means conceiving the building no longer as a closed system, but as an organism that transforms itself to adapt to changing external and internal conditions. The research presented here shows the experiments of scholars who throughout history have supported and fuelled the concepts of transformability, transportability and adaptability. Among the 'pioneers' of the adaptive dimension in architecture, we find the famous architects Richard Buckminster Fuller and Konrad Wachsmann. The first linked its name to the geodesic domes: light, economic and transportable roofs, which can be used in various circumstances. Instead, Wachsmann's thought was oriented towards the innovation of construction procedures through prefabrication and standardization. Taking these two inventors as a starting point, it is possible to outline one of the most flourishing chapters in the history of architecture, where imagination meets the need to create extraordinary works.

Prefabrik ev nedir ?

      Prefabrik evler , uzmanlar tarafından tasarlanan montajı kolay,malzemelerinin bir yerden bir yere kolay taşındığı ve aynı zamanda sağlam olan portatif evlerdir.  Bileşenlerinin bir yerden bir yere taşınması kolay olduğundan yapboz şeklinde evlerin yapılmasından dolayı modüler evler diye de adlandırılır. Prefabrik evlerin ülkemizde kullanımı ve yaygınlaşması marmara depreminden sonra artmıştır. Prefabrik evlerde kullanılan malzemelerin sağlam olması ve yalıtımlarının iyi olmasından dolayı Türkiyedeki çoğu bölgede rahatça kullanılmasına zemin hazırlamıştır.

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte hem sağlam hemde lüx prefabrik evler yapılmaya başlanmıştır. İnsanlar daha çok köy,kasaba gibi yerlerde prefabrik ev yapımını hızlandırmışlardır.
Prefabrik evleri dört mevsim kullanmak mümkün normal evlerde yalıtım katmanı 4-5 kat iken bu evlerde 15 katman kalınlığında yalıtım malzemesi kullanılmakta. Bu da kış aylarında evlerde rahatça ikamet edilmesini sağlamakta. Ayrıca arsanızda böyle bir ev yaptırmak istediğinizde prefabrik ev firmaları evinizi 1 ay gibi kısa bir zamanda hazır hale getirebilmekte.
Prefabrik ev fiyatları ?
        Prefabrik ev fiyatları kullanılan malzemeye yapının kat sayısına ve modern olup olmamasına göre değişmektedir. Ortalama olarak 20 -100 bin lira arasında değişen prefabrik evler mevcuttur.

In this work a multi-story residential building located in Cinisello Balsamo, near Milan, was considered as case study for the application of two new prefabricated building systems for the energy retrofit. The first one, developed within EASEE, a European project funded by 7 th Framework Program, consists in a preassembled insulated panel for the retrofit of facades, based on two TRC thin precast layers rigidly connected to an EPS core. The panels can be easily applied on the external side of existing facades without the use of scaffoldings, providing an additional efficient insulation as well a new external cladding. The second one consists in a preassembled timber panel for existing pitched roofs. The process includes the substitution of the existing roof with modular integrated panels with a high content of recycled materials that can be easily fixed on the existing structures (timber frames, concrete, masonry, etc.). The combination of the two prefabricated construction systems,...

Los británicos de Buenos Aires en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y principios del XX se relacionaron con las élites locales y forjaron lazos de identidad dentro del grupo de coterráneos provenientes de diferentes regiones del Reino Unido. La necesidad de desarrollar aspectos de su vida social en relación al entorno natural los llevó a formar un vínculo con los suburbios de la ciudad, hasta completar el proceso de identidad material y cultural con esos espacios periféricos. Las inclinaciones culturales de la comunidad, sus intereses sociales, los aspectos comerciales, las relaciones intercomunitarias, pero también extracomunitarias, entre otros, fueron los que dominaron la vida de los británicos en Buenos Aires. Todo ello contribuyó a desarrollar actividades diversas y encontrar espacios acorde a ellas; tal es el caso de los deportes y el establecimiento de sus instituciones deportivas en los suburbios.
En un comienzo los clubes podían funcionar sin sede social y, por ejemplo, las viviendas particulares de miembros de la propia comunidad actuaban como espacios deportivos diagramándose canchas en los jardines y montando tiendas para el público y los jugadores. Con el afianzamiento de las instituciones llegaron los pabellones, los club houses y demás edificaciones de soporte al deporte practicado. Es en ese momento en que se establece en Buenos Aires una arquitectura británica deportiva, con sus características particulares y resoluciones técnicas. ¿Cuál fue la respuesta arquitectónica dada por los miembros de la comunidad británica a la hora de establecer los edificios de sus clubes deportivos?
Para circunscribir el objeto de estudio este trabajo se hará a partir de la selección de algunos ejemplos de arquitectura deportiva británica, siendo las primeras edificaciones de los clubes las que formarán el corpus que evidencie la búsqueda estética y técnica por parte de la comunidad. Se abordarán las edificaciones del Buenos Ayres Rowing Club (c.1874-c.1884), del Tigre Boat Club (1890-1928) y del Buenos Ayres Cricket Club (1908-1947); todas ellas construidas en madera y ya desaparecidas.  Estos edificios forman la huella del paso de una comunidad por los suburbios de Buenos Aires e identifican la concreción de programas nuevos dentro del abanico de funciones arquitectónicas. Si bien fueron obras efímeras, en palabras de Liernur, no solo plantearon propuestas de diseño y resoluciones técnicas sino que también la obra de arquitectura aparece como representación de una comunidad, tanto material como simbólicamente.

Os produtos manufaturados em madeira são fundamentais para a sociedade moderna, visto que os mesmos são fabricados a partir de matéria-prima renovável e reciclável, caracterizando um insumo sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elucidar a importância da madeira de florestas plantadas na manufatura de produtos florestais com maior valor agregado, abordando os contextos florestais e madeireiros de tópicos relacionados à educação, recursos, produtos, indústrias, incentivos estatais, políticas públicas e mercado. Verificou-se que o Brasil, diferente da Europa, não estimula favoravelmente esse importante setor industrial, que ainda assim apresenta potencial de crescimento em função da diversidade de produtos à base de madeira. Desse modo, a madeira poderá alcançar um lugar de destaque na economia do País, se estratégias e incentivos forem definidos por meio de normas e políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates the aptitudes of prefabricated timber hollow-box boards that are used as slabs by comparing those that are already present in the market. Moreover, I propose and test through a software and in the laboratory an alternative made of a timber fastener to unite its elements without adhesive. When bambu rings are placed where it exists more effort, resistance increase until 240%. This fact, combined with the high capacity to solve long spans, its possibility to include acoustic and thermic isolators and installations and its easy deconstruction and sostenibility, makes of those wooden boards an alternative able to compete with present constructive systems.

RESUMEN
Esta tesina investiga las aptitudes de las placas prefabricadas alveolares de madera para su uso en forjados mediante una comparación de las actualmente existentes en el mercado. Además, propone y comprueba por medio de software y en laboratorio la alternativa de un pasador de madera para las uniones entre elementos sin adhesivo, y de unos anillos de bambú, que situados en los puntos de más esfuerzo permiten ampliar la resistencia hasta un 240%. Esto, junto con la gran capacidad para solucionar grandes luces, la posibilidad de las placas para incluir aislantes acústicos, térmicos e instalaciones y la fácil deconstrucción y sostenibilidad de las mismas, hace de estas una alternativa que puede competir con los sistemas de construcción actuales.

This paper analyzes the representativeness of timber housing in Brazil, identifying the percentage of construction techniques offered by each evaluated company. Percentages that evidence the frequency of use of wooden building techniques were measured using two methods applied in the companies: survey through face-to-face interviews with owners and data search on their websites. The survey through interviews evaluated 107 Brazilian companies, while the data search included 207 companies, obtaining 50.95% and 98.57% of the estimated population, respectively. In spite of this difference, both methods showed a similar scenario. Interviews evidenced higher application costs. Contemporary techniques are available in more than 90% of Brazilian constructors. Houses with nailed horizontal boards and houses with horizontal wooden boards between columns were offered the most.

The timber production chain in Brazil still suffers with several difficulties related to the waste management. Most sectors within this timber chain never account or classify their waste. It is a chronic problem present in all of Brazilian States, whereas the local Governments never stimulated industrial clusters with assertive policies to mitigate this problem. Through this latent demand, the present paper aims to develop a research focused on a survey about the wood waste generated by the manufacturers of wooden housing in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina. This work contained a survey formed by three important questions to evaluate the waste management by these timber industries specific for construction. In the end of this data mining, it was verified that these industries do not reuse their wood waste, as well as these companies do not evaluate or classify these generated wastes, according to the size, class or volume. This survey showed that these timber industries do not have any plans to reduce this environmental liability, and also the local Government urgently needs to create newer public policies to stimulate these industries. Furthermore, despite of the proliferation of human managed forests, the industries still use native woods in most of these wooden houses.

ABSTRACT: The work fits in the framework of the increasing interest on the structural use of wood-based materials by Italian companies and research groups; it describes the preliminary steps of a project about the production and testing of new hardwood panels of the X-Lam ...

"Heritage" is something that needs to be preserved and passed down to future generations, made up of traditions and materiality. Connecting history and culture, a variety of heritage sites emerge. They consist of tangible and intangible elements, as art and historical monuments; traditional landscapes and local flora and fauna; popular practices and traditional way of life. It is a heterogeneous concept that includes every dimension of culture, even intellectual inheritance and cultural identity of a people. Such consideration leads that the heritage is no longer associated only with the past, but with the current use of things that come from the past. The history that repeats itself, like a cycle that brings back the past, is a concept that had already fascinated the Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico when he developed his "theory of courses and recourses of history". This argument is extremely current, with reference to today's reuse of traditional materials. Probably the true innovation consists, not so much in inventing something new, but in the use of ancient techniques and materials, revisited in a new way. Timber is one of the first materials used for constructions. But our ancestors did not consider the problem of wood durability. For this, it has had a progressive decline. But in the last years, this problem has been solved with the technology, that has led industrial production processes. The old construction systems have not been left, but improved.

The manufactured wood products are essential to modern society, since they are made from renewable and recyclable raw material, characterizing a sustainable input. The objective of this study was to elucidate the importance of wood from planted forests in forest products manufacture of higher added value, addressing forest and wood contexts of topics related to education, resources, products, industry, government incentives, public policies and markets. Different from Europe, it was verified that Brazil does not support positively this important industrial sector, nevertheless it still presents growth potential due to range of wooden-based products. Thus, wood could reach a prominent position in Brazilian economy, if strategies and incentives were defined by rules and public policies.

Os produtos manufaturados em madeira são fundamentais para a sociedade moderna, visto que os mesmos são fabricados a partir de matéria-prima renovável e reciclável, caracterizando um insumo sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elucidar a importância da madeira de florestas plantadas na manufatura de produtos florestais com maior valor agregado, abordando os contextos florestais e madeireiros de tópicos relacionados à educação, recursos, produtos, indústrias, incentivos estatais, políticas públicas e mercado. Verificou-se que o Brasil, diferente da Europa, não estimula favoravelmente esse importante setor industrial, que ainda assim apresenta potencial de crescimento em função da diversidade de produtos à base de madeira. Desse modo, a madeira poderá alcançar um lugar de destaque na economia do País, se estratégias e incentivos forem definidos por meio de normas e políticas públicas.

In this work a multi-story residential building located in Cinisello Balsamo, near Milan, was considered as case study for the application of two new prefabricated building systems for the energy retrofit. The first one, developed within EASEE, a European project funded by 7 th Framework Program, consists in a preassembled insulated panel for the retrofit of facades, based on two TRC thin precast layers rigidly connected to an EPS core. The panels can be easily applied on the external side of existing facades without the use of scaffoldings, providing an additional efficient insulation as well a new external cladding. The second one consists in a preassembled timber panel for existing pitched roofs. The process includes the substitution of the existing roof with modular integrated panels with a high content of recycled materials that can be easily fixed on the existing structures (timber frames, concrete, masonry, etc.). The combination of the two prefabricated construction systems,...

La humedad relativa del aire dentro de una habitación es un factor relevante para determinar el confort humano en una edificación. Este estudio evalúa la importancia de la verificación de la humedad relativa interior de construcciones de madera fabricadas con la técnica woodframe. La construcción evaluada se encuentra en el campus de Itapeva de la Universidad Estatal Paulista, en el Estado de Sao Paulo. En este estudio se presenta el comportamiento de la humedad en el interior de esta construcción woodframe en un período de evaluación ininterrumpida entre abril y diciembre, que comprende 259 días. Los resultados de la humedad relativa media se trataron estadísticamente después de la recolección de los datos realizado por un termo-higrómetro. Este instrumento se inserta dentro de la sala de la construcción woodframe durante el período analizado y presenta una humedad relativa interior promedio de 59,0%, con una desviación estándar de 7,8566. La humedad promedio fue comparada con la norma brasileña NBR-16401-2. El análisis de los resultados indica que la humedad relativa obtenida está dentro de la norma. En otros análisis, a través de los índices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la humedad relativa en esta construcción de madera está dentro de la norma ideal. Esta evaluación demostró que, en Brasil, la construcción woodframe conserva la humedad relativa interior en un nivel aceptable por la OMS.

Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for w...

In the current competitive market, production efficiency and product quality are prioritized by the whole industry. Machinery characterization is an understudied topic, particularly in those sectors focused on basic raw material production, processing, and/or heavy industrialization. For this reason, the wooden housing sector requires evaluation to identify its mechanical potential and support future policies dealing with industrial development. This study aimed to identify the equipment and machinery from Brazilian timber housing producers. Such a sectoral study involved individual personal data collection by way of face-to-face interviews. Sampled producers were asked about equipment/machinery size, drying process availability, and the range of overall obsolescence from these devices. Thus, tools, portable machines, and medium-sized machinery exhibited the highest popularities, revealing a lower industrial level. Most of these producers do not have machined drying processes because of the demand for static infrastructures. The low obsolescence was a result of the greater utilization of compact equipment, which is easier to replace because of its low cost. Lower-cost machinery could also stimulate in the creation of new businesses for this sector.

W 1928 roku powstał w Raciborzu wyjątkowy budynek. Jego wyjątkowość nie wynikała tylko z funkcji - obserwatorium geosejsmiczne - ale także z technologii użytej do budowy - drewniane prefabrykaty. Zostal zaprojektowany przez Konrada Wachsmanna i zrealizowany przez firmę Chrostoph und Unmack z Niesky.
An article about the building of a seismic observatory in Racibórz (Ratibor) designed by Konrad Wachsmann.