Separation

Due to their excellent resistance to a range of solvents, integrally skinned polyimide membranes have been used to achieve selective separations in a range of solvent-based industrial and lab-scale chemical operations. These include: homogeneous catalyst recycle, petrochemical dewaxing, solvent exchange and chiral resolutions. However, despite the widening scope of use of these membranes, there is still little understanding of how the microstructure defines their separation performance. As a first step towards determining this, integrally skinned nanofiltration membranes were fabricated by phase inversion using Lenzing P84 polyimide. The microstructures of these membranes, dry and wetted in solvent, were investigated by SEM, TEM and ESEM (where appropriate).SEM and TEM imaging of dry membranes revealed that this type of polyimide membrane has three microstructurally distinct polyimide layers, not the two indicated in prior literature. Furthermore, TEM images reveal nano-sized pore-like features in the polyimide structure, which indicate that the transport mechanism is probably neither only solution-diffusion nor only pore flow. ESEM imaging showed that when saturated in ethanol at the working pressure of the ESEM (5.50 Torr), the microstructure of the membranes changes; it is wispy and thus quite different to the more solid polymer nodules and interconnected polymer network observed in the dry membranes. Thus, transport and separation mechanisms based on the structure of the dry membranes may not be accurate. Overall, these results indicate that the current theory used to describe polyimide membrane mass transfer and separation performance (where it is based on dry membrane microstructures), most likely needs to be rethought.

A retention index (RI) database containing 250 volatile compounds was created on a polar stationary phase column and validated for food aroma characterisation. Precision of the retention indices (RIs) was assessed by performing replicated injections of a representative number of volatiles under the same experimental conditions: differences lower than 1 U were observed for all the compounds. Robustness was evaluated by carrying out injections of the same set of volatile compounds under different experimental conditions, i.e. program temperature, column batches and instrumentation. Excellent results were obtained with a maximum difference in the RI values of 10 U. The capabilities of the created database for food aroma characterisation were finally evaluated by analysing the volatile fractions of different food matrices such as dry sausages, cheese and bread. A great number of volatile compounds were identified in the analysed samples on the basis of their RI, thus proving the usefuln...

Biodiesel production from abundant bio-sources has drawn the attention of the academic as well as the industrial communities in recent years. However, one of the most serious obstacles for using biodiesel as an alternative fuel is the complicated and costly purification processes involved in its production. The difficulties involved in the separation of glycerine and other un-reacted reactants and by-products necessitate the development of new competent low cost separation processes for this purpose. In this work, a low cost quaternary ammonium salt–glycerine-based ionic liquid is proposed as a solvent for extracting glycerine from the transesterification biodiesel product. The separation technique was tested on palm oil-based produced biodiesel with KOH as a reaction catalyst. The study investigated the effect of DES:biodiesel ratio and the DES composition on the efficiency of the extraction process. The lab scale purification experiments proved the viability of the separation technique with a best DES:biodiesel molar ratio of 1:1 and a DES molar composition of 1:1 (salt:glycerine). The purified biodiesel fulfilled the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standard specifications for biodiesel fuel in terms of glycerine content. A continuous separation process is suggested for industrial scale application.

Membrane methods can be considered as the most energy-saving separation techniques. Separation abilities of membranes allow the elimination of many non-effective and energy consuming methods and their replacement by new, modern technologies, friendly environment friendly. An application of membrane methods for liquid radioactive wastes treatment requires solving many problems connected with the proper selection of the membranes, membrane modules and other equipment according local conditions: chemical and radiochemical composition of the effluents treated, their activity and total salinity. The installations working in nuclear industry have to fulfil very strict requirements. They ought to be reliable, constructed from special materials defined by separate regulations. Only small number of manufacturers of membrane devices has for their products the certificates of International Atomic Energy Agency. Reverse osmosis (RO) as a method for liquid waste treatment has been examined at laboratory and pilot plant installations. The experience with the process led to design and construction of the industrial plant, 1 m3 capacity, composed of three RO stages. The plant will be included into the system for liquid radioactive wastes purification operating at Institute of Atomic Energy in Swierk near Warsaw, treating the liquid waste from all of Poland. Membrane distillation (MD) can be an alternative for liquid radioactive waste concentration. On the basis of previous laboratory tests a pilot plant for liquid radioactive wastes concentration employing direct contact MD was constructed. Pilot plant experiments showed MD is interesting solution for liquid low-level radioactive waste treatment. As MD is characterised by high retention, large decontamination factors were obtained in separation of radionuclides, which are present in liquid low-level radioactive wastes mainly in an ionic form. The RO and MD plants for liquid low level radioactive wastes treatment are presented in the paper and the evaluation of both methods, as well.

Lactose retention was predicted by means of the Donnan Steric Partioning model (DSPM) and the Kedem–Spiegler model (KSM). Retention and permeate flux were measured using single lactose solutions and ultrafiltered whey (UF-whey) as feed solutions. The experiments were performed at constant pH with NF200 and desal 5 DL nanofiltration membranes supplied by Dow-Chemical (USA) and GE-Osmonics (USA), respectively. The two models were able to predict reasonably well the pattern and tendencies of lactose retention as a function of permeate flux when either a lactose solution or UF-whey was used as feed. The best predictions were obtained with the KSM. This model was observed to be able to predict lactose retention in the presence or absence of ions without providing any information about the membrane structure. However, the DSPM provides information about the charge, the thickness–porosity ratio and the pore size of the membranes. This contributes to a better understanding of the transport mechanism in nanofiltration processes. The presence of salts increased the values of the fitted mean pore radius and the fitted thickness/porosity ratio of the membranes. For the two membranes tested lactose retentions were lower in the case of UF-whey. This was explained taking into account the effect of salts on membrane performance.

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.

""In late 2014, the devolved SNP Government in Scotland has stated its intention to hold a referendum on whether the political will exists supporting the independence of the territory from the United Kingdom. This paper considers the international legal rules that inform on the effects of such a referendum, and furthermore draws upon the previous experiences of other secessions, ranging from the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) & the former Yugoslavia, the 2011 emergence of South Sudan, and the most direct analogy of Québec/Canada separation efforts.

By considering the current international legal framework, and conducting the referendum within this context, it is suggested that any future independence recognition by other states will be contingent upon adherence to these rules. Further to this, any future membership of a sovereign Scottish state in international organisations must necessarily rely upon external recognition, and should be perceived as the only means for discussing whether Scotland could be a viable small state in the international system, or whether, as part of the United Kingdom, enjoys a privileged representation otherwise impossible to fathom.""

Platinum-group metals (PGMs) have become one of the most sought after rare metals in this modern age of science and they will continue to increase in importance as a result of their advantageous use in clean-air technology. Due to the scarcity of these precious metals, the application of ion exchange processes to recover PGM ions from relatively uncontaminated aqueous solutions, such as produced by the leaching of secondary sources including used automotive catalytic converters and electronic scrap, is becoming an increasingly cost-effective option and hence an important topic for the PGM production industry. This paper provides a general overview of the basic principles and theories relevant to the hydrometallurgical recovery of PGMs using ion exchange resins, along with a review and discussion of the most important factors that affect the separation and purification of PGMs present initially in predominantly ionic state in an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. It is shown that in these acidic chloride solutions, the current system of choice for the leaching of PGMs, the adsorption behavior of the PGM ions onto chelating ion exchange resins is strongly dependent on the anionic PGM chloro-complex species present. In addition, it is revealed that the main factors affecting this complexation are (i) acidity and chloride ion concentration of the contacting aqueous chloride solution, (ii) “ageing” of the solution, and (iii) temperature of the solution.

Lactic acid is a simple compound containing both the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups, which permit it to participate in many interesting and valuable chemical reactions. Among the known reactions of lactic acid the dehydration to acrylic acid, the polymerization to poly(lactic ...

Honey aroma is largely dependent on its volatile fraction, which in turn is influenced by nectar composition and by possible modifications after harvesting. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) allows a simple and rapid fractionation of volatile compounds in honey as a prior step to their GC-MS qualitative and quantitative determination. A simple SPME-based procedure has been developed for GC-MS analysis of honey volatiles and applied to the study of 6 different commercial honeys. The possibility of honey characterization from the analytical data obtained by the SPME method is discussed.

The UML shares with reflective architectures the idea that self-definition of languages and systems is a key principle for building and maintaining complex systems. The UML is now defined by a four-layer metalevel structure, enabling a flexible and extensible definition of models by metamodels, and even a self-description of the meta-metamodel (the MOF). This metalevel dimension of UML is currently restricted to structural reflection. But recently a new extension to the UML, called the Action Semantics (AS), has been proposed for standardization to the OMG. This paper explores how this proposed extension brings a behavioural reflection dimension to the UML. Indeed, we show that it is not only possible but quite e#ective to use the AS for manipulating UML models (including the AS metamodel). Besides elegant conceptual achievements, such as a metacircular definition of the AS, reflective modeling with the AS leverages on the UML metalevel architecture to provide the benefits of a refl...

IT IS TOO OBVIOUS.

THE REASON  -  DEATH IS A KICK ASS RUSH RIDE TO PURE CONSCIOUSNESS.  WE LIKE IT.  DMT

ONENESS IS BORING, SEPARATION IS INTERESTING.  PAIN AND SUFFERING ARE THE MOST USEFUL SEPARATION TOOLS ENTAILS FOCUS AWAY FROM PURE CONSCIOUSNESS. DON'T IT?  https://www.academia.edu/34967867/HUMAN_NATURE_IS_MASOCHISTIC

ALIENS – EXTRA TERRESTRIALS  -  E.T.s

MADE IN OUR IMAGE

Essa obra coletiva visa difundir reflexões acadêmicas sobre o Direito de Família, chamando a atenção para temas sensíveis. Assim, no primeiro capítulo foi abordado o reconhecimento de direitos à criança e ao adolescente, tanto no plano internacional quanto no plano nacional, na busca por conhecer o significado dado pelo legislador ao direito humano fundamental da convivência familiar. No segundo capítulo, as reflexões ocorreram em torno do instituto da separação, judicial ou extrajudicial, após a promulgação da EC 66/2010, que modificou o §6º, do artigo 226, da Constituição Federal, com o fito de esclarecer sobre sua permanência ou possível extinção do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. No terceiro capítulo, foi analisado o instituto do divórcio colaborativo, tema ainda pouco abordado no âmbito nacional, englobando suas características, aplicabilidade, efeitos e desafios, bem como seus impactos nas relações familiares, tanto para os cônjuges, quanto para eventual prole. No quarto capítulo, apresentou-se uma nova perspectiva de adoção no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, baseada nas relações de afeto, e não de gênero, tendo sido o foco a adoção por casais homoafetivos. No quinto e no sétimo capítulos, foi analisado o instituto das diretivas antecipadas de vontade, tendo sido analisada a viabilidade de sua aplicação no âmbito jurídico brasileiro e no biodireito. No sexto capítulo, o tema foi a multiparentalidade, em uma investigação sobre a possibilidade jurídica do reconhecimento simultâneo da maternidade-paternidade biológica e socioafetiva. No oitavo capítulo, o enfoque foi a legislação brasileira e os direitos da pessoa idosa, no qual se analisou propostas jurídicas para o enfrentamento do abandono do idoso, com ênfase na discussão de projetos de lei que procuram oferecer soluções para o enfrentamento desse abandono. Por fim, o último capítulo tratou de um tema que tem gerado muitas divergências: a questão do abandono afetivo e os pressupostos necessários para possível responsabilização civil.

The social and political crisis in Ukraine is a complex problem. To analyze the current crisis one should apply different methods and theories. In the present article the genetic historical as well as comparative historical methods are actively employed to determine the historical and geohistorical causes of the current crisis. Many negative and hard-to-explain peculiarities of the domestic and foreign policy of contemporary Ukraine are to a great extent associated with the geopolitical and historical peculiarities of the state-formation, mentality and social-political traditions. It is also evident that many geopolitical and geocultural factors producing negative effects on the stability of the state are still active. The present article is devoted to the analysis of these factors and their role during different periods of the Ukraine history. The article also makes an attempt to conduct a systemic comparison of the Ukraine history with those of its neighboring countries (Russia, Belo-russia, and Poland) which allows a better understanding of the origin of different historical fates in similar environment and also to define the degree of their influence on the political models in Ukraine and its distant regions.

Проблема социально-политического кризиса на Украине комплексная. Для анализа современного кризиса необходимо использовать различные методы и теории. В настоящей статье для определения исторических и геоисторических причин современного кризиса активно использованы историко-генетический и историко-сравнительный методы. Многие на первый взгляд труднообъяснимые и откровенно негативные особенности внешней и внутренней политики современной Украины в значительной степени связаны с геополитическими и историческими особенностями формирования государства, менталитета и традициями социально-политической психологии. Очевидно также, что многие отрицательно воздействующие на стабильность государства геополитические и гео-культурные факторы прошлого не утратили своего значения до сих пор. Анализу этих факторов и их роли в разные периоды украинской истории посвящена данная статья. В статье также сделана попытка систематического сравнения истории Украины с историей ее ближайших соседей (России, Белоруссии, Польши), что позволяет лучше понять причины различий исторических судеб в сходных условиях и определить степень влияния соседей на политические модели Украины и ее отдельных частей.

"The quite increasing number of marital separation and the issue of poor well-being of individuals involved was the main reason of doing this paper. The focus is to know the relation between marital commitment (MC) and subjective well-being (SWB) of husbands and wives in Gapan City, Nueva Ecija. It will investigate the relationship of the husbands and wives’ socio-demographic characteristics and their SWB, MC and perceived marital commitment (PMC).  It was also intended to know  the differences of husbands and wives in terms of MC, PMC and four components of SWB.
By means of quantitative method of research, the study found that husbands and wives have high level of SWB (which is exemplified by high levels of positive affect, marital satisfaction, family satisfaction and life satisfaction and low level of negative affect), high level of MC as well as PMC. Marital commitment, perceived marital commitment and some components of SWB were also found to be significant correlates of the respondents' age, monthly income, length of marriage and highest educational attainment. Also, MC and PMC were also found to have a significant relationship with all components of SWB. Moreover, gender differences on the level of SWB, MC and PMC were not found significant.
Overall, the study suggests that to be able to have a satisfying relationship, couples should exert effort on their relationship and preserve the bond between them that will lead to good well-being.
"

A comprehensive two-dimensional mathematical model was developed for the transport of carbon dioxide through hollow fiber membrane (HFM) contactors in the presence of chemical solvent. The model considered both “partial and complete wetting” conditions where the solvent partially or completely filled the membrane pores. Laminar parabolic velocity profile was used for the solvent flow in the tube side; whereas, the gas flow in the shell side was characterized by Happel's free surface model. Axial and radial diffusion inside the fiber, through the membrane, and within the shell side of the contactor were considered. Experimental data were obtained to validate the model for carbon dioxide removal from CO2/CH4 gas mixture using polypropylene (PP) membrane contactor with monoethanol amine (MEA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions as solvents. For CO2–MEA system with “complete wetting” conditions, the modeling predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results for diff...

Hanafî legal doctrine in which that rational methods are often referred in reasoning legal matters after sacred texts, has many methods of legal reasoning. The concept of division and part-whole relation are two of these rational methods and are applied in many legal arguments. Hanafî jurists categorise matters as divisible and indivisible. They regard that a part represents whole in indivisible matters and mentioning any part of an indivisible matter is interpreted as mentioning and meaning whole of it. In Hanafî legal sources, part-whole relation is analysed with the combination of the concept of division in some legal matters
and on its own in some others. We must state that although the concepts of division, part and whole are look like the atomic concepts that are used in Islamic theology, in this article the relationship of these concepts with the atomic idea will not be mentioned. The focus of
this article is how the Hanafî scholars used these terms while reasoning legal matters and how they solved the legal problems using the principles based on these concepts. The main source of this article is Sharakhsî’s famous book Mabsût. We will investigate some subjects
(guardianship, ties of kinship, dowry, detachment period of woman, the likening of a woman to a kinswoman, wet nursing) in the marriage and the divorce sections of Sharakhsî’s book. In addition to these subjects, we will compare the opinions of scholars to the concept of
separation and the part-whole relation in the marriage and divorce sections with those in other legal sections.

Hükümlere ulaşmada nassların yanında birçok aklî delilin etkili olduğu Hanefî doktrininin, hukukî konuların incelenmesinde önemli derecede metodolojik bir zenginliğe sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Hanefî hukukçuların hükümlere ulaşma noktasında itibara aldıkları bu metotlardan biri, bölünme
kavramı veparça-bütün ilişkisi ekseninde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Birtakım
meseleleri bölünebilir veya bölünemez olarak niteleyen Hanefî
hukukçular, bölünme kabul etmeyen hususlarda, parçanın tek başına
bütünü temsil edebileceği, belli bir parçanın zikredilmesi halinde
bütünün kastedilmiş olacağı gibi birtakım ilkeler tespit etmişler ve
meseleleri çözüme kavuştururken bu ilkelerden hareket etmişlerdir.
Ayrıca Hanefî doktrininde, birçok hukukî meselede dikkate alınan
butun-parca ilişkisi bazı meselelerde bölünme kavramıyla bağlantılı, bazen de bağımsız olarak ele alınmıştır. Burada belirtilmelidir ki, bölünme, parça ve bütün kavramları, kelam ilminde etkili olan atomcu kavramlarla benzerlik göstermekle birlikte bu makalede zikri geçen kavramların atomcu düşünceyle ilişkisi üzerinde durulmayacaktır. Bu makalede, üzerinde durulan husus, Hanefî hukukçuların birtakım meseleleri çözerken, sözü edilen kavramları nasıl kullandığı ve bu kavramların dayandığı ilkeler çerçevesinde meseleleri nasıl çözümlediği olacaktır. Bu araştırmada, Serahsî’nin Mebsût adlı eseri temel alınmıştır. Onun eserinin nikah ve talâk bölümünde yer alan velâyet, talak, mahremiyet, mehir, iddet, zıhâr, süt emme konuları incelememizin odağını oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yanında bölünme kavramı ve parça-bütün ilişkisi hususunda benimsenen yaklaşımın aile hukukuyla diğer hukuk alanlarına etkisi mukayese edilecektir.