Russian Studies

Even though Russia will most likely remain the largest gas exporter to Europe for the foreseeable future, it is clear that Gazprom can no longer retain its monopoly over much of the European gas market that had heretofore allowed it to impose its will and dictate terms to Central and Eastern European customers. With the cost of the Nord Stream Two and TurkStream projects totaling almost $20 billion, it also remains questionable whether Putin’s current gas strategies will ever prove profitable for Russia.

THE COURSE NAMED AS ' POLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND CAUCASUS ' IS INCLUDED IN THE UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM OF THE ANADOLU UNIVERSITY , FACULTY OF DISTANCE LEARNING - INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT. THIS CHAPTER OF THE BOOK PREPARED FOR THIS COURSE  AS 7TH PART. IN ITS UNIT, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION'S ENERGY POLICIES ON ENERGY RAW MATERIALS AND EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE REGION; THE DOCTRINES FRAMEWORK UNDER WHICH RUSSIA FORMS NATIONAL AND REGIONAL 'ENERGY COOPERATION', ESPECIALLY THE EUROPEAN UNION(EU); THE CONSEQUENCES OF EUROPEAN AND ASIAN COOPERATION BASED ON RUSSIA'S' NEW INTERNATIONALISM ' APPROACH; THE TEXT AND EVALUATION OF RUSSIA'S CHANGING FOREIGN POLICY ARE INCLUDED.
AÖF - ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER LİSANS PROGRAMINDA YER ALAN 'ORTA ASYA VE KAFKASLARDA SİYASET' DERSİNİN 7. ÜNİTESİNDE, RUSYA FEDERASYONUNUN BÖLGEDEKİ ENERJİ HAMMADDELERİ VE MEVCUT ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ENERJİ POLİTİKALARI; RUSYA'NIN BAŞTA AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ(AB) OLMAK ÜZERE ULUSAL,BÖLGESEL 'ENERJİ İŞBİRLİĞİ'Nİ OLUŞTURDUĞU DOKTRİNLER ÇERÇEVESİ; RUSYA'NIN 'YENİ ULUSLARARASICILIK' YAKLAŞIMINDAN YOLA ÇIKARAK AVRUPA VE ASYA İŞBİRLİKLERİNİN SONUÇLARI; RUSYA'NIN DEĞİŞEN DIŞ POLİTİKASI'NA AİT METİN VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ YER ALMAKTADIR.

In many ways Russia is an unlucky country. Throughout its history it has had political and dynastic problems, like many other nations, but Russia has regularly had these problems compounded and intensified by the freakish nature of its weather.

Short of the war, the destruction, and the massive loss of life, Ukraine is in many ways similar to the Gulf crisis in which the UAE, together with Saudi Arabia, led a 3.5-year-long economic and diplomatic boycott of Qatar that, like the Russian invasion, was designed to hollow out the sovereignty of a neighbouring state.

Les Slaves de l'Est (Biélorusses, Russes et Ukrainiens) possèdent une très riche tradition de chants épiques et religieux qui bien souvent renvoient à un fond très archaïque, un fond mythologique qui n'a de chrétien que l'apparence. Ces chants épiques russes (les bylines) et ukrainiens (les dumy), ces formules et incantations biélorusses, ne mentionnent évidemment pas d'antiques divinités slaves, mais ils font appels à des conceptions et des récits qui peuvent remonter à des temps bien antérieurs à la christianisation, et qui de ce fait peuvent être comparés à d'autres mythologies européennes. Textes traduits du russe, du biélorusse et de l'ukrainien.

2e édition.
Extraits: introduction, premier chant, bibliographie et table des matières

Edited by Rimgaila Salys

The early years of the twenty-first century have been an exciting transitional period in Russian cinema, as the industry recovered from the crises of the late 1990s and again stepped onto the global stage. During these years four generations, from the late Soviet directors through post-Soviet and New Russian filmmakers to the Russian millennials, have worked in varying visual styles and with diverse narrative strategies, while searching for a new cinematic language. Financing and distribution models have evolved, along with conservative politics driving Ministry of Culture regulation. This reader is intended both for contemporary Russian cinema courses and for modern Russian culture courses that emphasize film. It does not attempt to establish a canon for the period but seeks to provide undergraduate students with an introduction to significant Russian films released between 2005 and 2016 that are also available with English subtitles. The twenty-one essays on individual films provide background information on directors’ careers, detailed analyses of selected films, along with suggested further readings both in English and Russian.

Learn more & purchase: https://www.academicstudiespress.com/filmandmediastudies/the-contemporary-russian-cinema-reader

[ÖZKAN, Murat]. [87/5 Numaralı Rusya Ahkam Defterinin Transkripsiyon ve İncelenmesi (s. 1-95)], [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Ordu, [2012].
Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasındaki tarihi münasebetler başlangıcından itibaren pek dostane olmamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin gerileme dönemi Rusya'nın genişleme ve güçlenme dönemidir. Rusya 1700'lerden itibaren Osmanlı Devleti'nin ciddi bir rakibidir. Kuzeyden gelen bu yeni tehdit iki devlet arasında büyük mücadelelerin yaşanmasıyla sonuçlanmış, Rusya'nın üstünlüğü ilerleyen dönemlerde bariz bir hal almıştır. Bu mücadeleler sonrasında yapılan barış antlaşmalarında iki devlet arasındaki ticarete dair hususlar bu rekabetin ekonomik boyutunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Osmanlı Devleti'nin Avrupa devletlerine “imtiyaz-ı mahsusa” adı altında verdiği haklar zamanla kapitülasyon haline dönüşmüştür. Bu çerçevede Ruslar diğer Avrupa devletlerine bahşedilen imtiyazlardan yararlanmak için Osmanlı Devleti‟ne baskı yapmıştır. Belgrad Antlaşması'nda Osmanlı gemileriyle Karadeniz‟de ticaret yapma hakkını elde eden Ruslar, Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması ile de kendi gemileriyle Karadeniz'de ve boğazlarda serbest ticaret yapma hakkını elde etmiştir. Kırım'ı da işgal eden Ruslar Karadeniz'deki hâkimiyetlerini tamamen pekiştirmiştir. İki devlet arasında 1783 yılında imzalanan Ticaret Muahedesi'yle ticaretin hangi Şartlarda yapılacağı kararlaştırılmıştır.
Osmanlı-Rus ilişkilerinin ihmal edilen konularından biri ticari ilişkilerdir. Bu çerçevede Osmanlı arşivlerinde bulunan Düvel-i Ecnebiye Defterleri tasnifinde bulunan Rusya Ahkam Defterleri önem arzetmektedir. Yaptığımız bu çalışma Rusya Ahkam Defterlerinden olan 87/5 Numaralı Rusya Ahkam Defteri'nin transkripsiyonundan ve değerlendirmesinden oluşmaktadır. Bu defter 1797-1800 yıllarında Osmanlı Devleti ve Rusya arasında başta ticaret olmak üzere, diplomatik, siyasi, sosyal ilişkilere ve ortaya çıkan sorunların antlaşmalar çerçevesinde halledilmesine dair hükümleri ihtiva etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, Rusya, Ticaret, Karadeniz, Ahkam, İmtiyaz.

The Latvian Foreign and Security Policy Yearbook 2021 aims to examine and evaluate various
spheres of Latvia’s foreign and security policy. It looks at what has been achieved in 2020 and
draws up development scenarios for 2021, informing the public and offering recommendations
to Latvian policymakers. In 2020, Latvia’s foreign and security environment experienced significant and unpredictable challenges. The global pandemic has profoundly affected both people’s daily lives and international relations in general. The development of global geopolitics and the background of the pandemic will bring a number of new challenges and opportunities to Latvia in 2021 as well.

The Second World War gave a strong impulse to the development of translation and interpreting services in the Soviet Union. Military translators/interpreters were expected to engage in frontline propaganda, ad hoc language teaching and reconnaissance, without special preparation. Under constant ideological pressure, they had to come up with creative solutions for concrete problems. On the base of the prosopographic research and semi-structured interviews with three prominent representatives of the aforementioned school, this book describes different biographical and professional trajectories of military translators/interpreters during and after the Second World War. Their backgrounds are as diverse as they are distinct: German and German-Jewish migrants, romantic philological students and poets from the legendary Institute of Literature Studies in Moscow (IFLI), bilingual descendants of diplomatic families and outstanding students and teachers from university departments of German Studies. The translational competences and methodological insights acquired during the war contributed to the establishment of a Soviet school of translation/interpreting and German Studies.
Key-words: Circulation of knowledge, military translation and interpreting services, Second World War, prosopography

This paper presents the first results of the research conducted at the Department of Literary, Linguistic and Compared Studies at the University of Naples “L’Orientale”, as part of a joint project with the Chair of Italian Studies at the State University of Tomsk (Siberia, Russia) designed to recover all the evidences of cultural exchange between Campania and Russia, examining, in particular, the image of Naples etched in Russian culture through the writings, scenic views and various claims left by Russian travellers through the centuries. The present literature review, published for the first time in Russian, is the first attempt to collect the works of Russian writers and critical essays on the theme of Russian literary texts on Naples (russkaja neapolitana), that is diaries and impressions reported by Russian travellers in Naples and its surroundings, which have helped to create a unique and well-defined, if not, indeed, a myth of places of Campania in Russian literature since the eighteenth century. In its multi-cultural implications this phenomenon raises some interest both for our area, both for cross-cultural exchange between Russia and Italy and, in particular, between Russia and Southern Italy.

The 5 day conflict in South Ossetia in August of 2008 that has caused 600 deaths and 120,000 people losing their homes (Jones, 2009)has drawn very different responses from France that held EU Presidency that year and from the United States, Georgia’s biggest ally. This paper will analyze the reasons for the different views on and reaction to the same conflict stemming from Europe and from the United States.
The first part of the paper will introduce the ‘frozen conflict’ of Ossetia and EU (French) /US pre-war involvement there. The Second part of the discussion will analyze how the pre-war foreign policy had influenced the two very different reactions to the 5 day conflict.

This paper is unpublished. It deals with Pavel Florensky’s socio-philosophical views that shaped during the first Russian revolution years and were elaborated in his later works. The principal theoretical divergence of Florensky’s attitude and the position of Christian socialists, as well as specific character of Florensky’s monarchism, are discussed here. Religious and philosophical grounds of his socio-political position are brought to light.

Baha’u’llah’s Bishārāt (Glad-Tidings):
A Proclamation to Scholars and Statesmen
Christopher Buck and Youli A. Ioannesyan
Baha’i Studies Review 16 (2010): 3–28.

This article is a historical and textual study of the one of the major writings of Baha’u’llah: the Lawḥ-i Bishārāt (‘Tablet of Glad-Tidings’), revealed circa 1891, and advances new theories as to its provenance and purpose. The ‘Tablet of Glad-Tidings’ is a selective compendium of Baha’u’llah’s laws and principles, sequentially presented in a series of fifteen ‘Glad-Tidings.’ As the Arabic term, bishārāt, suggests, these ‘Glad-Tidings’ were a public announcement of some of the essential teachings of the new Baha’i religion. The ‘Glad-Tidings’ is the most extensive of several ‘Tablets’ by Baha’u’llah that present key teachings in a numbered structure. The Glad-Tidings may, in part, be regarded as serially articulated ‘world reforms’ intermixed with religious reforms emanating from Baha’u’llah in his professed role as ‘World Reformer.’ The ‘Glad-Tidings’ also functioned analogously (albeit anachronistically) to a press release, serving not only as a public proclamation, but to rectify the inaccuracies and gross misrepresentations that had previously circulated in print. Intended for widespread translation and publication, the Glad-Tidings was sent to scholars — notably Russian orientalist, Baron Viktor Rosen (1849–1908) and Cambridge Orientalist, Edward Granville Browne (1862–1926) — and possibly pre-revolutionary Russian statesmen as well. As a ‘Proclamatory Aqdas,’ the Tablet of Glad-Tidings was part of a much broader proclamation by Baha’u’llah, who proclaimed his mission to the political and religious leaders of the world. This study will argue that the Baha’u’llah may have revealed the Tablet of Glad-Tidings for E.G. Browne — or rather through him, since Baha’u’llah evidently intended that Browne should translate and publish the Bishārāt in order to make the nature of the Baha'i teachings more widely known. This would then correct the distortions that had previously been published regarding Baha’u’llah's purpose and the nature of the religion that he founded, thereby, promoting a public awareness that a new world religion was on the horizon of modernity.

Memoirs and Madness examines memoir as a literary genre, investigates the creation of Leonid Andreev's posthumous legacy by his contemporaries, and explores the possibility that Andreev, Russia's leading literary figure at the beginning of the twentieth century, suffered from mental illness. Frederick White's primary focus is A Book About Leonid Andreev (1922), the most important collection of memoirs dedicated to the Russian author, presented here in the first English translation. The agendas of the memoirists resulted in portraits that have influenced how Andreev is read and spoken about to the present day. White pays special attention to Andreev's history of mental illness, which the memoirists described with vague terms such as "creative energy" or "inner turmoil." Past scholarship has focused on philosophical and sociological factors in the author's life but this concentration on his mental health provides a fruitful approach to deciphering the literary portraits.

Slovakia’s relations with the states of Eastern Europe not only have a bilateral impact, but contain geopolitical, security and economic dimensions as well. This article analyzes the domestic, bilateral and multilateral aspects of relations between Slovakia and Russia before and after the parliamentary elections of 1998, when Slovakia adopted a pro-Western course aimed at EU and NATO membership. The article also focuses on bilateral relations with Ukraine, where Slovakia is among the most active supporters of Ukraine’s future EU membership. The final sections analyze the Eastern policy of Slovakia – particularly within the framework of the EU’s Eastern Partnership and the Visegrad Group – as well as Slovakia’s relations with the new Eastern European partners, such as Belarus, Moldova and Georgia, as target countries of Slovakia’s “soft power.”

Rusya müslümanları arasında tanınan ve Kazan Türklerinden Musa Carullah Bigiyev, İslâm dünyasında tanınan bir müslüman ilim, fikir ve aksiyon adamıdır. 1874'te Rusya'daki en eski ve turistik şehirlerden biri Nero Gölü'nün kıyısında Rostov'da doğan Bigiyev, eğitimini Buhara, Mısır, Hicaz, İstanbul, Hindistan ve Şam medreselerinde yaptıktan sonra memleketinde, gazetecilik yapmış ve birçok eserler vermiştir. 1917 Bolşevik ihtilalinden sonra zindanlara atılmış eziyet ve işkencelere uğramış, vatanını terk ederek Çin, Afganistan, Hindistan, Finlandiya, Almanya, Türkiye, İran, Irak ve Japonya'da ilim faaliyetlerinde bulunmuş ve nihayet 1949 yılında Kahire'de vefat etmiş âlim, bilge bir şahsiyettir. Bu makâlede onun hayatı, ilmi kişiliği ve eserleri ile Rusya müslümanları arasındaki yeri ve önemi araştırılmaktadır.

Throughout the course of human history, the idea of great continents have been subjected to contention and debate. The word 'Continent' does not represents the natural and objective division of the land surface, as a substitute, the idea of 'Continent' is a discursive object, which encompasses history, specific patterns of society, and signifies the existence of unique civilization. In this regard, the word 'Continent' is not a pure geographical concept rather a meta-geographical phenomenon. Moreover, in the meta-geographical version, the idea of the great continents such as Greater Europe, Great West and Greater Eurasia has been mystified, mythologized and imagined on ontological, civilizational and messianic grounds. When it comes to the idea of 'Greater Eurasia', it was the intellectual contribution of famous Eurasianists such as Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Soloviev, Nikolay Danilevsky, Lev Gumilev and Alexander Dugin, who had developed the ideology of Eurasianism or the idea of Eurasia. These scholars have concealed the idea of Eurasia across political, social, theological, cultural, economic and civilizational spheres. Moreover, all these intellectuals were Russians, who pioneered the idea of 'Greater Eurasia' from the geographical standpoint. Basically, it was the concept of 'Russian Idea' with its spiritual orientation, coined by the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev that surrounded the Eurasian ideology by adjoining Russian Universalism with Russian particularism. As Berdyaev asserted; "the whole Russian idea declares Russians as people belonging to religious type and are religious in their spiritual make-up". Among the Eurasianists, it was the nineteenth century's Russian philosopher and intellectual Nikolay Danilevsky (1822-1885), who had developed the idea of Eurasia surrounding the cultural and spiritual lines.

From "Intelligence Communities and Cultures in Asia and the Middle East: A Comprehensive Reference"
Bob de Graaff, editor
https://www.rienner.com/title/Intelligence_Communities_and_Cultures_in_Asia_and_the_Middle_East_A_Comprehensive_Reference

в отечественной науке роль варягов в образовании древнерусского государства оценивается весьма высоко, в частности у исследователей уже практически не вызывает сомнений скандинавское происхождение самой княжеской династии Рюриковичей. Однако на сегодняшний день в так называемом варяжском вопросе наблюдается известное противоречие: при огромном массиве археологических данных, недвусмысленно свидетельствующих об активном присутствии варягов на Руси в X–XI вв., мы располагаем весьма ограниченным количеством лингвистических следов и примет этнокультурного взаимодействия русских и скандинавов в эту эпоху. Данная книга представляет собой опыт историко-филологического разыскания в области культурных контактов Скандинавии и Руси на излете эпохи викингов. Образ идеального правителя, практика обмена дарами, представления о статусе и наследственных правах незаконнорожденного, рассказ о предках как средство характеристики потомков, перекличка личных имен, прозвищ и торжественных панегириков — такова лишь часть тех напряженных точек этого взаимодействия, к которым мы попытались подступиться в нашем исследовании.
The Varangian contribution to the formation of the ancient Russian state is highly
evaluated in the national scholarly tradition, more specifi cally, there are practically
no doubts about the Scandinavian origin of the Rurik dynasty. However, there is
a certain contradiction in the so-called Varangian problem: given a huge body of
archaeological data unambiguously confi rming the active Varangian presence in Rus
in the 10th–11th centuries, we can only have at our disposal a very limited amount
of the linguistic traces of ethnic and cultural connections between Russians and
Scandinavians at that time.
This book presents an attempt at the historical and philological study in the
fi eld of the cultural contacts between Scandinavia and Rus before the very end of the
Viking age. The image of the ideal ruler, the practice of gift exchange, the concepts of
the status and inheritance rights of illegitimate children, a narrative about ancestors
as a way of characterizing descendants, and similarities between personal names,
nicknames and solemn eulogies — these are, to name just a few, the intense points of
this interaction which became the focus of our study.

At the beginning of 2019, Russia was quite confident it would be able to either redirect its gas transit to the EU away from Ukraine before the expiration of the transit contract or renew the deal on Moscow’s own terms. But despite Gazprom’s (i.e., the Kremlin’s) transit diversification strategy, the new five-year deal shows that the Ukrainian transit corridor still remains of paramount importance for Russia

This article argues that accounts of the Russian media system that tend to view the time from Vladimir Putin’s rise to power in 2000 as a single homogenous period do not capture major qualitative shifts in state-controlled media coverage. By analyzing the output of Russia’s two main television channels during Putin’s third presidential term, we identify a range of distinctly new features that amount to a new media strategy. This involves a significant increase in the coverage of political issues through the replacement of infotainment with what we term agitainment—an ideologically inflected content that, through adapting global media formats to local needs, attempts to appeal to less engaged and even sceptical viewers. Despite the tightening of political control over the media following the annexation of Crimea, the new strategy paradoxically has strengthened the constitutive role played by the state-controlled broadcasters in the articulation of official discourse.

L’intento di questo lavoro è presentare un quadro che sia il più completo possibile nell’analizzare il percorso dell’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche dalla sua nascita, nel 1922, fino al suo crollo, nel 1991 e, successivamente, la delicata fase di transizione russa dal comunismo all’economia di mercato, cercando di mettere in luce i problemi incontrati dal Paese nell’instaurare la democrazia. L'ultima parte analizza la figura della Banca Europea per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo ed il suo ruolo specifico nella delicata fase di transizione economica della Russia.

Patterns in the Population History of Northern Eurasia from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, Based on Craniometry and Genetics In memory of Oleg Balanovsky This study examines the craniometric differentiation of Northern Eurasian groups with reference to genetic and partly linguistic facts. Measurements of 66 series of male crania from that territory, dating to various periods from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age, were subjected to statistical methods especially destined for detecting spatial patterns, specifi cally gradients. Using the nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the matrix of D 2 distances corrected for sample size, a two-dimensional projection of group constellation was generated, and a minimum spanning tree, showing the shortest path between group centroids in the multivariate space, was constructed. East-west clines in Northern Eurasia, detected by both genetic and craniometric traits, likely indicate not so much gene fl ow as isolation by distance, resulting from an incomplete evolutionary divergence of various fi lial groups constituting the Boreal meta-population. The western fi lial component, which, in Siberia and Eastern Central Asia, is mostly represented by Afanasyevans, has evidently made little contribution to the genetic makeup of later populations. The eastern fi lial component, which had appeared in the Cis-Baikal region from across Lake Baikal no later than the Neolithic, admixed with the autochthonous Paleosiberian component. The latter's principal marker-the ANE autosomal component-had been present in Siberia since the Upper Paleolithic. Likewise autochthonous were both Eurasian formations-Northern and Southern; statis tical analysis has made it possible to make these more inclusive, whereby the former has been expanded in the eastern direction to include the Kuznetsk Basin, and the latter westwards, to the Middle Irtysh. Nothing suggests that Eastern European groups had taken part in the origin of either the Northern Eurasian formation or the proto-Uralic groups.