Renewable Energy

Palm kernel shell biochars (PKSB) ejected as residues from a gasifier have been used for solid fuel briquette production. With this approach, palm kernel shells can be used for energy production twice: first, by producing rich syngas during gasification; second, by compacting the leftover residues from gasification into high calorific value briquettes. Herein, the process parameters for the manufacture of PKSB biomass briquettes via compaction are optimized. Two possible optimum process scenarios are considered. In the first, the compaction speed is increased from 0.5 to 10 mm/s, the compaction pressure is decreased from 80 Pa to 40 MPa, the retention time is reduced from 10 s to zero, and the starch binder content of the briquette is halved from 0.1 to 0.05 kg/kg. With these adjustments, the briquette production rate increases by more than 20-fold; hence capital and operational costs can be reduced and the service life of compaction equipment can be increased. The resulting product satisfactorily passes tensile (compressive) crushing strength and impact resistance tests. The second scenario involves reducing the starch weight content to 0.03 kg/kg, while reducing the compaction pressure to a value no lower than 60 MPa. Overall, in both cases, the PKSB biomass briquettes show excellent potential as a solid fuel with calorific values on par with good-quality coal. Abbreviations: CHNS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur; FFB: fresh fruit bunch(es); HHV: higher heating value [J/kg]; LHV: lower heating value [J/kg]; PKS: palm kernel shell(s); PKSB: palm kernel shell biochar(s); POME: palm oil mill effluent; RDF: refuse-derived fuel; TGA: thermogravimetric analysis ARTICLE HISTORY Nomenclature Roman D diameter of sample [m] F maximum force applied to break sample in tensile crushing strength test [N] H height of sample [m] Greek s radial tensile crushing strength [N/m 2 ]

This project is modeled around reducing the overall drag and lift coefficient by modifying the geometry and comprehending the underlying rootphenomenon for the variation in these drag values. The designing of models used in this project is done through SOLIDWORKS, and CFD simulation in FLUENT (ANSYS) respectively. The purpose of this project is to reduce the inefficiency caused due to aerodynamic factors of drag, lift by presenting development, design and optimization of the geometry modifications of the base model. The improvement of aerodynamic behaviour around the periphery of the model is investigated through numerical simulation. The Ahmed Reference Body having 10 degree rear slant angle has been taken as benchmark model in this paper. Simulation of variants of multifarious modifications and examination of their results is performed to find the best suited variant form (dimension) to boost the aerodynamic efficiency of the model. CFD simulations on Ahmed Body were carried out in order to serve as a benchmark for validating all the simulation results. The steady-state simulations are based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, with turbulence closure provided through two-equation k-epsilon realizable models.

The electricity situation in Nigeria can be described as epileptic with no sign in view of improvement.
This epileptic power situation affects the manufacturing, service and residential sectors of
the economy which in turn affects the country’s economic growth. Even with the recent reforms in
the power sector, more than half of the country’s population still lack access to electricity. The epileptic
condition of the power sector can be attributed to the inadequate and inefficient power
plants, poor transmission and distribution facilities, and outdated metering system used by electricity
consumers. This paper attempts to present the way forward for the Nigerian poor electricity
situation by reviewing the power sector as a whole and the renewable energy potentials. We
identified the problems in the national grid and then proposed a smart grid model for the Nigerian
power sector which will include renewable energy source. We believe that the content of this review
paper will solve the poor epileptic condition of the power sector in Nigeria and also enable
the proper nitration of smart grid technology into the national grid.

Tidak hanya iblis dan tentaranya yang bisa membangun istana di atas lautan, tapi umat manusia yang kemampuannya tidak seperti iblis pun bisa membangun ‘istana  energi’ nya di atas laut, yaitu floating offshore wind turbine. Berbeda dengan iblis dan tentaranya, manusia membangun untuk kemaslahatan umat, untuk mengejawantahkan wujud misinya sebagai kalifah di muka bumi, agar bumi tetap lestari. Sementara iblis membangun markas sebagai pos-pos pentingnya guna memperlancar misinya pula dalam menyesatkan umat manusia dan membawanya ke neraka sebagai teman abadi. Selama ini mungkin manusia khilaf dalam memanfaatkan kelebihan akal dan pikiran yang diberikan Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa kepada mereka dengan menggunakan alat floating unit hanya untuk mengeruk minyak bumi yang notabene banyak menimbulkan kemudartan, tapi dengan kelebihan akal pikiran beserta hati, manusia mulai berfikir untuk kembali ke fitrahnya, yakni back to nature dengan selangkah demi selangkah mulai memprioritaskan pemanfaatan sumber energi yang ramah lingkungan dan bebas polusi, seperti memanfaatkan angin laut dengan membangun turbin angin mengapung atau floating offshore wind turbine.

The solar photovoltaics (PV) industry would not exist without government policies. Governments around the world have implemented  policies to support consumption  of solar energy and production of solar PV products. These policies have  varied  across countries  and  across time, thus contributing  to
regulatory uncertainty. This  article addresses two related questions. First, how does regulatory  uncertainty  in the solar PV industry shape  firms’ market and non-market strategies? Second, how might firms’ responses to this public-policy environment affect technolog- ical development and the locus of manufacturing? Government policies on solar PV, and firms’ strategies to over-come regulatory uncertainty, may have unintended consequences. Firms’ decisions on location and
technology development  may result in loss of employment  and national competitiveness for developed countries; and firms’ market strategies may increase regulatory uncertainty if they do
not involve non-market stakeholders. (Keywords: Government  and Business, Energy Policy, Public Policy, Green Manufacturing, Regulation, Corporate Strategy)

In this paper a critical analysis of how to passively cool residential buildings in Northern Nigeria was made.in particular passive design and some passive cooling strategies were analyzed. The physical properties permitting to achieve these benefits is presented as well as ways by which they can be applied. Energy in Nigeria has been a major challenging issue as the government has been struggling to increase the national grid. This paper identifies passive design strategies that can be adopted in this climatic region to minimize the use of energy for cooling, greatly boost thermal comfort and embroider passive architecture. It is most important to achieve thermal comfort through natural means or energy efficient means. The paper discusses methods by which the cooling load of buildings can be reduced tremendously and to maximize the use of natural ways to achieve thermal comfort in buildings, it also shows the ways these passive design and cooling strategies can be adopted. The paper concludes that the application of these techniques will reduce energy demand and provide a more comfortable living environment and low carbon emitting buildings that are environmentally conscious and energy efficient.

A B S T R A C T Future energy security and environmental issues are major driving forces for increased biomass utilization globally and especially in developing countries like Pakistan. For efficient utilization of indigenous biomass resources in the future energy mix, it is important to gain knowledge of current energy system in various sectors. Some of the technologies and initiatives are under development to achieve transition from non-renewable resources to renewable resources, and reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, number of proposals has been presented for the development of sustainable biofuels production methods for promise for accelerating a shift away from an unsustainable approach to possible sustainable production practices or a sustainable social, economic and environment. This article presents an extensive literature review of the biomass-based renewable energy potential in Pakistan based on current energy scenario and future perspectives. It also highlights the availability of the indigenous and local biomass resources and potential biomass conversion technologies to convert such resources to bioenergy. The drivers for utilization of indigenous biomass resources in future energy mix and challenges regarding awareness among stakeholders and R & D to fill knowledge gaps are economically restraints. The article concludes with suggestions on future directions and policies for effective implementation of biomass based renewable energy production.

Due to higher price, limited supply and negative impacts on environment by fossil fuel, automobile industries have
directed their concentrations in reducing the fuel consumption of vehicles in order to achieve the lower aerodynamic
drag. As a consequence, numerous researches have been carried out throughout the world for not only getting the
optimum aerodynamic design with lower drag penalty and but also other parameters that increase the fuel
consumption. In this regard, relevant experimental and numerical outcomes on vehicle drag reduction considering
various techniques such as active, passive and combined techniques in order to delay or suppress flow separation
behind the vehicles have been considered in this review paper. Furthermore, the effects of drag reduction and their
applicability on the vehicles are also illustrated in this paper. Therefore, it is conjectured that the drag reduction has
been improved as much as 20%, 21.2%, and 30% by using the active, passive and combined control systems,
respectively.

Stephen E Hunt has produced the definitive account of Street Farm (Graham Caine, Peter Crump and
Bruce Haggart), a London-based collective of anarchist architects working in the early 1970s.
The three friends put together Street Farmer, an underground paper that, alongside mutating tower
blocks, cosmic tractors and sprouting one-way signs, propagated ideas for the radical transformation
of urban living which they called ‘revolutionary urbanism’.
Taking inspiration from Situationism and social ecology, Street Farm offered a powerful vision of
green cities in the control of ordinary people. As well as writing and drawing, the group took part in
street activism and squatting, were exponents of autonomous housing and radical technology and
became rock ’n’ roll architects, going on the road with multimedia slideshow presentations to a
recorded soundtrack of music by the likes of John Lennon and Jefferson Airplane.
In 1972 Caine built and designed ‘Street Farmhouse’ with Haggart and other friends. It hit national and
international headlines as the first structure intentionally constructed as an ecological house,
appearing on an early BBC documentary introduced by a youthful Melvin Bragg. While their fame was
brief, their ongoing influence on prominent green architects including Howard Liddell, Brenda Vale and Robert Vale and Paul Downton has been more enduring.

This paper discusses the impact of wind penetration on frequency control of a thermal dominated system considering Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) and dead band non-linearities. The hidden inertia emulation and coordinated operation of conventional power generation systems with wind energy can effectively alleviate the frequency excursions during sudden load disturbances. Conventional energy storage device like Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) system can be used in conjunction with wind integrated power system to overcome the intermittent nature of power generation. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is found to be effective in damping low frequency oscillations in weak tie-lines and supplement the frequency regulation. A stochastic population based evolutionary computation technique-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to tune the controller gains. A strategy comprising inertia control, coordinated operation of conventional generation units with wind energy and TCSC-FES has been proposed to enhance the frequency regulation which is effective in controlling low frequency oscillations as established by the simulation results.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, das Anwendungspotential der Wasserstofftechnologien auf Kläranlagen aufzuzeigen. Wie bereits in der Einleitung dieser Arbeit erwähnt, ist zum Schutze des Klimas eine massive Minderung der von uns Menschen erzeugten CO2-Emissionen erforderlich. Das heisst, dass die derzeitigen primären, fossilen und auch endlichen Energieträger durch nachhaltige, erneuerbare Energieträger, wie z.B. Windkraft, Photovoltaik, etc., ersetzt werden müssen. Der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien und die Reduzierung der Treibhausgase um 80 % bis zum Jahr 2050, sind klare Ziele der deutschen Bundesregierung. Der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien hat zur Folge, dass grosse Kapazitäten an elektrischer Energie als Überschussenergie vorhanden sein werden. Diese Überschussenergie gilt es für nachhaltige Prozesspfade sinnvoll einzusetzen. Einer dieser Pfade stellt die Umwandlung der Überschussenergie in „Power-to-X“ mittels diverser Wasserstofftechnologien dar. Wasserstoff wird im Rahmen der Dekarbonisierung wieder als idealer sekundärer Energieträger für eine schadstofffreie Energieversorgung gehandelt. Kläranlagen sind grosse Energieverbraucher, aber auch potentielle Energieerzeuger. Der Standort Kläranlage bietet sich, aufgrund seiner bestehenden Infrastruktur, hervorragend für die Implementierung der Wasserstofftechnologie an. Zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff gibt es viele verschiedene Verfahren. Auf Kläranlagen hat sich bisher gezeigt, dass die Wasserdampfreformierung und die Wasserelektrolyse für die Herstellung von Wasserstoff Stand der Technik sind. Der Unterschied zwischen beiden Verfahren ist, dass für die Wasserdampfreformierung eine ausreichend grosse Faulgasmenge zum kontinuierlichen Betrieb der Dampfreformierung notwendig ist. Bei der Wasserelektrolyse gibt es mit der alkalischen - und der PEM-Elektrolyse zwei kommerzielle Typen von Elektrolyseuren, welche sich auf Kläranlangen in kommerziellen Projekten bewiesen haben. Abhängig vom Leistungsbereich, von den Investitionskosten und vom Platzangebot auf der Kläranlage, ergeben sich für den Einsatz von Elektrolyseuren kläranlagenspezifische Entscheidungen. Die hier angegebenen Systemwirkungsgrade der Elektrolyseure liegen in Wirklichkeit viel höher, da zum einen ihre Abwärme auf der Kläranlage, z.B. für den Faulbehälter, verwendet werden könnte und zum anderen können sie bei Überschussenergieaufnahme eine Abschaltung der Windkraft- und Photovoltaikanlagen verhindern. Mit beiden Elektrolyseurtypen wird neben dem Wasserstoff auch Sauerstoff erzeugt. Der Sauerstoff kann stofflich im Belebungsbecken oder in der Beseitigung von Spurenstoffen mit Ozon eingesetzt werden. In beiden Fällen hätte der eingesetzte Sauerstoff eine Energieeinsparung zur Folge, weil zum einen die herkömmliche energieintensive Druckbelüftung wegfallen könnte und zum anderen für die Ozonierung der Sauerstoff nicht zusätzlich produziert oder über externe Lieferanten bereitgestellt werden müsste. Für den Einsatz von Sauerstoff auf Kläranlagen gibt es in der Literatur noch keine ausreichend praxistauglichen und belastbaren Zahlen, jedoch wird derzeit dieses Thema in verschiedenen Projekten untersucht. Der auf Kläranlagen erzeugte Wasserstoff kann zwischengespeichert und je nach Bedarf zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt rückverstromt werden. Die Rückverstromung kann über ein Wasserstoff- oder über ein Brennstoffzellen-BHKW stattfinden. Dabei kann die entstehende Abwärme für Wärmesenken, wie z.B. den Faulbehälter, die Betriebsgebäudeheizung oder die Beheizung des Belebungsbeckens im Winter, verwendet werden. Falls ein lokales Erdgasnetz vorhanden ist, besteht die
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Möglichkeit, den entstandenen Wasserstoff bis zu 2 Vol. % direkt einzuspeisen. Neben der Wasserstofferzeugung wurden auch die technischen Möglichkeiten der Speicherung von Produkten der Wasserstofftechnologie untersucht. Im Rahmen des Konzeptes „Power-to-X“ ergeben sich mehrere Möglichkeiten den Überschussstrom aus den erneuerbaren Energien zwischen zu speichern. Eine Möglichkeit besteht im Konzept „Power-to-Hydrogen“. Dabei wird der erzeugte Wasserstoff direkt, entweder in Druckbehältertanks, in Metallhydridspeichern oder über Verflüssigungsverfahren in Flüssigtanks, bis zu seiner bedarfsabhängigen Nutzung, z.B. der Rückverstromung, zwischengelagert. Da jede Speichereinheit ihre Vor- und Nachteile hat, ist die Wahl des richtigen und wirtschaftlichsten Speichers kläranlagenspezifisch zu prüfen. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht im Konzept „Power-to-Methan“. Dabei wird der Wasserstoff zusammen mit dem ebenfalls auf Kläranlagen vorhandenen Kohlendioxid, entweder einem katalytischen- oder einem biologischen Methanisierungsreaktor zugeführt, um dadurch ein hochwertiges Methan als Synthesegas zu erhalten. Bei diesem Prozess entsteht Abwärme die abgeführt und im Sinne einer hohen Anlageneffizienz in Wärmesenken der Kläranlage verwendet werden muss. Das entstandene Synthesegas Methan kann in Erdgastanks zwischengespeichert, in Gasmotoren- und Brennstoffzellen-BHKWs rückverstromt oder in ein lokales Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Eine dritte Möglichkeit besteht im Konzept „Power-to-Liquid“. Dabei wird auf der Kläranlage das Faulgas aufbereitet und zusammen mit Elektrolyse-Wasserstoff dem Methanolsynthesereaktor zugeführt. Methanol ist einfacher zu handhaben als Wasserstoff und kann einfach in Flüssigtanks bis zu seiner späteren Verwendung zwischengelagert werden. Zudem kann Methanol in Methanol-BHKWs, in Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen rückverstromt oder Kraftstoffen beigemischt werden. Allerdings existieren bis heute weder ausgereifte Methanol-BHKWs, noch entsprechend grosse und leistungsstarke Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen. Des Weiteren ist in Deutschland und Europa auch noch keine nennenswerte Methanol-Infrastruktur vorhanden. Für die energetischen Nutzungen der Wasserstofftechnologie gibt es sieben verschiedene Brennstoffzellentypen. Beim Einsatz von Brennstoffzellen auf Kläranlagen haben sich bisher die Festoxidbrennstoffzelle (SOFC), die Schmelzkarbonatbrennstoffzelle (MCFC) und die Phosphorsäurebrennstoffzelle (PAFC), in verschiedenen Pilotprojekten, erfolgreich bewährt. Diese drei Brennstoffzellentypen sind brennstoffflexibel und können mit aufbereitetem Faulgas betrieben werden. Die MCFC und die SOFC haben, mit durchschnittlichen 65 %, die höchsten elektrischen Wirkungsgrade und ihre entstehende Prozessabwärme kann für eine interne oder externe Reformierung verwendet werden. Die Reinigungsstufe des Faulgases stellt die grösste Herausforderung bei der Brennstoffzellentechnik auf Kläranlagen dar. Da die Zusammensetzung des Faulgases variiert und somit kläranlagenspezifisch ist, muss für die Implementierung der Brennstoffzellentechnik, im Vorfeld die Zusammensetzung des Faulgasstroms für jede einzelne Kläranlage über Zeitreihen analysiert werden. Die Mikrobielle Brennstoffzelle (MFC) stellt, unter den in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Brennstoffzellen, einen Spezialfall dar, da in ihre Brennkammer keine Gase, sondern Abwasser einströmt, dessen Energiegehalt über den chemischen Sauerstoffbedarf (CSB) ermittelt wird. Mit der Verwendung der MFC im Abwasserbereich könnte, neben der Stromproduktion, auch die organischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen reduziert werden. Für die MFC besteht ein grosses zukünftiges Potential zur relevanten Stromproduktion auf Kläranlagen, allerdings ist dafür noch viel Forschungsarbeit notwendig. Wasserstoff kann weiterhin energetisch in Wasserstoff-BHKWs verbrannt werden. Der Wirkungsgrad der Wasserstoff-BHKWs ist
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gegenüber den Brennstoffzellen zwar geringer und durch den Carnot-Kreisprozess begrenzt, dafür ist die Technik ausgereifter und auch massiv günstiger. Der produzierte Wasserstoff kann ausserdem für die betriebseigene Fahrzeugflotte verwendet werden. Dabei können kommerzielle Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge und Fahrzeuge mit Wasserstoffverbrennungsmotor eingesetzt werden. Im Fall der Methanisierung bietet sich auch die Nutzung des erzeugten Methans in Erdgasfahrzeugen an. Für die mobile Nutzung durch Betriebsfahrzeuge ist allerdings eine kostenintensive Implementierung von Wasserstoff- oder Erdgastankstellen notwendig. Ähnlich den erneuerbaren Energien, wird sich auch bei der Wasserstofftechnologie auf Kläranlagen, nicht nur eine einzelne spezifische Technologie durchsetzen, sondern es wird ein Zusammenspiel aus mehreren hier beschriebener Wassertechnologien stattfinden. Mit den in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Wasserstofftechnologien ist es grundsätzlich auf Kläranlagen möglich, den Überschussstrom aus erneuerbaren Energien, in die sekundären Energieträger Wasserstoff, Biomethan und Methanol umzuwandeln. Diese Energieträger können zwischengespeichert und bedarfsgesteuert zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wieder rückverstromt werden. Mit den hier beschriebenen Wasserstofftechnologien können Kläranlagen als Energieproduzenten, sowie als Kurz- und Langzeitspeicher fungieren. Dennoch sind diese hier beschriebenen Wasserstofftechnologien derzeit noch von finanziellen Förderungen abhängig, da ohne sie kein wirtschaftlicher Betrieb möglich wäre. Aber nicht nur Förderprogramme spielen zur Implementierung der Wasserstofftechnologie eine Rolle, sondern auch die Energierechtlichen Angelegenheiten, wie beispielsweise die Regelung im Umgang mit Nutzungsentgelten, mit der Stromsteuer und mit der EEG-Umlage.

—A submarine is a clandestine platform of watercraft for independent operation beneath water. In order to surpass under water she must obey some ground laws specially Archimedes principle with taking consideration of its flexible and economic structure and propulsion systems design. The main purpose of this research is to design and fabricate a prototype submarine to make experimentally available. The need for economic innovative design to ensure smart structure, propulsion, diving system and efficient power system has focused in the implemented prototype. The propulsion and power systems are provided by motor and battery. Depth rating comparison with other resplendent submarine makes the prototype unique in some cases. To submerge hydrostatically this research on designing basically implies Archimedes principle and buoyancy force, where negative buoyancy exerted either by increasing its own weight or decreasing its displacement of water.

The principles and recent progress in the research and development of photobiological hydrogen production are reviewed. Cyanobacteria produce hydrogen gas using nitrogenase and/or hydrogenase. Hydrogen production mediated by native hydrogenases in cyanobacteria occurs under in the dark under anaerobic conditions by degradation of intracellular glycogen. In vitro and in vivo coupling of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic system with a clostridial hydrogenase

This article focuses on low carbon economy and sustainable development of China. For the past 30 years, rapid economic development has heavily altered the society and environment in this country. Renewable energy contributes to promote three pillars (economy, ecology and society) of national sustainable development model. China is one of the top energy consumption countries in the world; thereby it has been highly committed to increase the use of renewable energy for the purpose of saving ecology along with supporting on sustainable development of the nation. That is the reason from the government level it has been continuously exploring energy from hydropower, wind, solar, etc. It has been promoting low carbon economy applying through various ways such as: law of renewable energy, top 1000 enterprises energy conservation action program, Golden sun and ICARE.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present two challenges for integrated planning and implementation at the national level. One is that policies and plans need to identify and accommodate interconnectivities amongst the SDGs. Second is the need to balance the three dimensions: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. This paper uses network analysis to explore interconnectivity and balance of the Sri Lankan policies or plans in relation to SDG 7, that advocates clean energy security. The findings suggest that the selected policies or plans are not only clearly linked to SDG 7, but also shows strong connectivity to SDG 1 (poverty), 10 (inequality), 11 (cities) and 12 (sustainable consumption and production) as well as other SDGs. This emphasises the need to recognise sectoral cross links for an integrated plan. In terms of balance there is a skew towards the environmental dimension over the economic and social dimensions. There are also conflicts between ...

In the present work energy saving using green roof building technique is investigated and analyzed experimentally. Temperature distribution for (3 1m) two building models, one with green grass insulation and the other without green grass insulation, is adopted in this study. Green roofs simply mean the construction of gardens on rooftops of buildings and that action needed to prevent water leakage arrangements through the ceiling and then cover the roof especially those parks layers designed and agricultural by soil brushes then do the planting various plants where. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures. Also, Green roofs are a passive cooling technique that stops incoming solar radiation from reaching the building structure below. It is found that the green grass which is used in the present work is a good insulation for buildings and it will be more effective in hot dry regions. Also, the relative humidity reaches about 60% by using this green grass and it will be suitable in the hot dry weathers.

Abstracts.
Cameroon like most developing countries does not have a reliable network  for collecting statistics on energy systems country. This has been a major drawback for an accurate assessment of the energy generation potential of the major energy technological systems in the country. A viable alternative is to obtain the data from international energy Agencies like Reep policy data base,  Energy Information Administration (EIA), World bank or from  local energy managing companies like ARSEL, the Electricity Regulatory Agency; AER, the Rural Electrification Agency;AES-SONEL ; and, SNH, the National Oil Company, in charge of the oil and gas sector. In this paper, the energy output, Energy resources and the state of all energy technological systems in Cameroon has been analysed using data from various energy Agencies highlighted above.
An economic assessment revealed that a simple demand for electricity in Cameroon in an estimate  reached 1455MW in 2014 and almost estimated to reach  5000MW in 2020 taking into consideration the unmet demand due to the low rate of electrification and access to the electricity grid as well as the needs of major industrial projects required to transform the country’s economy

Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source. In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area, the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output.

Part I – Spirilla Theory and Cosmology
Stephen Hawking once proclaimed that String Theory may be able to unify the various forces although later he became disillusioned thinking that there may be no Theory of Everything. This very condensed book pulls together the various forces into the Spirilla Theory which supersedes String Theory and introduces the Relativity of Consciousness.

The foundation of the Spirilla Theory is based on the writings of H. P. Blavatsky, A. B. Bailey, and A. Besant. By overlaying the works of Einstein, Bohm, de Broglie, Dirac, Bell and other great scientific minds, on top of the foundation, the unification of the various forces and theories starts to appear; each field of study supplying a part of the puzzle but only a holistic view of ALL endeavors will solve the mystery. The book starts by laying the groundwork through the Introduction, a review of Bell’s Theorem and p-adic mathematics; following this, each major section begins with a quote from the foundational works followed by the quotes from scientific papers demonstrating the current known thinking on the various topics; no attempts are made to edit the works (except with a few exceptions for clarity and/or length) of the various authors and references to the scientists’ works are maintained. Each section is pulled together so that a picture can be seen.
This section;
1. Redefines the atom with the addition of a subquark;
2. Defines the Spirilla Theory which unifies Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity, and explains Quantum Entanglement;
3. Defines new particles;
4. Redefines time and space;
5. Defines and solves the mystery of Black Holes and links the cosmic and quantum black hole through the spirillae;
6. Delves into the mystery of the Macroverse;
7. Outlines the steps in the origins of the universe;
8. Adds an equation to Einstein’s original 1905 paper on relativity which sees the speed of light approaching infinity;
9. Gives the foundation for developing space travel; and, as an appendix,
10. Gives detailed information for the development of a new energy source – Quantum Energy.

Part II - Ontology, Epistemology & Manifestations
Part II is divided into three sections:
1. Ontology and the fundamental concepts of reality which discusses:
a. consciousness and delves into the mystery of human consciousness having cosmic origins;
b. reincarnation and gives the various laws affecting rebirth, with a discussion on the principle of mutation and the perfecting of form;
c. the work of form-building, transmutation of form and the building of a human form.
2. Epistemology which covers a great deal of topics however; for the purposes of NOE the subject is restricted to;
a. evolution including a definition of the Law of Evolution, the cyclic ebb and flow and the rhythmic work of creation, the process of substitution, the evolution of man and the genesis of the pithecoid stocks; and
b. death including the processes of death, two main reasons for cremation and the sequence of events at death.
3. Manifestations of the various religions including:
a. why Christians don’t believe in reincarnation;
b. the coming science of invocation and evocation;
c. Quantum Entanglement Over Time (QEoT) or The Law of Cause and Effect, and The Law of Karma with a discussion on The Golden Rule ; and
d. The New World Religion.

Çöplerin birikmesini takiben çürümeyle birlikte kimyasal ve bakteriyel süreçler başlamakta ve organik çöp materyalleri dönüşüme uğrayarak çöpler dekompoze olmakta ve gaz oluşumu çöplerin kapatılmasını izleyen üç aylık aerobik reaksiyonların ardından başlayan anaerobik stabilizasyonu reaksiyonlarla başlar ve bir süre giderek çoğalır, Neticede biogas türü olan çöplük gazına dönüşmektedir. Çöplük gazı; Metan (CH 4), Karbondioksid (CO2) ve Azot (N2) den oluşan bir gaz karışımıdır.Kontrolsüz Metan gazının kendisi hali hazırda adeta bir saatli bombadır. Maden Ocaklarındaki grizu patlamasının sabıkalısı olan gazdır o. Gazın oluşumu çöpün cinsi,çöplüklerin örtüsü,çöplüğün işletilme şekline bağlı olarak değişir. Kötü koku yaymanın vereceği rahatsızlığın yanısıra çöplük gazlan; çevreyi menfi yönde etkilemekte,kirletmekte ve potansiyel riskler taşımaktadır. Bu olumsuz negatif etkiler içinden sağlık açısından bir tehdit olduğu gibi çöp sahalarındaki metan gazı salınımı bitkilerin oluşumunu da engeller. Habitat fauna ve flora etkilenir. Diğer yandan gaz sıkışması nedeniyle,(yakın zamanda Mayıs(2017) ayında Bodrum'da ki patlama ve yangında olduğu gibi) patlama tehlikesi ve yangın riski taşır hatta bu yangının yayılması ormanlara sıçradığında da doğayı tahrip etme riski taşır. Ayrıca çöplük gazlan; sera etkisini arttırdığı ve ozon tabakasının üst katmanlarına zarar verdiğinden dolayı çöplük gazlarının atmosfere atılması yasaktır ve Doğanın korunması için çöplük gazlarının yakılarak imha edilmesi zorunludurBu bir gaz yakma bacasında, kazanda, bir gaz motorunda veyahut üçünün kombinasyonundan oluşan bir sistemde gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Fotograf : http://www.eprenewable.com/landfill-gas-to-energy Diğer yandan çöp sahasında açılan kuyular aracılığıyla metan gazının toplanıp borular vasıtasıyla ile " Enerji Tesisine " iletilimesi sonrası gaz kurutucuda soğutularak nemi alındıktan sonra siklon seperatör ile gazdaki suyun ayrıştırılmasını müteakip blower " lar aracılığı ile

Waste agricultural biomass (corn cobs) was carbonized in a metal kiln, 90cm in height and 60cm diameter. Four different briquette charcoal grades were produced using locally sourced tapioca starch as binder at concentrations of 6.0, 10.0, 14.0 and 19.0 % w/w. Characterization test was carried out for the charcoal briquettes. The fixed carbon content of the briquette grades is 72.776, 73.958, 78.794, 81.884% w/w respectively. Similarly, the ash content for the briquette grades is 21.38, 20.70, 14.24 and 11.49 % w/w respectively. The bulk density is 425.6, 425.7, 425.0 and 358.3 kg/m 3 respectively and the moisture content is 5.88, 5.34, 6.99 and 6.63 % w/w respectively. The properties of the produced briquette charcoal were compared with that of sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal. The briquette charcoal was found to be a better fuel when compared to both sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal, having a highest fixed carbon content and highest bulk density. The corn cobs briquettes have lower moisture content compared to sugarcane bagasse however has higher moisture content than wood charcoal. In addition, the sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal were found to have lower ash content (4.33 % and 9.80% respectively) compared to all the five charcoal grades produced. The briquette charcoal has a mean calorific value of 32.4 MJ/kg which is significantly higher than that of both bagasse at 23.4 MJ/kg and wood charcoal at 8.27MJ/kg.

Numerous African natural resources have been attracting attention of many developed and developing countries, including the People’s Republic of China (China). Unprecedented economic development of recent decades and insufficient domestic supply of energy resources have forced the government in Beijing to foster the policy of securing foreign supplies. Africa has since become an important receiver of Chinese investments in extracting sector despite its apparent political, economic, and social risks. Chinese financial engagement has been crucial to the development of its African partners, though a  wave of criticism from Western contenders has initiated the discussion about unacceptable business incentives used by Beijing. Close links with Africa may challenge Beijing’s traditional diplomatic philosophy and lead to redefining its role in international relations.

Municipal solid waste generation is a rapidly increasing challenge that is leading to severe pollution and environmental degradation in many urban areas of developing countries. Globally, the solid waste sector accounts for 18% of methane emissions and 3e4% of greenhouse gas emissions overall. Waste handling and disposal systems in most large cities have largely been designed with minimal accounting of environmental issues. This study presents the Waste to Energy Recovery Assessment (WERA) framework, a new quantitative decision support model for initial evaluation and alternative comparisons of different thermochemical treatments of municipal wastes. The framework not only accounts for benefits through electricity generation but also accounts for emissions from facilities and the associated social cost of carbon in a cost-benefit assessment. The assessments are conducted with Monte Carlo simulations that explicitly account for uncertain factors such as future composition and generation of solid waste, technical efficiency of treatment processes, capital and operating costs, as well as future policies. The framework is used to study waste-to-energy (WtE) systems for Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, Tokyo and New York. The results show that WtE systems can fulfill only 1.4e3.6% of 2014 electricity demand in the analyzed cases. Furthermore, the net present value for different technologies can be positive if collection fees and electricity rates (potentially set through feed-in-tariff policies) are sufficiently high. The analysis for Abu Dhabi and Riyadh also reveals that in a limited set of conditions (of technology efficiencies, and waste collection rates etc.) the WtE facilities can be self-sustaining investments.