Racial and Ethnic Politics

Pointing to a number of informal dynamics in small societies that are supposed to
enhance cooperation and consensus, traditional studies on power-sharing posit that small states are
‘most likely’ candidates for stable, multiethnic democracy. These assumptions are, however,
challenged by the case study literature on small states which highlights a variety of informal
patterns that undermine democratic governance. Addressing this contradiction, the present paper
provides an in-depth analysis of power-sharing politics in Suriname, a small, culturally
heterogeneous country in South America that initially figured as a prominent case in consociational
theory. The analysis reveals that the smallness of Suriname strongly affects and shapes the nature
of democracy in the country. On the one hand, clientelism ensures that members of each ethnic
group included in power-sharing arrangements have access to state resources and services, thus
providing a large measure of political stability. On the other hand, clientelism undermines the
functioning of multiethnic democracy by a host of negative side effects, among which economic
and social dependency of citizens, executive dominance and authoritarian politics, endemic
corruption that goes largely unpunished, and state predation by elites. The upshot is that whereas
power-sharing arrangements in small societies might indeed be facilitated by a small population
size, there is a heavy price to pay in terms of the quality of democracy.

A sequel to the groundbreaking volume Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions, the present volume examines in depth interactions between Western racial constructions of East Asians and local constructions of race and their outcomes in modern times. Focusing on China, Japan and the two Koreas, it also analyzes the close ties between race, racism and nationalism, as well as the links race has had with gender and lineage in the region. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this insightful and engaging 23-chapter volume offers a sweeping overview and analysis of racial constructions and racism in modern and contemporary East Asia that is unsurpassed in previous scholarship.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables
Conventions
Preface

1. Introduction: The Synthesis of Foreign and Indigenous Constructions of Race in Modern East Asia and Its Actual Operation, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
I. Antecedents: A Detailed Examination of Early Western Racial Constructions of East Asians
II. Interactions: The Fusion of European and Asian Constructions of Race
III. Nationalism: Interactions between Race and Ethnic Nationalism in East Asia
IV. Gender and Lineage: The Impact of Domestic and Foreign Racial Constructions

PART I: ANTECEDENTS
2. East Asians in the Linnaean Taxonomy: Sources and Implications of a Racial Image, Rotem Kowner and Christina Skott
The Linnaean Revolution and View of Humankind
Sources of Linnaeus’ Racial Perspective on East Asians
The Essence of Asia: Swedish Views of China
Swedish Reports and Linnaeus’ Revision of His Human Taxonomy
Linnaeus’ Legacy and the Unfolding Racial View of East Asians
3. Constructing Racial Theories on East Asians as a Transnational “Western” Enterprise, 1750-1850, Walter Demel
The Founding Fathers of Racial Theories: Linnaeus, Buffon, Kant and Camper
The Second Generation: Multiple Directions
4. The ‘Races’ of East Asia in Nineteenth-Century European Encyclopaedias, Georg Lehner
Classifying the Peoples of Asia
The Encyclopedias' Main Sources for Remarks on the “Races” of East Asia
Chinese, Japanese and Koreans: Descriptions of East Asian peoples
Stereotypes of East Asians in General Knowledge
Visual Representations of Race in Works of General Knowledge
Concluding Remarks
5. The Racial Image of the Japanese in the Western Press Published in Japan, 1861-1881, Olavi K. Fält
Background
The Oldest People on Earth
The Shining Japanese Race
Weak and Inferior Race
Praising the Endeavors of a Poor Race
Conclusion

PART II: INTERACTIONS
6. The Propagation of Racial Thought in Nineteenth-Century China, Daniel Barth
The Background: Imperial China and the “Other”
Stage I (1846-1851): Marques and Wei Yuan
Stage II (1851-1855): Hobson and Muirhead
Stage III (1855-1872): The Self-Strengthening Movement
Stage IV (1872-1892): John Fryer and the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine
Conclusion: Chinese Intellectuals, Social Darwinism and Race
7. Learning from the South: Japan's Racial Construction of Southern Chinese, 1895-1941, Huei-Ying Kuo
The South Seas as Japan’s Backyard, 1895-1914
Japan's Expansion into the Southern Chinese Networks, 1914-1928
Chinese Anti-Japanese Nationalism and Japanese Discourses on South Seas Chinese, 1928-1936
Southern Chinese as Non-Han Races, 1936-1941
Conclusions
8. “The Great Question of the World Today”: Britain, the Dominions, East Asian Immigration and the Threat of Race War, 1905-11, Antony Best
Immigration and “the Awakening of Asia”
The Prophets of Race War
Critics of White Solidarity
Finessing the Racial Divide
Conclusions
9. “Uplifting the Weak and Degenerated Races of East Asia”: American and Indigenous Views of Sport and Body in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia, Stefan Hübner
Sportive Citizenship Training in the Philippines
Chinese Cooperation and Acceptance of American-Style Modernization
Japanese Resistance and its Defeat by American Style Modernization
Conclusion
10. Racism under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective, Gerhard Krebs
Early Nazi Views on the Japanese Racial Position
Becoming More Aryan
The Problem with the Japanese in the Nazi Worldview
Continuing Mutual Mistrust
The End
11. Discourses of Race and Racism in Modern Korea, 1890s-1945 , Vladimir Tikhonov
Race and Its Uncertainties
The Emergence of Race Theories in Modern Korea: One of the Logics of the “Civilized World”
“Race” and “Ethnic Nation” in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
Conclusion: Race as a Path to Modernist Self-assertion?
12. The United States Arrives: Racialization and Racism in Post-1945 South Korea, Nadia Y. Kim
Contextual Background: America Marches In and Mass Mediates
The American Military, Whiteness, and Imperialist Racial Formation
American Mass Media, White Heroes, and Counter-Hegemony
Blackness and Imperialist Racial Formation
Racism and Invisibility in Korean “America”
Concluding Remarks
13. A Post-Communist Coexistence in Northeast Asia? Mutual Racial Attitudes among Russians and Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, David Lewis
Discrimination against Siberian Peoples as an Outcome of Racial Prejudice
The Origin and Legacy of Russian Attitudes to Asians
Racial Attitudes among Indigenous Siberian Peoples
The Communist Model of Racial Modus Vivendi
The Impact of Prolonged Racism on Indigenous Siberian Peoples
Marriage as an Anti-Racist Means in a Multi-Racial Society

PART III: NATIONALISM
14. Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-American Racial Perceptions of the Korean War, Lü Xun
Descendants of the Mongolian Hordes: American Perceptions of the Chinese
The Ambitious Wolf: Chinese Perceptions of Americans
The Mirrored Self: A Nation-State in the Making
15. Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Racialized Chinese Nationalism, Yinghong Cheng
Gangtai Patriotic Songs: A “Colored” Political Genre of Pop Music
A Tacit Collaboration between the Party-State and Capitalist Cultural Producers in Hong Kong and Taiwan
The Interaction between Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Chinese Popular Nationalism
Analyses
Concluding Remarks
16. Japanese as Both a “Race” and a “Non-Race”: The Politics of Jinshu and Minzoku and the Depoliticization of Japaneseness, Yuko Kawai
The Historical Trajectories of Jinshu and Minzoku
Being a “Race” and a “Non-Race” in Present-day Japan: An Empirical Study
Conclusions and Implications
17. Ethnic Nationalism in Postwar Japan: Nihonjinron and Its Racial Facets, Rotem Kowner and Harumi Befu
Premises of Nihonjinron
Nihonjinron as a Manifestation of Japanese Nationalism
Nihonjinron and Its Concern with Origin, Blood and Racial Hierarchy
The Impact of Race-Related Tenets on Everyday Life
Functions of Ethnic Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
Concluding Remarks
18. Ethnic Nationalism and Internationalism in the North Korean Worldview, Tatiana Gabroussenko
The Soviet Discourse of the Outside World: Conditional Internationalism
The North Korean Worldview in the “Soviet Era”: Echoing the Soviet Paradigm
Mono-Ethnicity as a Special Korean Virtue: The Evolution of the North Korean World Vision under the Influence of Juche
North Korean Propaganda about Foreigners from Inclusive and Alienating Perspectives
Conclusion

PART IV: GENDER AND LINEAGE
19. In the Name of the Master: Race, Nationalism and Masculinity in Chinese Martial Arts Cinema, Kai-man Chang
From Anti-imperialist Nationalism to Cultural Nationalism
Masculinities That Matter
Conclusion
20. Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan’s Sexual Enslavement of Korean “Comfort Women”, Bang-soon Yoon
Korean “Comfort Women”: Drawn in as Substitutes
The Nature of Victimization
Colonial Policies and the Mobilization of Korean Women
Treatment of Korean “Comfort Women”
Lives under Sexual Slavery
Nationalism, Gender and Sexual Violence
Conclusion
21. “The Guilt Feeling That You Exist”: War, Racism and Indisch-Japanese Identity Formation, Aya Ezawa
Power, Discourse, and “Mixed Blood”
The Indisch and the Dutch East Indies
The Indisch Community under Japanese Occupation
Indisch-Japanese Relationships
Indisch-Japanese Descendants
Conclusion
22. ‘The “Amerasian” Knot: Transpacific Crossings of “GI Babies” from Korea to the United States, W. Taejin Hwang
“An Act of Both Humanity and Patriotism”: The Amerasian Immigration Act of 1982
“Confucius’ Outcasts”: The Korean Amerasian “Plight”
Inter-country Adoption of Korean “GI Babies”
Living as a “Mixed-Blood Child” (Honhyeola) in Cold War Korea
“Half-American Also is American”: Towards Migration
Conclusion and Postscript

PART V: CONCLUSIONS
23. The Essence and Mechanisms of Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
The East Asian Contribution to the Study of Race and Racism
East Asia’s Role within the Rise of Racial Theory and the Resulting Hybridity
Sources and Manifestations of Racism
The Close Links between Racism and Nationalism
The Role of Gender and Lineage in Constructions of Race and Racism
East Asia and the Future of Race and Racism
Contributors
Bibliography
Index

A chronology of all measures introduced by the National Socialist municipal administration and other perpetrator agencies against the Berlin Jews. The day by day chronicle, based on many hitherto unknown sources, provides the reader with a detailed and graphic picture of how the exclusion of the Jews from all spheres of public life unfolded over time and who was responsible for it. The introduction discusses the overlooked importance of local institutions for the radicalization of the persecution in the capital of the Third Reich, yet also touches upon the reactions and resistance of the Jews.

The first part of this paper presents a historical outline of how racial and cultural alterity (particularly indigeneity) has been imagined and represented by elites in Colombia since the nineteenth century. The evolution of these ideas takes us to the contemporary category of “ethnic groups” and its representation in positive terms, a process that signifies a substantial change compared to past discourses in favour of cultural homogeneity. The second part of this text reflects on the ways in which ethnic policies are legitimized  –today more than ever– through the principle of “the protection of cultural diversity”, a principle which is widely praised and uncontested, but which has become totally dependent on problematic concepts such as “cultural damage”, “authenticity” or “preservation”. Furthermore, the institutional actions based on that principle are actually uncertain, ambiguous and inefficient, a situation that invites us to question the “policies for diversity”.

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

This newspaper column from 2003 examines how Indians in Trinidad and Tobago are misled, guided by so many fears, the encouragement of feelings of victimhood, and smallness of vision. There is an important contribution for Indians to make to the building of this New World civilisation, which is still in its infancy and only half-made. What is needed is a vision, mission and leadership not griping about “discrimination”, but looking fearlessly to the future.

Forty years ago Clifford Geertz published a signature essay that began with an account of a Moroccan sheep raid that had been constructed by weaving together three different frames of interpretation: Jewish, Berber, and French. In somewhat parallel fashion, when busloads of people today travel together on guided tours to memorialized sites of past atrocities, these “journeys of return” are also loaded with multiple meanings for the participants. Unlike the multilingual characters in Geertz’s scenario, however, today’s co-travelers, even those coming from the same country, may be oblivious to the way that their personal ethnic and racial backgrounds highlight and filter what they notice and miss in these Holocaust study tours.

This paper will examine an event that occurred on one such journey: a trip by150 college students to three former Nazi death camps in Poland. On the bus trip back to the hotel after a particularly wrenching excursion to Majdanek, a student, in an attempt to relieve tension after a half hour of stunned collective silence, attempted to share what she thought was a humorous anecdote. The story she told, however, involved a racial undercurrent that she herself did not recognize, though a few other students certainly did. As fallout from this incident grew, and meetings were held that evening to discuss it, emotions escalated. The entire event, contextualized within a study tour designed to cultivate knowledge of genocidal oppression and tolerance for ethnic differences, begs for an anthropological analysis of the workings of irony and privilege.

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

This revisionary view of identity politics, and the politics of inclusion, was published in the Los Angeles Times. It focuses on a surprising star of the Republican Party--abolitionist Frederick Douglass. Inclusion without racialism  may be a hard message to swallow for those who have made careers out of racial guilt, or racial victimization. But if Republicans follow the lead of the Douglass wing of the Republican Party, they will find that they can speak with moral authority and historical legitimacy.

This  study  examines  the  life  of  Crips  cofounder  Stanley “Tookie”  Williams  and  the  controversy  surrounding  his multiple  nominations  for  the  Nobel  Peace  Prize.  After being sentenced to death for a quadruple murder, Williams underwent a period of radical transformation and became an internationally recognized ambassador for peace. From San  Quentin’s  death  row,  Williams  supported  several  in-ternationally  recognized  gang  peace  initiatives  including the  1992  Watts  truce,  the  1993  Summit  on  Urban  Peace and Justice, Hands Across America, and the  2004 Tookie Protocol  for  Peace.  This  article  explores  the  challenges Williams faced in his evolution from a gang member to a peace activist, his role in these projects, and how neoliberal criminal  justice  reforms  undermined  his  global  efforts  to promote grassroots peace coalitions.

Purpose Terminologies such as 'integrated marketing' and 'market segmentation' may be common parlance in contemporary marketing literature, but in postwar America they had distinct racial orientations mediated by a history of segregation. This paper examines the resonant discourses in the construction of the Negro market in postwar America and observes that the field of marketing provides a historiography where Negro marketing was constructed as dilemmatic and through a duality of the Black market impacting the well-established White market. A survey of marketing literature from the 1950s to the 1970s reflects a discursive turn from scepticism and caution in approaching the Negro market to evoking the ethical discourse and advocating equal rights for the Black consumer. Design/methodology/approach A review of articles on the topic reveals that research occurred in other academic fields beyond the remit of marketing and these different disciplines approached the issue of the Negro market from different research orientations and fields of enquiry. This paper focuses on academic literature that was published in marketing and business journals which were concerned with marketing to the Black community. The journals reviewed in this paper

This Special Issue of Humanities comes at a time when the viability of the humanities are challenged on numerous fronts. On the one hand, the humanities face material threats as the politics of austerity continues throughout Europe and the United States, diminishing public support and making profit margin and “job creation” the primary measure of value or the basis of state university funding decisions. On the other, the humanities face conceptual, theoretical and ethical challenges, as the emergence of post-racial and post-humanist discourses signal what Foucault called “a change in the fundamental arrangements of knowledge.” The defining boundaries of constructs such as “race” and “human” have been radically called into question, challenging us to rethink the classificatory systems that found hierarchical relationships between, for example, the “fully human” and sub-human or non-human others. Despite dominant nations&rsqu...

Never accomplished idea of united Caucasus comes back during Mikheil Saakashvili's presidency, in the context of 2014 Sochi winter olympics. Georgia could play a key role bringing together nations of North and South Caucasus. And the Circassians, whose national tragedy remains a symbol of unequal struggle with the Russian invader, could help in the implementation of Tbilisi's plan./
Gruzja odegrać miała wyjątkową rolę w zbliżeniu narodów północnego i południowego Kaukazu. W realizacji planu Tbilisi pomocni mogli okazać się Czerkiesi, których narodowa tragedia pozostaje symbolem nierównej walki z rosyjskim najeźdźcą.

Az elmúlt évtizedekben növekvő számú szakirodalom vizsgálta a választási szabályok és intézmények különböző lehetséges hatásait a pártrendszerekre mind a régóta fennálló demokráciákban, mind pedig a demokratizálódó országokban. A választások mindazonáltal kulcsszerepet játszanak számos olyan közép- és délkelet-európai országban is, pontosabban Észtországban, Magyarországon, és több egykori jugoszláv államban, Horvátországban, Szerbiában és Szlovéniában, amelyek az 1990-es évek elejétől kezdve, a választott formában hoztak létre döntően személyi elvű kisebbségi autonómiákat a túlnyomórészt csekély létszámú és szétszórtan elhelyezkedő belső kisebbségi közösségeik számára. A modell keretében a külön választói névjegyzékekben regisztrált kisebbségi szavazóknak lehetőségük van közvetlenül vagy közvetett úton létrehozniuk kisebbségi önkormányzataikat vagy tanácsaikat, az autonómia intézményes letéteményeseit a különböző szinteken. Ugyanakkor a választásokat széles körben egyfajta politikai intézményként is határozzák meg, amelyek nem csupán termékei egy politikai folyamatnak, hanem egyben olyan komplex strukturáló tényezők összessége, amelyek lehetőségeket is kínálnak, de intézményi akadályokat is emelnek az alternatívák útjába. Ennek következtében, a választásokat – Sartori kifejezésével élve – „a politika legmanipulatívabb eszközeként” tartják számon. Számos közreműködő szereplő ugyanis, így maguk a szavazók, illetve a jelölő szervezetek és jelöltek igyekeznek stratégiailag, racionálisan felhasználni a választásokat a saját céljaik érdekében, befolyásolni és irányítani a választási szabályokat és intézményeket, miközben egyidejűleg azok is komoly hatásokat fejtenek ki rájuk. A tényleges képviselők pozícióba helyezésén kívül a választási rendszerek még számos további funkciót is ellátnak, így sajátos módon egyszerre tekinthetők a politikai eredmények okainak és következményeinek is, amelyek gyakorta nem is igen válaszhatók szét élesen egymástól. Az utóbbiak vonatkozásában Duverger különítette el a mechanikus és pszichológiai hatásokat, azokat, amelyeket egy választási rendszer kifejthet a pártokra és választókra nézve: utalva egyrészt arra a mechanizmusra, ahogy a választási szabályok a szavazatokat mandátumokká alakítják, másrészt pedig arra, hogy ezek miként ösztönzik arra a szavazókat, hogy fokozatosan stratégiailag szavazzanak.
Ezeknek a lehetséges hatásoknak a feltárása és elemzése a kisebbségi önkormányzati/tanácsi választások esetében azonban még várat magára. A legfontosabb elemeken túlmenően (választási formula: többségi vagy arányos, a szavazólap szerkezete, a körzetnagyság), a fenti esetekben ugyanis számos más intézményi tényező is komoly hatással bír, beleértve, hogy mind a választóknak, mind a jelölő kisebbségi szervezeteknek milyen hozzáférésük van a választási folyamathoz, miként alakul a képviseleti testületek közösségi megalapozottsága, legitimációja, vagy éppen a választások tényleges napjának meghatározása. Az NKFIH posztdoktori kutatási programja által támogatott tanulmány célja, hogy elméleti megközelítésben, de összehasonlító módon, a választási statisztikákat, országtanulmányokat, valamint a kisebbségi vezetőkkel folytatott interjúkat alapul véve, szisztematikusan feltárja a választások potenciális hatásait ezekben a speciális, kisebbségi kontextusokban az érintett öt országban. Köztük a hatást a részvételre (konkrét választói részvétel, érvénytelen szavazatok, elvesztegetett szavazatok), a versenyre (szervezetek effektív száma, a szavazatok és mandátumok megoszlása), vagy a kisebbségi szervezetek ciklusokon túlmutató stabilitására és változására nézve, amelyek által kíván hozzájárulni a kisebbségi választások főbb jellemzőinek megértéséhez.

The early ethnological works of Alfred Métraux are analysed bearing in mind his first fieldwork trip to the Chiriguano, in 1929. The paper discusses personal, academic and professional features of Métraux’s ethnological experience, the nature of the 1929 trip and his concrete relationships with the Chiriguano groups and individuals. Next, we analyse his ideas on material culture as a privileged means of understanding the synthesis of Andean, Chaco and Amazonian cultural influences. Finally, the dilemmas and limitations of his analytical approach regarding Créole cultural influence and social and cultural change are discussed. [Key words: Alfred Métraux, Chané, Chiriguano, material culture, change.]
Se analiza la etnología temprana de Alfred Métraux a la luz de su primer viaje de campo a los chiriguanos, en 1929. Se discute el perfil personal, académico y profesional de Métraux, las peculiaridades de su trabajo de campo en 1929 y sus relaciones concretas con los indígenas chiriguanos en el terreno. Se examinan luego sus ideas sobre la cultura material como campo experimental privilegiado para rastrear procesos de síntesis de influencias culturales andinas, chaqueñas y amazónicas, así también sus dilemas y límites a la hora de interpretar el factor de la influencia criolla y el proceso de cambio social y cultural en un sentido amplio. [Palabras clave: Alfred Métraux, Chané, Chiriguano, cultura material, cambio.]

Resenha:

Resumo: Neste livro, são apresentados o resultado de pesquisas, que se iniciaram no Arquivo Geral do CEFET, com o levantamento de dados acadêmicos e sociais dos alunos matriculados no curso técnico de Química Industrial da Escola Técnica de Belo Horizonte, desde o ano de 1964, quando ocorreu a sua fundação, até 1978, às vésperas da alteração de nome e perfil da Escola Técnica, com o oferecimento de graduações, como a de engenheiro de operações.

Palavras Chave:História Oral, Estudantes Negros, Química CEFET-MG


Abstract: In this book, we present the result of research that began in the General CEFET file with the survey of academic and social data of students enrolled in technical school of Industrial Chemistry at the Technical School of Belo Horizonte, from the year 1964 when it was its founding until 1978, on the eve of the change of name and profile Technical School, by offering graduations, as operations engineer.

Keywords: Oral History, Black Students, CEFET Química

Recebido em: 07/12/2015  – Aceito em 23/06/2016

What is at stake, here, is the quest for equilibrium versus disequilibrium in a society that marginalizes human beings into substandard racial groups. Identifying and counteracting the biopsychosocial and behavioral consequences of actual or perceived racism, gendered racism, and racial battle fatigue is a premier challenge of the twenty-first century. The term “racial microaggressions” was introduced in the 1970s to help psychiatrists and psychologists understand the enormity and complications of the subtle but constant racial blows faced by African Americans. Today, racial microaggressions continue to contribute to the negative experiences of African American boys and men in schools, at work, and in society. This chapter will focus on the definition, identification, and long-term effects of racial microaggressions and the resultant racial battle fatigue in anti-black misandric environments.

This paper seeks to examine the justifications behind the implementation of the  Group Representation Constituency (GRC) scheme and to reassess its relevance in today’s political climate. To do so, this paper explores the existing literature available and analyses the criticisms put forth by opponents. In addition, this paper will also present primary quantitative research findings undertaken to gauge public opinion on the continued implementation of the scheme.

Racial hoaxes are becoming a popular discursive strategy to disguise racism, as well as a powerful means for triggering waves of fake news and outraged comments both on mainstream and social media. Built on grounds of plausibility and consistency with existing narratives, racial hoaxes may remain latent for a long time, and periodically emerge when negative stereotypes can be framed as actual news stories. Racial hoaxes have relevant political and social implications: spread across multiple channels, they can foster exclusionary discourse on immigration, migrants , refugees, and other minorities, with concrete consequences on people and policies. In particular, far-right movements embrace hoaxes as a great opportunity to advocate their claims and legitimate their calls for violent action. Theoretical background Racial hoaxes are becoming a popular discursive strategy to disguise racism. This concept has mainly been used in US legal and criminological fijields, aimed at exploring the connection between racial stereotypes and related practices in policing, and shifting criminal responsibility from a white offfender to a fijictional black predator (Russell, 1998). Nonetheless, this concept could be scrutinized from wider social and communicational perspectives, looking at how racial hoaxes are created and circulated, and how they afffect ethnic relations. The concept also provides powerful insights into study how prejudices and stereotypes are objectivized, and how hostility tales turn into social action. Moreover, racial hoaxes should be a relevant matter for communication studies, since they involve both mainstream and digital media, and have relevant consequences on public.

De Oliveira, Dennis

Racismo estrutural

Uma perspectiva histórico-crítica / Dennis de Oliveira. - São Paulo : Dandara Editora ; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Brasil, 2021. - 206 Seiten = 10 MB, PDF-File. -
Electronic ed.: São Paulo : FES, 2021
ISBN 978-65-88586-06-8

A ideia central do livro é discutir o racismo para além dos comportamentos preconceituosos e articular o conceito de racismo estrutural a totalidade histórico-social expressa concretamente pelas dinâmicas das relações sociais no capitalismo da etapa da acumulação flexível em um país da periferia global do capitalismo como o Brasil.

Volyň, Rivnenská oblast a etnické problémy: Historie, etnické skupiny, svědectví pamětníků (pracovní název)-Pracovní verze-Tato "historická" část není vyčerpávající, text má mít především popularizační charakter-Jedná se o první část, dále bude rozebrána etnická problematika z pohledu pamětníků a uvedené konkrétní vzpomínky pamětníků Mapa Ukrajiny s vyznačenou Rivnenskou oblastí. 1 Úvod Rivnenská oblast můţe být pro někoho "bezejmenný" kraj na západní Ukrajině. Ovšem tato oblast je spjatá s historií dobře známou i českým čtenářům. Území totiţ spadá pod teritorium historicky známé jako Volyň a právě v Rivnenské oblasti se postupně usadili tzv. volyňští Češi, kteří na svých hospodářstvích ţili a pracovali, neţ v roce 1947 reemigrovali do Československa. Volyň je ovšem známá i díky proslulému a pověstnému odkazu na tzv.

In this article the author shares a critical reflection of his work as a teacher educator over the last five years teaching in both public and private universities in the U.S. Midwest. The author reflects on his work in a class called “Diversity in Education” over the course of two semesters as a way to trace the genealogy of a course that has emancipatory intent. The implications (tensions and contradictions) for this type of course in teacher education are discussed as are why critical pedagogical approaches and liberatory ways of thinking and knowing are fundamentally essential to and ethically necessary in teacher preparation. The author concludes by offering a pedagogy of resilience and radical hope that is fundamentally premised on the idea that intellectual work is meant to be liberationist, and the desire to connect teacher education to a larger political struggle.

http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/iiJzPZWcaMM8AvyP4Pmf/full

In this new opening chapter of the 4th edition of IMMIGRANT AMERICA, we analyze three distinct phases spanning the last century and a third: (1) the Great European Waves of the period from 1880 to 1930, which accompanied the American industrial revolution, reached a historic zenith in 1910 when 14.7 percent of the total population was foreign born, and ended with the triumph of restrictionist legislation; (2) a period of Retrenchment from 1930 to 1970, which spanned the Great Depression, World War II and its aftermath, reaching a historic nadir in 1970 when only 4.7 percent of the population was foreign born; and (3) a period of Rebound from 1970 to the present, which remains the focus of the book—an era of economic restructuring, widening economic inequality, and the sharply increased migration of low-wage laborers, professionals, entrepreneurs, refugees and asylees, combining to reach a foreign-born total of 40 million by 2010. Migration during this new era grew by more than a million a year, ending with the Great Recession and unprecedented state persecution of millions of undocumented immigrants. This state policy included the creation of a vast network of immigrant detention centers and historic deportation levels, even as unauthorized migration decreased to net zero. One leitmotif of the book is the counterpoint between the widespread demand for immigrant labor by different sectors of the American economy and the activities of nativists and xenophobes across the three successive phases of U.S.-bound immigration. Indeed, throughout successive chapters, we look to the historical record to place present concerns in a broader comparative context. History does not repeat itself, but it echoes.

Youth Gangs, Racism, and Schooling examines Vietnamese American youth gang formation in Southern California, with an emphasis on the experiences of those heavily involved in the 1990s. Lam traces the genealogy of the Vietnamese American youth gang phenomenon as part of the conflict in Southeast Asia. He describes the consequences of war and migration for youth as well as their racialization as "Asian American" subjects. Grounded in the critical narratives of three gang members, Lam addresses themes of racism, violence, class struggle, style, and schooling in an era of anti-youth legislation in the state and nationally. In this dehumanizing context, Lam frames Vietnamese and Southeast Asian American gang members as post-colonial subjects, offering an alternative analysis toward humanization and decolonization.

Reviews:
"Youth Gangs, Racism, and Schooling is a pioneering book about the interplay of colonialism, racism, and the production of Vietnamese youth gangs in Southern California. Lam’s narrative is moving, rigorous, and deeply compelling. Weaving his own personal experiences with the poisonous dynamics of American imperialism, diaspora, displacement and the reconfiguration of place and agency, Lam provides a searing commentary on Vietnamese American youth gang subculture, the dynamics of racism, disruption, and poverty that now mark a notable chapter and offshoot of American domestic and foreign policy. The subculture of youth gangs is understood by Lam as a way not only to analyse a politics of disposability and state racism and violence, but also to connect the related matters of empire, immigration, geopolitics, and education. This is a brilliant book which should be required reading by everyone concerned about politics, power, and what it means to take seriously learning from historical memory in order to treat youth in general as part of the project and promise of a radical democracy."
- Henry A. Giroux, McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest, The Paulo Freire Distinguished Scholar in Critical Pedagogy, and Professor of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University, Canada

"Lam is a new voice in critical education. In this rich account, Lam provides compelling analysis of Vietnamese gang formation in a framework that combines studies of political economy, racialization, and empire. Stuck between model minority and gang-banger status, Vietnamese youth seek meaning as criminalized and perpetual strangers in the US. As Lam shows, they are neither victims of their circumstances nor freely acting subjects. We peer into a world of contradictions where hope resides as a concrete possibility through Lam's retelling of their migration and social struggle."
– Zeus Leonardo, Professor and Affiliated Faculty Member of the Critical Theory Designated Emphasis, Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, USA

http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137475589#otherversion=9781349581382

Firstly, the Roman Catholic «prehistory» of contact between the Panoan groups of Bolivian Amazonia and Jesuit, Franciscan and lay clergy missionaries is described. The paper then analyses the continuity of the evangelization process by diverse evangelical denominations, describing three missionary experiences with the Chacobo since 1955 to the present day. Finally, general insights are proposed relating the anthropological problem of religious conversion.

In the political and social doctrine “The Ideology of Twentieth Century” the fascist leader Benito Mussolini expresses his view about the aims of the Fascist government with impressive but indirect way: “The Fascist State express the will to exercise power and command. Here the Roman tradition is embodied in a conception of strength. Imperial power, as understood by the fascist doctrine, is not only territorial, or military, or commercial; it is also spiritual and ethical. An imperial nation, that is to say, a nation which directly or indirectly is the leader of others can exist without the need of
conquering a single mile of territory…” (Griffin, 1998, p. 256). It is very difficult to define clearly what were the exact aims of the Mussolini’s fascist government, and it is difficult to speak about all these aims in one paper, but based on the Mussolini’s thought where we examine in the sources and historical facts we should argue that the substantial aims of the Fascist government were to establish common imperialistic thought which would ensure the militaristic, popularly supported, centralized, and internationally recognized Hegemon State. In order to fulfill these objectives, the Fascist state implemented complex internal and external strategy which we will examine below.