Rural Sociology

Abstract  This study examines the link between social structural variables (gender, race, education, age, rural childhood), individual social psychology (altruism, self-interest, traditionality, and openness to change), and beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism (for health, the environment, animals, and world hunger) and self-reported vegetarianism. Data from a random sample of 420 adult U.S. residents showed that 5.2 percent considered themselves vegetarian. The strongest predictor of vegetarianism as a dietary choice was the belief that vegetarianism is beneficial to the environment. None of the social structural variables had a direct influence on vegetarianism as a dietary choice. Of the four values studied, only altruism and traditional values influenced beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism. Altruistic values increased, and traditional values decreased, beliefs that vegetarianism is beneficial to health, the environment, farm animals, and world hunger. Blacks were more likely than Whites to adhere to the beliefs that vegetarianism helps prevent cruelty to farm animals, is beneficial to personal health, and is beneficial to the environment. The race differences in beliefs persisted even with controls for values.

A BYU course paper where I examine how some more isolated areas of the would-be Confederacy fared better than the South as a whole during the economic plummet that devastated the region in the aftermath of the Civil War and years of Reconstruction.

This book aims to analyze the local meaning and practices of food sovereignty in Egypt. The study based on fieldwork in two villages in Upper Egypt. Using agrarian political economy and sociological approaches, we analyze How do local food systems diverge and intersect with the global food system? The results of the study deepening our understanding of food sovereignty at the local level and it may help in building an alternative food system based on food sovereignty principles.
The book contains six chapters, an introduction, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with theoretical concepts, methodology, and description of the study villages, while the second chapter analyzes the history of urban-rural relations and agrarian transformations in Egypt. The third and fourth deals with the food sovereignty challenge at the local level and the integration of small farmers in the global market, while the fifth chapter deals with the small farmer's strategies to secure minimum food sovereignty for their families, and the sixth chapter discuss women in local food sovereignty strategies.

The purpose of this special issue is to advance heterodox
reconstructions of agrarian Marxism on the occasion of Marx’s
200th birth anniversary. Scholarship on the origins of agrarian
capitalism and the contrasts between agrarian and industrial
capitalism have been a vital part of debates over and within
Marxism for more than a century and have been central to the
social scientific and historical understandings of the modern world
system. At the same time, since the seminal debates associated
with the ‘classical agrarian question,’ agrarian studies is marked by
durable tensions and polarities in theoretical approach. While
Marxists have long criticized ‘populists’ for ignoring capitalism and
class, populists have charged Marxists with historical determinism.
It is the premise of this special issue that much of this debate has
reached something of an impasse. This is in part because new
empirical work addressing the complex contemporary patterns
and conjunctures of global agrarian capitalism, and because new
and generative theoretical reconstructions of Marxism itself, offer
exciting new horizons. Contributions to this special issue help
point the way beyond this impasse, and illustrate that agrarian
Marxism remains a dynamic theoretical program that offers
powerful insights into agrarian change and politics in the twentyfirst
century.

What kind of elements constitute a remote residency and its poetics? Location, season, inner and outer community, staff, rituals, mission and visions, local intellectuals, heritage, connectedness to local, regional, global scenes. What about time and its qualities such as speed, pace, and seasonality? We should also include in the list the way of travel and difficult accessibility. And then it becomes even more unclear why artists from comfortable urbanized metropolises fly or go by boat or ground transport thousands of kilometres to remote and secluded locations all around
the world.
The concept of remote art institutions has existed since the twenties and thirties (for example: Black Mountain College) but it has only properly arrived in the public and commercial art markets and become an important part of their infrastructures
in recent decades. Because of the decentralization of former metropolises known as art centres, ubiquitous communication technologies and their increasing power, and the rural turning into post-rural, remote places lost their disadvantages and became as
central or connected as everything everywhere.
This is a practice-based reflection on eight years co-running a residency in a small resort village on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Lithuania, situated between Nordic and Central-Eastern Europe or, to put in postcolonial terms—not-yet-recognized and
debatable ‘Global East’. The text also includes experiences from numerous visits to other remote residency places around Europe and a few in China and Brazil.
ABSTRACT OF THE BOOK
Artist residencies provide space, time, and concentration for making art, doing research and for reflection. Residencies are crucial nodes in international circulation and career development, but also invaluable infrastructures for critical thinking and artistic experimentation, cross-cultural collaboration, interdisciplinary knowledge production, and site-specific research. The globalization process and the demands of the creative economy have had an impact on artist residencies. Ecological and geopolitical urgencies are now also affecting them more and more. In response, many residencies today actively search for more sustainable alternatives than the current neoliberal condition allows for artistic practice. With a range of critical insights from the field of residencies, this book asks what the present role of artist residencies is in relation to artists and the art ecosystem amid transformations in society.

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest analiza udziału kobiet w samorządzie lokalnym i wiejskim na przykładzie funkcji radnej gminy i sołtyski. Autorka poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytania o skalę tego zaangażowania, jego zmian w czasie oraz przestrzennych zróżnicowań. W pierwszej części artykułu została opisana dynamika zmian udziału kobiet w samorządzie lokalnym i wiejskim przed i po 1989 r. Następnie zostaną omówione zróżnicowania zaangażowania kobiet w strukturach samorządowych w poszczególnych regionach kraju. Ogólny trend wzrostu odsetka kobiet wśród radnych i sołtysów jest kształtowany przez: uwarunkowania instytucjonalne i polityczne, charakter samych funkcji, poziom kapitału kulturowego oraz zasoby biograficzne samych kobiet wiejskich, proces redefinicji ról społecznych kobiet i mężczyzn oraz czynniki kontekstowe. Treść artykułu opiera się na wybranej literaturze przedmiotu, dostępnych statystykach publicznych oraz wynikach jakościowego badania własnego.

This essay examines the governance of small towns in the United States. Small towns have received little attention in the public administration literature to date, yet 1 in 10 Americans still lives in one, representing roughly 75 percent of all municipalities in the United States and some 33 million people. Small towns are characterized as dense, multiplex networks that lend unique dynamics to local politics. However, they face significant social, economic, technological, and demographic trends that compromise towns’ prevailing frame of reference, fracture their networks, and alter the traditional setting of small-town governance. In the face of these issues, “thicker,” more active ways of engaging the public are needed to reknit community bonds and build civic capacity. Service learning for master of public administration students is proposed as a way to develop the emotional intelligence necessary to make sense of the complex social dynamics of small towns and to facilitate the hard work of building enabling relationships.

In this book, Elsa Guzman synthesis her studies on maize agriculture in Mexico, she has been passionate about this topic for years, as is reflected in her publications since 2005 with the following frame analysis. First, she focuses the readers' attention on the social tradition of Mexican anthropology and agrarian studies, research line centered on the farmer as a social actor of development with all the contradictions implied on keeping alive and in constant reproduction the ancient culture materialized in relations of production and in constant conflict of interest with the local and global agents of the market.

Resumen
En este libro, Elsa Guzmán sintetiza sus estudios de la agricultura del maíz en México, tema que la ha apasionado desde hace años, como atestiguan sus publicaciones desde 2005, con los si-guientes marcos de análisis. En primer lugar, ubica al lector en la tradición social de la antropología mexicana y los estudios agrarios, línea de investigación centrada en el campesino como sujeto social del desarrollo, con todas las contradicciones que implica mantener viva y en constante reproducción la cultura ancestral materia-lizada en las relaciones de producción, y en constante conflicto de intereses con los agentes del mercado local/global.

The time has come to change our thinking and to open our front gardens hidden behind high walls to the street. Together we can return to our typical rural village doorways which have almost disappeared over the time. Let's show our neighbours that we are open to them and offer our front garden with a bench as an attractive semi-public space for meetings and dialogs. If we convert our front garden from a private into a semi-public space, we can help to unify the streetscape. The street will become an attractive and safe public space. Let’s get rid of high fences as a significant barrier, or at least use some lower wooden ones. Let’s move the fence onto the building line of the house as it was in the time of convenient and nice village streets. The rural residential street has the potential to become an attractive and safe public space in an embrace of the greenery, let’s restore the doorways and the affable character of our village streets. The residents will once again become the "masters of the street" instead of currently dominating cars. Front gardens, green strips and islands will thanks to landscape architectural improvements become an adornment of the whole streetscape.

... a typical naive set of assumptions about "group oriented" cultures it that the participants within them are basically altruistic, self-effacing, self-sacrificing and sociable. A society of such individuals should exhibit the very best of human civilization working in equitable, democratic communities. By contrast, those from individualistic cultures should be cold, grasping, selfish, egotistical and almost incapable of the cooperation demanded by a civil society. Indeed, a society of individualists, by this stereotype would be a dog eat dog affair, dedicated to conflict, riven with disloyalty and betrayal, forever failing to build a stable and humanistic community.

Resumen. Desde la apertura comercial las importaciones de frijol en México se han incremen-tado y la producción disminuido. En este artículo se presenta el efecto de las políticas públicas de libre mercado, de precios y de extensionismo rural en la situación actual de la organización de productores de frijol en la zona de Rio Grande, Zacatecas. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas se-miestructuradas a actores clave de la región durante el año 2017, además de recorridos en la zona. Se encontró que las organizaciones formales de productores de frijol en realidad no operan, y los productores incursionan de forma individual en un ambiente de libre oferta y demanda que los coloca en una situación vulnerable ante los intermediarios. Las políticas y programas implemen-tados han complicado la consolidación de auténticas organizaciones de productores que participen en la cadena de valor. Se propone que la implementación de una política integral con énfasis en el consumo fomentará la producción, organización y comercialización en torno al frijol.

Palabras clave: Políticas públicas, frijol, organización de productores.

O tema deste trabalho é o movimento de luta pela terra por pequenos lavradores do Sertão Carioca durante os anos de 1945 a 1964. Observaremos, entre outras coisas, como esses agentes fizeram com que suas reivindicações, denúncias e iniciativas de protesto chegassem à imprensa e ao campo político carioca daquela época. Foto de Capa: Trabalhadores do Sertão Carioca. Fundo: Última Hora. Arquivo Público do estado de São Paulo.

ABsrRAcr Alabama's forest products industry plays a dominant role in the state's rural economy. Examination of how access to employment opportunities is distributed provides insight into how the benefits of this industry are distributed. Based on a combination of available ...

Farmers in Andean communities depend on complex farming systems that combine native and introduced crops, production for subsistence, and production for the market. Home to the well-known potato, the Andean region is also the native place of hundreds of lesser known varieties of tubers such as oca, ulluco, and mashua. Using data from interviews and field observation in the Peruvian community of Picol, we describe the economic and social relevance of these tuber crops in the context of the local farming system. A cross-case comparison of households is used to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the allocation of family resources. We also explore how different agricultural practices relate to the biodiversity of indigenous tuber crops.

The study aimed at assessing attitudes of female undergraduate students toward participating in farming activities and determining factors influencing participation using a descriptive-analytic research by a surveying approach. The statistical population consisted of 433 female students enrolled in various disciplines at the three branches of the College of Science and Humanities at the Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia during the academic year 2016/2017. Out of the total population, some 90 students were selected randomly. A well-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was administrated as a research tool. Results of the study revealed that 42.2% of the target females were with positive attitude towards farming and were agreed to get involved in the farming activities, 30% students remained neutral whereas some 27.8% students showed negative attitude towards agricultural work. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between agreed and disagreed female students regar...

Genealogy and historical demography? Theoretical and practical possibilities of research into the network of social relations, as exemplified by a village in South Bohemia

The paper is divided into two parts. The first part summarises previous research based on the interconnection of methods of genealogy and historical demography in the Czech Republic and abroad, mainly in North America. Subsequently it offers an overview of basic trends and possibilities of how to use genealogy with demographic analyses. The second part of the article is focused on a reconstruction of the network of relations in a small South Bohemian village of Vítkov by Štěkeň near Strakonice at the turn of the 18th and 19thcenturies, which was based on registers of births and deaths, registers of subjects, and land records. The attempt to identify the network of social relations was done through the analysis of blood relations and godparental relations and wedding witnesses in individual families who were bound to the land by the ownership of one of fifteen homesteads. Nevertheless, attention was also paid to the lowermost classes of rural society.

La encuesta rural sobre género y nuevas tecnologías (Encuesta Rural-GyTIC) presenta información principalmente sobre el uso de esta tecnología por parte de las mujeres rurales en España, tratando otros aspectos como actitudes y la opinión hacia la tecnología y el papel que ésta tiene en la sociedad actual.

El interés en esta región de la Península de Yucatán remonta al año 2012 cuando, en el marco de la investigación para el Atlas de Turismo Alternativo (García de Fuentes et al., 2015), estuve a cargo de realizar las encuestas a empresas sociales de esta región. Viendo la magnitud del fenómeno turístico (concentración de empresas y afluencia de turistas) vinculado a la cercanía del polo turístico mas importante de América Latina, decidí realizar mi tesis de doctorado sobre esta región, el dicho traspaís de Cancún-Riviera Maya, donde existe una oferta turística basada sobre recursos bioculturales (Jouault, 2018). En el traspaís de Cancún-Riviera Maya, región turística ubicada atrás del corredor litoral Cancún-Riviera Maya, los cenotes han sido turistificados a partir de los años setenta. Últimamente, las políticas publicas en particular las de los tres sexenios pasados, enfocados al impulso del turismo en comunidades han promovido que grupos de campesinos se vuelvan cenoteros dedicándose de manera temporal o a tiempo completo. Si bien enfoque mi tesis de doctorado en comunidades donde los miembros de las sociedades locales poseen tanto el control de la actividad turística y la propiedad social de la tierra, detecte una fuerte presión privatizadora que otros autores han documentado en otras partes de la Península (Marín et al, 2015 ; Geocomunes et al, 2020)

Artykuł ma na celu sportretowanie szczególnej grupy nowych mieszkańców wsi: osób, które po 1989 roku kupiły dawny dwór lub pałac ziemiański i traktują go przede wszystkim jako dom prywatny. Bazując na 17 wywiadach z 19 osobami, autorka szuka cech wspólnych łączących rozmówców, analizując ich doświadczenie biograficzne i funkcjonowanie jako właścicieli obiektu zabytkowego. Przedstawia ich motywacje, styl życia, postawy wobec ziemiańskiego dziedzictwa oraz członkostwo w szerszych środowiskach związanych z etosem ich grupy. Teoretyczną podstawę tekstu stanowią badania biograficzne, studia nad stylem życia i etosem.
This article aims at sketching a collective portrait of a particular group of new countryside inhabitants: these are people who, after 1989, bought a mansion or a palace once belonging to the landed gentry with an intention to live there. The article’s theoretical
approach owes to biographical research as well as to the studies of lifestyles and group ethos. On the basis of the material from 17 interviews with 19 research participants, the author sets out to establish these persons’ shared traits and analyzes their biographical
experience and daily routines of being owners of the heritage sites. The analysis centers on their motivations, lifestyle, attitudes towards the gentry heritage and membership in the wider circles that relates to the ethos of the group.

as zonas rurales costarricenses y, en general, las latinoamericanas presentan grandes desafíos ligados a la supervivencia de las actividades productivas tradicionales y a la cultura de las mismas. Entre los principales retos que se pueden citar, se tiene la escasez de empleo y de oportunidades para iniciar emprendimientos, desigualdad de oportunidades laborales para las mujeres y jóvenes, migraciones, inapropiado manejo ambiental de los desechos, retrasos en la protección de fuentes de agua y, en mu
chos casos, ausencia o falta de voluntad política para la aplicación de medidas de ordenamiento territorial. Las soluciones que se plantean frecuentemente se centran en la generación de empleos en zonas rurales, dando énfasis a la inclusión de políticas de género, creación de microempresas, los encadenamientos productivos entre sectores económicos, la repartición equitativa de las ganancias y el incentivo del comercio local. En el presente documento, aunque breve, se pretende mostrar, mediante un análisis de caso, los beneficios que se pueden generar al aplicar técnicas de innovación y encadenamientos productivos intersectoriales en las microempresas rurales.

: Este artigo analisa algumas noções e teses do trabalho de José de Souza Martins,
especialmente aqueles aspectos concernentes ao papel revolucionário dos camponeses
brasileiros, durante o período de 1945-1964. Neste texto, as considerações sobre um
suposto caráter revolucionário dos camponeses vão ser confrontadas com a prática política
cotidiana de alguns grupos políticos do campo e da cidade. Nossas fontes de informação
são constituídas de jornais, documentos sindicais e declarações de congressos camponeses
e encontros.