Slavery

Il contributo affronta, tramite l'utilizzo di fonti archivistiche, il ruolo svolto dagli ebrei di Messina nel commercio degli schiavi in Sicilia tra tardomedioevo e prima età moderna. L'obiettivo è una prima ricostruzione dell'inserimento di alcuni componenti della comunità giudaica peloritana nel lucroso traffico di questa preziosa "merce umana" e dell'atteggiamento dell'aljama nei confronti di importanti problematiche come la redenzione degli ebrei ridotti in schiavitù.

Though distant in subject, structure and narrative voice, these two novels, Herman Melville‘s Moby-Dick and Toni Morrison‘s Beloved, share unexpected common ground. Both are remarkable for their breathtaking poetic treatment of suffering, brutal exploitation and killing. Both weave their narrative fabric in the rich territory where the struggle for survival overlaps with a desperate will to break barriers. And both, somehow, amidst the carnage, create an opening through which reaches the presence of the divine.

"The Unknown Painter" is an antislavery short story that first appeared in the mid-1830s.  Its author, original place of publication, and date remain undetermined.  It concerns the Spanish artist Bartoleme Esteban Murillo and his black slave, the painter Sebastian Gomez.  This paper analyzes the nineteenth-century publication history of the story, its translation, and the ideologies of its revisions and republications.  The analysis pays particular attention to racial content, its revision in Frederick Douglass' Paper, the zombie sub-theme, and translations.

This thesis focuses on the archaeological study of the Slave Cemetery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Here, methodological and theoretical principles are utilized to study the area that many enslaved workers call their final resting place. Through the use of this space, it is hypothesized that Mount Vernon’s enslaved community practiced distinct traditions, instilling in that spot a sense of place, and reinforcing their individual and communal human identities. This thesis will also investigate the cemetery within its broader regional and cultural contexts, to attain a better understanding of the death rituals and culturally resistant activates that slaves at Mount Vernon used in their day-to-day battle against the system that held them in bondage.

No texto que segue, buscaremos problematizar a análise das grandes propriedades escravistas integradas à economia oitocentista, especialmente àquelas do complexo cafeeiro, estruturado ao longo do Vale do Paraíba entre o sul do Rio de Janeiro e o norte de São Paulo. Para tanto, inicialmente, evidenciaremos uma breve síntese do consenso produzido na historiografia sobre o perfil demográfico da escravidão no Brasil, sobretudo, nas províncias que acolheram a grande lavoura. Em seguida, resguardado o consenso, passaremos a sugerir o retorno à análise dos espaços tidos como zonas de agro exportação, na penumbra nas últimas décadas, posto à sombra justamente no combate a ideia de que o Brasil, fosse no período colonial ou imperial, sintetizava-se na face da plantation.  Efetivamente, voltaremos à grande lavoura cafeeira problematizando a força da escravidão naquele espaço no oitocentos, destacando a concentração da propriedade escrava lastreada em poucos complexos de fazendas familiares constituídos pelos potentados do café a partir dos anos de 1820. Vale dizer, nesse sentido, que a constituição desses espaços, integrados à reestruturação da economia mundial capitalista, reatualizou a escravidão nas zonas economicamente mais dinâmicas do Império do Brasil, transformando seu perfil, reabrindo o tráfico de africanos em escala nacional e alargando a sobrevida da própria escravidão nacional.

ABSTRACT
In the period,The Abbasid Government became weak,lost its’ lands and a lost of states began to appear over the lands of the Caliphate.The biggest of these states is The Great Saljuq Government.
The Abbasid Caliph Kaim Biemrillah, became o doll in the hands of the Buwaihid Sultan.Hedidn’t have any power.He invited Tughril Beg to Baghdad who became a dominating authority
in the east.Upon this invitation Sultan Tughril who entered Baghdad in 447/1055 was welcomed enthusiastically by the caliph.The Caliph called him as “The Sultan of the East and West.” Tughril Beg took over the political authority of the caliph. The Caliph was only left as a religious chief.This event continued also in the following Saljuq Sultan’s period.
After the death of Sultan Malikshah,a throne struggle between the brothers was seen and as a result of this the caliphs set about an independence struggle against the Saljuqs.In the time of Sultan Sencer, The Great Saljuqs Government tried to pack up itself, but with the death of him, the state collapsed. The Saljuqs opened educational institutions called the Nizamiya Madrasas in Baghdad and so contributed to the cultural life of the region.Moreover in these institutions they taught the sunnite ideology, spread it and tried to put aside the danger of Shiism in
that period with scientific ways. The Saljuq Sultans gave an importance for making relatives by marrying the daughters of the caliphs or giving them their own daughters. After The Saljuqs became dominant over Baghdad,the commercial and economical life in Baghdad became active.In this,the caravan trade made with Middle Asia,has an important
place.But we must at once explain that,what we expressed as economical relationships couldn’t obtain Iraq’s especially Bagdad’s development.

À mi-chemin entre philosophie morale et métaphysique de la liberté, cet essai se propose de méditer la possibilité d’une « éthique de la conviction » pour notre temps, et de réinventer ses coordonnées en la liant de manière indissoluble à la question du « monde ». Plaidant pour un universalisme de la réécriture et de la traduction perpétuelles, la réflexion menée dans ces pages utilise les ressorts de la fiction et de la narration, mobilise les mémoires de l’esclavage et du colonialisme, et investit la thématique de la catastrophe, afin de restituer au sujet moral une puissance d’invention et de création dans et pour le monde commun, là-même où le premier fait l’épreuve mélancolique d’une perte de sens abyssale. Tout au long d’un parcours exigeant qui nous entraine de la philosophie kantienne et fichtéenne au cinéma dramatique de Jeff Nichols, en passant par la tragédie de Heinrich von Kleist, le roman lyrique de Toni Morrison et le roman grotesque de Sony Labou Tansi, l’essai cartographie à nouveaux frais l’expérience vécue, pathique, d’une volonté inconditionnelle, et à proprement parler « folle », de liberté dans et pour un monde en droit habitable et partageable. Il situe son enquête – et ses propositions – dans l’aller-retour entre la liberté problématique, voire catastrophique, du sujet, et l’horizon indéterminé du monde, sous la menace constante de l’aliénation ou même de la privation de l’une et de l’autre.

A Mountain at Stake: Creole Identity and Heritage on Mauritius
The process of « patrimonialisation » of Le Morne Brabant on Mauritius indicates the marginal situation of Creoles in a country marked by the persistence of classificatory categories deriving from colonialism and by a multicultural ideology that contributes to the compartmentalisation and isolation the island’s communities from each other. On 1 February 2005, Le Morne was for the first time officially the theatre of the commemoration of the abolition of slavery on Mauritius. This text reveals a process of ethnicisation of the actors involved in this celebration. The analysis of this ‘site of memory’ examines, on the one hand, the power struggle at work in the construction of Creole identity and of its legitimacy. On the other hand, it shows the plurality of possible identifications with Africa and with slavery for Mauritian Creoles.
Keywords: Mauritius, heritage, Creole identity, multiculturalism, object of memory, slavery.

Indigenous slavery in the Americas was the driving engine of New World colonization everywhere, from Nova Scotia to Tierra de Fuego. A massive trade emerged that was built on the twin ideological foundations that cleansed the trade theologically and ethically: “just war” and “rescate.” Anti-slavery, however, was also a force with which historians need to reckon. There is perhaps no better book to explore these two dimensions of the continent-wide slave trade than Monteiro’s Negros da Tierra, now translated into English. My reading is an interpretation of the trade as a whole.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo llamar la atención sobre una obra que ha pasado un tanto desapercibida. Considerada como un trabajo menor de un autor satírico, al-Jāḥiẓ, el Kitāb Fakhr al-Sūdān 'alā al-Bīḑān (La superioridad de los negros sobre los blancos), pese a su sugerente título, ha sido minusvalorado, pero es, en realidad, una obra seria y plenamente imbuida en el contexto y el debate político-social del siglo IX. Esta obra resulta fundamental para entender la complejidad que encierra toda sociedad, antigua o moderna. Frente a la imagen tradicional sobre la población negra como una grupo marginado, invisible y sin historia, el Kitāb Fakhr al-Sūdān 'alā al-Bīḑān les otorga el protagonismo de su obra, les saca de su invisibilidad dentro de la sociedad abbasí, y recupera y reelabora, y esto es interesante, una historia y una memoria que hunden sus raíces en la antigüedad.

Bondage, Prostitution and Human dealing are the most shocking violations within recent memory. In the present current time there are numerous individuals who are stuck as slaves and are creating gigantic measure of cash for their dealers. Human dealing sabotages the security of each individual in a state since it is a sorted out wrongdoing and adulterated. Human privileges of dealt individual are disregarded as they are not given the poise which our Indian constitution ensures. They are misused, assaulted or frequently slaughtered. This has been the subject of worldwide security since the last part of the 90s. Dealing for sexual design is more across the board than constrained labour. In the previous stages nations perceived sexual abuse yet never thought to be constrained work as misuse. Criminal law centers on these three viewpoints for example subjection, prostitution and human dealing. Prostitution and subjugation is a sort of current servitude secured under dealing of individual for business reason. These three are the wrongdoings which are required to be checked or in any case will influence the human life. Individuals are debasing themselves for cash. The principle purpose for deliberate prostitution and subjugation is the deficiency of cash. More often than not they are not financially stable for which they offer their bodies to other people. For such expanding rate everyone will be instructed and all around enrolled with the goal that money related issues can be decreased.

This report was prepared for the Montana State Historic Preservation Office. The project fulfilled Section 106 obligations prior to historic preservation, and also accompanied a preservation field school.

Jack Taylor was a former slave who moved to Montana and became a successful property-owner, teamster and businessman.

“Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.” —William Butler Yeats (1889)

Welcome to our course, “Race and Ethnicity”!  These are not, needless to say, normal circumstances. This is the first time in four decades of teaching that I am doing so “online.”  It may be a new experience for you as well.  There are bound to be glitches (not to mention Murphy’s Law) as we adapt to the new conditions and challenges... but I have no doubt that we will overcome them together.  Our course, which begins on March 31, 2020, is being held in the context of the historic crisis we are all engulfed in, a once-in-a-century global pandemic that is not only bordering on a public health apocalypse but shaking all aspects of our lives and of our worlds (interpersonal, educational, occupational, financial, economic, political, residential, medical, social, cultural, psychological, familial)—requiring adaptations to rapidly changing and unpredictable circumstances.  (Like this online course, for instance!)  It is precisely in such moments of crisis—which shake our taken for granted notions and routines to their foundation, revealing the artifices of our social constructions of “reality” (including what we construct as “race” and “ethnicity”)—that a sociological imagination flourishes.  A folk saying has it that “when life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”  I look forward to making sociological lemonade with you this quarter.  The pandemic will not hit everyone alike, but will be patterned along hard lines of social and economic inequality and disadvantage—including race and ethnicity and immigration status.  Not everyone can “stay at home.”  Harsh realities are being exposed anew by this public health catastrophe... including the fact that SYSTEMIC RACISM IS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE... along with possibilities to reshape the structure of our societies in the calamitous aftermath. (But as Frederick Douglass famously said long ago: “Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.”)

We will read 1 book during our 11-week course: Race in America, by Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer.
This is one of the very best textbooks on the subject that I have seen. The book is made up of 11 chapters, each about 40 pages (including many images, maps and graphics); you’ll be reading a chapter a week on average. 
The first 2 chapters spell out key concepts and address the historical invention and institutionalization of “race.” The next 8 core chapters (#3-10) focus on separate (but interconnected) fields of social life: political, economic, residential, legal, educational, aesthetic, associational, and intimate spheres (family, self, identity).  The last one, chapter 11, looks to the future: “Toward Racial Democracy.” In addition to the text, you will read a few supplementary readings, listed in the syllabus and course agenda.  In tandem with the course readings, over the next ten weeks I will regularly email you selected articles, reports, and analyses seeking to connect what you are studying to the breaking news of the day; while we cannot know now what may come in the coming months, we can be pretty certain that the issues addressed by our course will be at the heart of the historic crisis (or crises) that will engulf us.  By the end of the class you will have effectively a “curated” set of such accompanying relevant readings.

Tuesday March 31 is the start of our class.  Saturday April 4 marks the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.  As I do every year at that time, as well as on the anniversary of his birth on January 15, I send my students an annual message of remembrance.  Please take time to read and reflect on it.

The goal of this class is to broaden your intellectual horizons; to study stress, not to cause it; to invite you to a memorable sociological adventure amid a global crisis that you and I will still be talking about many years from now.  And remember: Our course will end in June, but not our role and responsibility as members of the polis, as citizens as well as sociologists confronted by historic crises.  The critically informed citizen—whose voice is heard, who acts and votes and remains civically engaged—is racism’s worst enemy.  Becoming a critically informed citizen, ending racial domination and making a more just world is a lifetime commitment that never ends.  Silence is not an option at this (potential) turning point in the history of American democracy and racial justice, even amid a once-in-a-century pandemic.  Know that history.  Voice that history.  Read-think-write... and act.

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere... Justice too long delayed is justice denied." —Martin Luther King, Jr.,  Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)

У статті вперше в українській історіографії аналізується етнічний аспект британської колоніальної політики в Карибському басейні у XVII–XVIII ст. Етнічний розвиток британських карибських колоній є малодослідженою темою в новітній історіографії. Охарактеризовано становище рабів, привезених з Африки. Визначено основні етнічні групи, що сформувалися в Британській Вест-Індії.
Ключові слова: колонія, Карибський басейн, етнос, мулат, креол.

В статье впервые в украинской историографии анализируется этнический аспект британской колониальной политики в Карибском бассейне в XVII–XVIII вв. Этническое развитие британских карибских колоний является малоисследованной темой в новейшей историографии. Охарактеризовано положение рабов, привезенных из Африки. Определены основные этнические группы, сформировавшиеся в Британской Вест-Индии.
Ключевые слова: колония, Карибский бассейн, этнос, мулат, креол.

For the first time in Ukrainian historiography ethnic aspect of British colonial policy in the Caribbean in XVII–XVIII centuries is analyzed in the article. Ethnic development of British Caribbean colonies is insufficiently investigated in modern historiography. Status of slaves brought from Africa is characterized. Main ethnic groups which were formed in the British West Indies are defined.
Keywords: colony, Caribbean, ethnicity, mulatto, Creole.

Race has played a disturbing role in the death penalty’s application throughout its history in the United States. During slavery, discrimination was explicitly written in many states’ laws, with a number of capital offenses reserved solely for black slaves. Racial bias continued during the Jim Crow era, in which black defendants often received little due process, as trials and executions sometimes both took place in a single day. Today, the race of the victim has a significant impact on who gets the death penalty, with the implication that black lives matter less.