River

The area of study selected in the present investigation was Kasardi River which receives heavy discharge of waste effluent from the nearby Taloja industrial belt which is one of the fastest developing industrial belt of Mumbai. The study was performed to investigate the concentration of toxic heavy metals like chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) in river. It was observed that concentration of most of these heavy metals were much higher than the maximum permissible limits. These heavy metals have created threat to the aquatic life and through biomagnifications may enter the food chain thereby affecting the human beings as well. The research work was extended further to study the physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, solid content, chloride, oil / grease content, BOD and COD values of the river water. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, there is a need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

The geomorphological evolution of the Pilanesberg Complex, an alkaline igneous body emplaced around 1250 million years ago and subsequently exhumed by erosion, reflects the interplay of tectonic and climatic factors over very long time periods that have given rise to regional-scale patterns of geomorphological processes and resultant landforms. The topography and river patterns of the Pilanesberg region have evolved by progressive denudation of Karoo sedimentary rocks (< 30 Ma), revealing evidence for a much older, relict land surface that may have been formed during the Dwyka glaciation around 300 million years ago. The absence of significant placer deposits of gold, platinum and chromium is explained by this proposed model.

Bridges are very important and costly structures lot of birr is spending for the construction hence hydrological investigations are highly recommended for the proper design and durability of bridge. The proposed study area is located at main Degan Town with Rassa Keble and Argoba Woreda Chelka river Ethiopia.The main objective of this study is to carry out hydrological and hydraulics investigations of the Chelka river, to determine its different return floods values in order to find the proposed bridge opening to provide bridge design parameters such as size and location of the bridge and exploring details like geomorphology, soil and land use or land cover, analysis of rainfall intensity. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 400mm-799mm. The mean annual moderate warm temperature is 120oc to 350oc, altitude from 1300-3000m. HEC-RAS (Version-4) software model has been used for determination of proposed bridge layout and the water surface profile. The hydrologic and hydraulic analysis of Catchments delineation is done by GIS Environment by using GIS Software’s like Arc View

With the spread of technology, industrialisation and increasing standards of living, the accumulation of non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW) is an unwelcome and often unnoticed side effect of 'development' in India. Therefore in the present investigation, attempts are made to quantify major non-biodegradable solid wastes viz. plastics, synthetic rubber and glasses which are accumulated at three different sampling stations of Ulhas River namely Ambivli, Kalyan and Dombivli. The results of the study indicate that the major contribution to non-biodegradable solid waste pollution was mainly due to plastic followed by synthetic rubber materials. Among plastic NBDSW materials, plastic carry bags, milk and oil bags contribute to larger extent, while among the synthetic rubber, foot wares were the most prominent material responsible for NBDSW pollution. The results point out the need to make serious changes in our approach to waste management and disposal.

This was the first-ever article to describe and analyze the possibility of a One-State Solution for Palestine/Israel from a Mizrahi positionality both in the Hebrew original and the English translation. Its composition -- like all of Lavie's writing about the Mizrahi feminist struggle in the context of the Question of Palestine -- has been fraught with all manner of relentless campaigns by those elements in academia that
would rather have Lavie and her research disappear. Needless to say that shortly after this article saw print in the Hebrew original in 2008 its analysis of the possibility for a one state solution for the Israel/Palestine conflict was appropriated and published without proper quotation or citation.

Tuna, Almanya’nın güneyinde Karaorman (Schwarzwald) bölgesinde Breg ve Bri- gach dağ ırmaklarının birleşmesi ile meydana gelir. Orta Avrupa’daki bu nehir, Avrupa’nın Volga’dan sonra en büyük akarsuyudur. Doğduğu yerden Karadeniz’e döküldüğü Sulina Limanı'na kadar uzunluğu 2.860 km.dir. Kaynağından denize döküldüğü noktaya kadar Almanya, Avusturya, Slovakya, Macaristan, Hırvatistan, Sırbistan, Bulgaristan, Romanya, Moldova ve Ukrayna olmak üzere toplam on ülkenin topraklarından geçmektedir. Tuna Nehri, yatağında daima bol su bulundurur. Tuna’ya karışan ve onu besleyen diğer büyük akarsular da (Inn, Morava, Drava, Sava, Tisa, Jui, Olt, Argeş, Prut vb.) yelpaze şeklinde, çeşitli devletlerin içlerine kadar nehir yoluyla gitmektedirler.
Osmanlı kanunnâmelerine ağırlık vererek hazırladığımız bu çalışmada, Osmanlı’nın suyolu olan Tuna’da yapılan balık avcılığı ve bu faaliyetin ekonomik yönü incelenmiştir. Bu faaliyet, devletin koymuş olduğu kanunnâmeler ve yasaknâmeler doğrultusunda yapılmaktaydı. Nehir ve göllerin tasarrufu kendisinde olan reaya, elde edilen ürünün hasılatını devlete vergi olarak ödemektedir. Çalışmamızda bu vergiler ve oranları üzerinde durulmuştur. Geliri doğrudan devletin hâzinesine giden avlama yerlerinin yanında, mukataaya ayrılmış yerler de mevcuttur. Mültezim ve emin adındaki devlet görevlileri tarafından tahsil edilen mukataa gelirleri, serhad boylarındaki neferlerin maaşları için kullanılmaktaydı. Nehirde hareket hâlinde olan gemilerden alınan makiriyye vergisinin yanında, Tuna iskeleleri gümrük gelirleri de muntazam bir şekilde toplanmıştır. Devletin resmî görevlileri tarafından toplanan ve Tuna Defterdârlığı aracılığıyla devletin hâzinesine aktarılan balıkçılık faaliyetleri ile ilgili vergiler aynı zamanda bu faaliyetin birçok yönünü de açıklığa kavuşturacak bir mahiyet arz eder. Bu sebeple balıkçılık faaliyetlerini, bu faaliyetlerden tahsil edilen vergiler merkezli olarak ele alıp inceleyeceğiz.

The present investigation along Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, solid content, hardness, chloride, sulphate/sulphide, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), surfactants, oil/ grease and phenol content in river water samples. The study was performed for the period of two years from 2009 to 2011, at three different sampling stations of Mithi River namely airport, CST Kalina road and Taximen's Colony Bandar Kurla Complex (BKC). From the results it appears that values of most of the physico-chemical parameters were very much above the permissible limit set for inland surface water. The values of various physico-chemical parameters studied in the present investigation were above those reported by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) in 2004. It was observed that results of various physico-chemical parameters obtained for the year 2010 to 2011 were higher than that of 2009 to 2010.

Human-induced modifications of the vegetation cover in river basins may cause strong geomorphic responses by disturbing sediment supply, transport and deposition regimes. The response is particularly noticeable in upland regions, where sensitivity to change is enhanced by strong coupling between river channels and hillslopes, as is exemplified by studies undertaken in the East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand, and in the Southern French Prealps. Both regions have been affected by land-use change during the past 150 years (deforestation and reforestation) that can be chronologically linked to geomorphic change on hillslopes and on valley floors. In this paper we use these studies to draw attention to: (1) the magnitude of the change in sediment production associated with a modification to the vegetation cover; (2) the impact that reforestation has on the sediment production and the channel system; and (3) the relative influence of anthropogenic and climatic forcing on the channel response. Finally, we consider the manner in which land use has been used as a tool to manage sediment production in France and New Zealand. The results obtained in both regions demonstrate the strong effect that the vegetation cover has on hillslope erosion processes, through its impact on the landsliding threshold (in New Zealand) and the total sediment yield (from paired forested and non-forested catchments in France). Consideration of channel response serves to emphasize the sensitivity of upland regions to land-use change, and suggests that the successful discrimination between the respective influences of climatic and land-use change depends, in large part, upon the ability to detect spatial and chronological links (or, conversely, gaps) between causes and effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The present study sought to identify a minimal adequate model to describe the biomass dynamics of river epilithon, a functional indicator of river health. Identification of minimal adequate models is particularly necessary in river management, given the reduced number of variables authorities are willing to measure routinely. A model previously developed for epilithon dynamics in a pre-alpine river was applied to epilithon biomasses recorded in contrasting hydrological, trophic and light conditions at various sites in the Agüera stream (Spain) over 3 years (11 case studies). A model selection tool, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), was used to determine the optimal combination of parameters. In nine of 11 case studies, the best model described epilithon biomass dynamics as the equilibrium between phototrophic growth and discharge-dependent loss and ignored light, temperature and nutrient influences. The best adequate minimal model i.e. the model that is the best trade-off between goodness-of-fit and model simplicity performed best, in years in which clearly contrasting short low and high water periods occurred. During years with less marked hydrodynamics, many other abiotic or biotic processes influenced epilithon biomass dynamics. In these cases, weaker goodness-of-fit had to be accepted to avoid excessively increasing model complexity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The present study highlight the toxicity levels of different heavy metals in aquatic environment of one of the most polluted river of Mumbai-the Mithi River. Although the river has attracted tremendous attention after 26/7 flood in Mumbai, the pollution level of the river has remained neglected issue. The present study was performed for two assessment years 2009-10 and 2010-11 at three different sampling stations namely Airport, CST Kalina and BKC Taximen's Colony along the flow of Mithi River. The results of present investigation indicates that the concentration levels of most of the heavy metals like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sr and Mn obtained during the assessment year 2010-11 was higher than that obtained during 2009-10 by the factor of 1.4 to 5.7 µg/L. The environmental impact of these toxic heavy metals is discussed. The results point out the need of rational planning of pollution control strategies, so as to keep check on release of toxic heavy metals in the river. It is expected that the present study will be useful for rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation; to evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already is existence and to assess the nature and extent of pollution control needed.

Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regressions were applied on the surface water quality data with the aim of identifying the pollution sources and their contribution toward water quality variation. Surface water samples were collected from four different sampling points along Jakara River. Fifteen physico-chemical water quality parameters were selected for analysis: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH, conductivity, salinity, temperature, nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3), turbidity, dissolved solids (DS), total solids (TS), nitrates (NO3), chloride (Cl) and phosphates (PO43-). PCA was used to investigate the origin of each water quality parameters and yielded five varimax factors with 83.1 % total variance and in addition PCA identified five latent pollution sources namely: ionic, erosion, domestic, dilution effect and agricultural run-off. Multiple linear regressions identified th...

Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province is an area, encountering a lot of flood problems because in particular the rivers in downstream are relatively flat increase sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Lamasi River. In this study one of the rivers in Luwu district, which often experiences flooding every year and has a length of 76.43 km and an area of river basin 432.80 km 2. The flooding caused losses of nine villages in the area surround the Lamasi river. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal capacity of the retention pond and the dimensions of the retention pool used based on the analysis using the Gumel and Nakayasu methods. The type of research based on the data is done by using a quantitative approach by collecting secondary data from the Central Office of the Pompengan and Jeneberang River Region in South Sulawesi province. The result showed that the optimal capacity of the retention pond is 1,600,000 m 3 at 9.3 m elevation while the pool volume in the pond at the 10-year return period was 901,131.78 m 3 and the water elevation in the pond is at plus 8.43 m. The dimensions of the retention pond are 3,069 m long and vary from 100 m to 300 m and within an average of 3 m, the height of the embankment is 1.50 m with the width of the embankment 5 m with an optimal reservoir of 1,500,000 m 3. The age of the retention pool functions effectively because of the sedimentation of 4,481.01 m 3 per year estimated for 133 years.

W ubiegłym roku nakładem Wydawnictwa KEW ukazała się książka o Odrze, jakiej  od lat brakowało. Jest to pozycja wyjątkowa, która z wielu względów powinna zwrócić uwagę czytelników zainteresowanych „księżną polskich rzek”. Niestety, niewątpliwą wartość tej unikatowej publikacji obniżają błędy, których nie mogę pozostawić  bez komentarza.

The complete Lightning Storm Mind: Pre-Ancientist Meditations, extensively illustrated with images by Michel Varisco, is forthcoming from Autonomedia.  The few excerpts included here were published in Situations: Project of the Radical Imagination, Vol 6, No 1 & 2 (2016): 55-56 in an issue on "The Mediterranean Imaginary."