Timber

This paper is based on an evaluation of the industrialization levels and main production systems of Brazilian timber housing producers. Two methods were used to investigate this understudied topic. Literature-based projection was carried out to identify the production system of each sampled company, from the construction technique(s) produced by the same. The second method consisted of face-to-face interviews to identify the current production system of each producer. For both methodologies, the timber housing sector presented a considerable level of industrial development in view of the greater popularity of prefabrication systems. Due to admissions to enable the system identification from the literature-based projections, a result contrast in artisanal production was verified between both methodologies. Despite the sampling difference, the two methods showed typical results for the industrial processes. Thus, few artisanal developers and the visible amount of industrial-based producers could regard this sector as industrial-featured.

The toxic effects of selected Malaysian timbers (Madhuca utilis, Anisoptera laevis and Endospermum malaccense) heartwood extracts were studied with the aim to determine and understanding the function of wood extracts as a natural protection against termite. The results show that no-choice experiments revealed toxic properties of all investigated extracts by the contact against Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes curvignathus. However, high termite mortality was only achieved with Madhuca utilis extracts and methanol solvents.

This comparative study focused on understanding the effect of coupling agent and particle size on weathering behaviour of wood polypropylene composite. Two coupling agents, namely maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and m-TMI (m-Isopropenyl-α,α− dimethylbenzyl isocyanate) grafted polypropylene were used in preparation of the composites. The composites were exposed to outdoor conditions for one year and changes in surface colour and mechanical properties were measured after 2, 4, 8 and 12 months of natural weathering. During the initial four months of weathering considerable colour change was observed with increase in lightness. Mechanical properties were unaffected largely for the initial four months and thereafter started declining. Overall, tensile strength decreased by about 15 % and flexural strength decreased by about 8 % after one year of weathering. The flexural modulus also decreased by about 10 %. Wood particle size was found to affect the aesthetic and strength of the composites after natural weathering. Coupling agents had a positive impact on mechanical properties however their influence on weathering degradation was not noticeable.

The effects of wollastonite fibers on the physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboards composed of wood fibers with up to 10 % camel-thorn chips were studied. Approximately 30 % of the wollastonite fibers were less than 100 nm while the remainder were less than 1 μm. Wollastonite fibers significantly improved most of the physical and mechanical properties while addition of camel-thorn produced more variable effects on panel properties. Up to 10 % camel-thorn could be added to panels without negative effects. A combination of 10% camel-thorn and 5% wollastonite fibers produced panels with the best properties.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58.4–72.9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

This manuscript introduces the mathematical modelling of efficient stiffened engineered timber wall systems and presents a collection of corresponding design curves. An analytical approach via the exact finite strip method through the Wittrick-Williams algorithm was used in this study to understand and predict the behaviour of such systems. Appropriate orthotropic material models and strength limits have been incorporated into the analytical method for the engineered timber panel and sawn cut timber stud stiffeners respectively. This is the first time that this approach has been used in this field of timber engineering and hence was verified through experimental testing and detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Compared to FEA there is over a thousand-fold decrease in computational cost which allowed many parameters to be varied incrementally including: the thickness of the panel, number of stiffeners, height of the wall and applied load. The results of which has enabled a set of versatile and simple validated design curves to be developed and presented. With these design curves, for a desired load capacity, the optimal system configurations are given. Likewise, for a chosen configuration the allowable axial load is given.

Until the 1950’s much of the goods and produce moving to and from the south coast of NSW were transported by ship. Except for Jervis Bay and Twofold Bay shipping to the south coast was handicapped by a lack of safe harbours.  Shipping had to make do with small man-made harbours like Wollongong, Kiama and Ulladulla, river ports such as Batemans Bay Narooma and Moruya, all with dangerous sand bars at their entrances and make-shift harbours in the lee of any headland that gave shelter from dangerous southerly storms. One such makeshift harbour was Broulee Harbour in the lee of Broulee Island. Today Broulee is a sleepy tourist town on the NSW south coast between Batemans Bay and Moruya, approximately 260km (140NM) sea miles south of Sydney but it was not always so unimportant.

Despite the fact that rafting in the Kysuce region is now a forgotten concept, in the past it played an important role in the local economy as the secondary employment of local inhabitants. Based on preserved archive material, this study attempts to partially reconstruct the question of both rafting and the closely related logging trade as well as the extraction of timber itself during the first half of the nineteenth century. As well as clarifying the ownership rights to the logged timber, the study also deals with explaining the process of the logging and the subsequent movement of the wood towards the rivers. It then provides details specific to Kysuce rafting itself and explains why it can be identified as such. The study also provides information both on the transport of wood on rafts, and its methods of storage during transport. From the numerous court cases involving rafters themselves, or wood traders, the study then provides detailed information on the various difficulties encountered by their profession. From these, mainly individual, stories, one can conjure up a more realistic picture of this sphere of economic life for the population of Kysuce during the first half of the nineteenth century.

This paper is based on an evaluation of the industrialization levels and main production systems of Brazilian timber housing producers. Two methods were used to investigate this understudied topic. Literature-based projection was carried out to identify the production system of each sampled company, from the construction technique(s) produced by the same. The second method consisted of face-to-face interviews to identify the current production system of each producer. For both methodologies, the timber housing sector presented a considerable level of industrial development in view of the greater popularity of prefabrication systems. Due to admissions to enable the system identification from the literature-based projections, a result contrast in artisanal production was verified between both methodologies. Despite the sampling difference, the two methods showed typical results for the industrial processes. Thus, few artisanal developers and the visible amount of industrial-based producers could regard this sector as industrial-featured.

This research provides a good overview of the importance of arsenals in the Early Modern naval, military, economic, and social history of the Mediterranean, focusing on four case studies in a comparative framework. Thanks to the research on the arsenals of Constantinople/Istanbul (Ottoman Empire / Turkey), Birgu (Malta), Messina, (Italy) and Barcelona (Spain) now we gain a much better knowledge on a wider overview.

Stosowanie drewna konstrukcyjnego i materiałów drewnopochodnych o korzystnej charakterystyce mechanicznej, cieplnej i akustycznej jest podstawową cechą nowoczesnego, lekkiego budownictwa szkieletowego.
Z myślą o śmiałym używaniu drewna w konstrukcjach drewnianych przygotowaliśmy niniejsze opracowanie, w którym krok po kroku (od bazy surowcowej poprzez przerób po materiały finalne) przedstawiliśmy szereg istotnych i przekrojowych zagadnień z zakresu inżynierii materiałów drzewnych, stawiając szczególny nacisk na problematykę produkcji i sortowania tarcicy konstrukcyjnej. Znalazły się tu informacje zarówno z zakresu budowy, wad i właściwości drewna jak i uregulowań normalizacyjnych, a także przegląd technik przetarcia i analiza działania maszyn sortowniczych.

Using production and trade flow data from 1946 to 2012, this paper assesses the state of Russia’s forest resources and demonstrates how sweeping changes ushered in by perestroika and globalization have forged a highly export-dependent forest sector. In tracking these flows through China to US urban centers, we demonstrate how consumption patterns affect ecosystems and socioeconomic relations in resource and manufacturing peripheries far beyond regional and national borders. The research is illustrative of how the “ecological shadow” of forest change and degradation in post-Soviet Russia is a confluence of factors related to both consumption and production.

Versatile, wood has been used by mankind in furniture, instruments, utensils and construction. About timber buildings, this critical review discusses their valuable and sustainable features that label their multiple options. Numerous contributions were compiled from the author's collection and prospection in relevant databases. Construction techniques were featured, vocations were identified and production systems were remarked to detail wood-based resources and residues. Discussions and suggestions were raised as promoting strategies. Secular buildings prove the convenience of wood materials in construction, since they have decent levels in sustainability, durability, stability, value added, aesthetics, strength and weight. Timber construction enables artisanal to industrial productions and traditional to contemporary techniques with different materials, sizes and architectural styles. Global barriers are marked by obscurities about logging and illegal deforestation, and deficiencies in the regulations of native species. The utilization of sustainably sourced wood, sylviculture as a viable social-economic driving force and several advantages of timber construction are positive reasons. Actions were proposed to drive policy and multiply timber buildings, since they form a promising segment for emerging bioeconomies of innovative nations. Changes in wood consumption to enhance sylviculture combined with the waste reutilization should intensify the sustainability of timber construction and establish industrial synergies.

Este es un estudio exploratorio para dar uso a la madera de Eucalyptus urophylla para la elaboración de tableros aglomerados de partículas. Por lo tanto, los objetivos fueron determinar sus propiedades físico-mecánicas y evaluar los resultados bajo norma Alemana y Venezolana. La absorción de agua promedio a 2 y 24 horas de los tableros para la densidad real de 731 kg/m3 no cumplió con lo estipulado en las normas, para el caso de los tableros de densidad real 831 kg/m3 si cumplió con la norma. La variación del espesor (hinchamiento) promedio por inmersión en agua a 2 horas para los tableros con densidad de 731 kg/m3 no cumplió con lo exigido en ambas normas, pero si cumplieron los requerimientos para 24 horas. Para el caso de los tableros con densidad de 838 kg/m3 la variación de espesor a 2 y 24 horas cumplió con las normas. Respecto de las propiedades mecánicas, tanto el módulo de ruptura en flexión estática como la tensión perpendicular (adhesión interna) para ambos niveles de densidad superaron el valor mínimo aceptado en las normas, demostrando que las partículas de madera de Eucalyptus urophylla presentan buenas características tecnológicas para la fabricación de tableros de partículas de densidad media.

Using a number of built demonstrators, this paper describes a computational design and fabrication method for timber assembly, based on the notion of discreteness. This research attempts to combine aspects of the field of Digital Materials and Programmable Matter with the architectural field of Prefabrication and Modularity. While these two fields are at opposing ends of the spectrum in terms of scale and functional operation, this research proposes that many of the properties and challenges are transferable.

Timber is an ambiguous material, saturated with implicit values of sustainability, and locality, and at the same time globally ubiquitous. This essay examines the curious moment in Norwegian architectural history when timber, long associated with tradition and craft, became an industrial material of mass-production—in particular, through prefabricated structures produced by the Norwegian company Moelven Brug. By tracing the marketing narratives behind the company’s two main products—large timber housing panels and glued laminated (glulam) beams—this essay reconstructs a complex field of ideas related to building with timber. It argues that, on one hand, Moelven products reflected shifting architectural attitudes towards timber in mid-twentieth century Norway, treating it as the most “neutral” material, and on the other, they shaped new narratives of “updated tradition” advanced through the use of engineered timber in representative buildings. A curious by-product of a marketing narrative, the myth of updated tradition survives until today, providing a local resolution to the homogeneous global typologies of timber construction.

O artigo aborda o problema da imbricação entre agricultura extensiva e exploração madeireira na América portuguesa. Na capitania do Rio de Janeiro, a região da bacia do rio Macacu, localizada na porção nordeste do Recôncavo da Guanabara, apresenta-se
como paradigmática de um cenário de economia rural no qual um substancial desenvolvimento da exploração madeireira privada estava associada à atividade agrícola. Uma análise aprofundada desta área, abrangendo o final do período colonial,
sugere a existência de um esquema de aproveitamento produtivo da madeira não-carbonizada que se desenvolvia em estreita simbiose com as necessidades da lavoura.

The only natural material for building boats is wood. There are various designs in the art of wooden boat building. The techniques for building wooden boats depends on the type of boat, the technique and procedure for making day sailors is different from the one used for construction of powerboats, cruising boats, or performance rows among several others.

Likewise, depending on the type of boat you want to build, you have an option of choosing from a large variety of timbers....

The rise of fully prefabricated panelised systems has led to manufacturing lines consisting of many sequential processes. Traditionally, these processes have been completed through conventional means, however, an increasing number of these processes are being automated. As a result, fully prefabricated timber-based panelised wall systems has been defined and explored in this review, in terms of the general set of processes required for their fabrication with the latest advanced automated manufacturing technologies available grouped for each process. An integrative literature review was conducted based on a modified framework to that presented by Templier and Paré. Information has been sourced from leading automation companies, manufactures, pre-fabricators and literature to fully outline processes and automation technologies available for each respective process. The methodology used has facilitated a broader and deeper level of understanding which heavily fo-cused upon presenting the latest automation enabled technologies available for the fabrication of such systems for each respective process. In this way, several comprehensive conclusions were drawn on the current state of automation within and across processes used for the full prefabrication of timber-based panelised wall systems.

This book is a result of the project ‘Second generation of planted hardwood forests in the EU — Woodnat’, financed by the European Commission, carried out by a companies’ temporal consortium integrating Seistag Innovacion SL (Spain), Industrial Plants OOD (Bulgaria), ECM Ingenieria Ambiental SL (Spain), WAF Estructuras Digitales SL (Spain), Losan Romania SRL (Romania), Asimov Efficiency SL (Spain), Bosques Naturales SA(Spain), Consiglio per la ricerca In agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (Italy) and Wale SAS (France).
The objective of this guide is to be a silvicultural manual analyzing the considered as the better practices to be applied for hybrid walnut (Juglans x intermedia) plantation management oriented to timber production, taking into account scientific literature and the experience in the sector of the companies who compound the Woodnat consortium.
This guide tentatively answers the questions any forest manager would have about walnut planted forests. Applied with common sense, combined with new information as available and modified when needed, these guidelines should be useful tools for the management of walnut planted forests under different cultivation systems and circumstances.

The Delian League was formed as a buffer against further Persian aggression into Greece.  It was also formed to exact revenge for the two invasions of Greece by Persia in 490 and 480 BCE.  The league began with good intentions but ended up becoming a way for Athens to grow in power and strength.  Its demise came about with the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

Le bois est l’une des matieres premieres les plus utilisees dans la construction romaine, ce qui en faitun element cle de l’economie et de l’environnement. Mais contrairement a la pierre, ce materiau nelaisse que peu de traces sur le terrain, rendant ainsi son interpretation parfois complexe.Cette these tente d’aborder le bois de construction gallo-romain sous differents aspects (choix et transportdu bois, chaine operatoire technique du travail et etat sanitaire) a partir d’une approche interdisciplinairealliant Sciences de l’Homme et Sciences biologiques.Le point novateur de ce travail reside dans la realisation d’une cle de determination des traces (galerieset vermoulures) que les insectes xylophages laissent dans le bois archeologique. Savoir identifier ces traces conduit a de nouvelles pistes interpretatives : determiner le moment ou s’est produitl’infestation (bois sur pied, lors d’une phase de stockage, apres sa mise en place dans l’architectureou apres l’abandon du site et l’...

Congolese logging camps are places where mud, rain, fuel smugglers, and village roadblocks slow down multinational timber firms; where workers wage wars against trees while evading company surveillance deep in the forest; where labor compounds trigger disturbing colonial memories; and where blunt racism, logger machismo, and homoerotic desires reproduce violence. In Rainforest Capitalism Thomas Hendriks examines the rowdy world of industrial timber production in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to theorize racialized and gendered power dynamics in capitalist extraction. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among Congolese workers and European company managers as well as traders, farmers, smugglers, and barkeepers, Hendriks shows how logging is deeply tied to feelings of existential vulnerability in the face of larger forces, structures, and histories. These feelings, Hendriks contends, reveal a precarious side of power in an environment where companies, workers, and local residents frequently find themselves out of control. An ethnography of complicity, ecstasis, and paranoia, Rainforest Capitalism queers assumptions of corporate strength and opens up new ways to understand the complexities and contradictions of capitalist extraction.

Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton structure, once common in the wider European area. The paper presents the research history,  evolution, technology and rich residential and farm typologies of the noteworthy buildings.

Cite as/ Atıf: Taş, M. (2020). 18. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Donanmasında kereste temininde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm yolları. Turkish Studies-History, 15(2), 677-695. https://dx. Abstract: The Ottoman navy entered a structural transformation in the 18th century with the force of external dynamics. The basis of this transformation is the transition from galley type ships, the basic warship of previous centuries, to galleon type ships. This transition included both increasing the number of galleon type ships in different shipyards such as Istanbul, Sinop, Mytilene and Rhodes, and using them effectively in wars with rival states. With the age of geographical discoveries, the fact that the use of galleon became dominant in Europe and that the European states used these ships extensively in their activities such as war, transportation and trade made this transformation obligatory for the Ottoman Empire. Especially the 1645-1669 Cretan Wars with the Venetians made this imperative urgent. The transition to galleon technology brought with it a new logistics, labor and finance organization. In addition to being a large and wide warship of Galleon, the need for a large number of masters with different abilities for its construction has increased the need for qualified workforce. Compared to the importance they had on the ships of the previous era, sailors, carpenters, burgerers, carvers, overhead workers and tuggers gained more importance in this period. The ability of the galleon to carry a large number of balls on its side increased the importance of the artillery, which is one of the warrior elements. All this has led to the opening of new expenditure and expense gates. The material used by carpenters, burgers and carvers, who make up the skilled workforce, is timber. Timber is used extensively in the manufacture of spinal linings of the galleon, ship porters, porthole covers, captain kiosks and booms that allow the use of sails. The Ottoman Empire realized the timber procurement through a procurement system that it created with its own methods. The basis of this system is the concept of "ocaklık" and "avarız". In this system; There are shipyard assistants, timber assistants, galleon architects and bailiffs, as well as people from many boilers. The duties of these people were determined in detail with the law and decrees, and special revenues from the state budget were duly used when the time and place came for financing of this work. Structured Abstract: One of the main materials used in the construction of galleon is timber. The supply of timber from adequate and accessible resources is an important issue in the construction and equipment of the navies. Because the success of the state in the struggle against Venice and Russia in the Mediterranean and Black Sea in this century was dependent on the navy going through a structural transformation from the galley to the galleon. During the 1645-1669 Cretan wars that began in the middle of the 17th century, the state's mind realized this. With the Navy Order of 1701, which was issued with the efforts of Mezomorto Hüseyin Pasha, the transformation became a systematic state policy and many gallions built both in Tersane-i Âmire in Istanbul and shipyards such as Kastamonu, Sinop and Rhodes were launched. This transformation

Osmanlı konaklarında kullanılan ahşap iskelet sisteminin Hacılar, Çatalhöyük ve Boğazkale arkeolojik araştırmalarında gördüğümüz üzere çok uzun bir zamana yayılı teknolojik evrimi söz konusudur. Günümüze ulaşan Osmanlı konaklarının hemen tamamı 19. yüzyılda yapılmıştır. Anadolu'da 18. yüzyıldan kalan yalnızca 10 kadar ahşap konak bulunmaktadır, bunların da hemen tamamı yanlış restorasyonlarla kaybedilmiş bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı konakları üzerine yapılan araştırmalar elde kalmış çok kısıtlı sayıda örnek üzerinden yapılabilmektedir. Öte yandan, restorasyon etkinlikleri tüm hızıyla sürüyor olmakla birlikte, Osmanlı konakları ile ilgili araştırmalar 21. yüzyılda akademik gündemden düşmüş bulunmaktadır. Bildiride, arkeolojik araştırmaların bulguları ışığında ahşap iskelet sistemin nasıl geliştiği anlatılacak, Osmanlı kadı içtihatlarına dayanarak ahşap elemanların nasıl standartlaştırıldığı ve 18. yüzyılın sonlarında yürürlüğü giren Ebniye Nizamnamesi ile de yapı boyutlarının nasıl şekillendiğini tartışacağım. Küçük Kıyamet olarak isimlendirilen 10 Eylül 1509 depremi ile yine en büyük depremlerden biri olarak kaydedilen 10 Temmuz 1894 depremleri arasında Osmanlı yapı stokunun depreme dayanıklı hale getirilmesi çok önemli bir deneyimdir. Bu tartışmayı Osmanlının sosyo-ekonomik çevresinden bağımsız götürmek yanlış olur. Sonuçta Anadolu'dan Balkanlar'a uzanan bir kuşak üzerinde ortaya çıkan Osmanlı konaklarının arkitektoniğinin tanımladığım etkiler (impacts) altında nasıl oluştuğu konusunda savlarımı ortaya koyacağım. Bu araştırma Osmanlı sivil mimarisinin, geleneksel Mimarlık Tarihi izleği dışında bir okumadır.

Novel composite materials having desired performance properties can be developed by nanotechnology. The major objective of this research was to produce nanomaterial-reinforced particleboard composites with enhanced physical and mechanical performance. Urea formaldehyde adhesive used to produce particleboard composites was reinforced with nanoSiO2, nanoAl2O3, and nanoZnO at loading level of 0%, 1%, and 3%. To evaluate physical properties density, thickness swelling, water absorption, and equilibrium moisture content were determined while modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding strength, and screw withdrawal strength tests were carried out to evaluate mechanical properties of the particleboard composites. The results acquired in this work revealed that nanomaterial reinforcement technique significantly affected the physical and mechanical performance properties of the particleboard composites. The findings showed that the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding s...

There is some agreement and much debate among interested parties about what constitutes 'sustainable housing'. The term 'sustainable' is used somewhat liberally to mean different things to different listeners. Governments, institutions, interest groups and individual designers often address certain aspects while ignoring the bigger picture. But the bigger picture is such a multivalent issue that includes aspects outside the architect's immediate remit such as location, transport, security, procurement policy and post-occupancy analysis and management. Or are these outside the architect's remit? Teaching sustainable housing within conventional architecture programmes means educators are restricted to identifying certain key issues that students should learn within a specific teaching timeframe, given the necessity for the students to demonstrate ability in the mainstay of architectural education – individual design approach, urban design, apartment planning, r...

Low permeability of many wood species due to their anatomical properties causes problems during timber drying as well as impregnating with preservatives and resins. Microwave (MW) treatment influences heartwood permeability and improves preservative uptake and distribution. In the present study, microwave treatment of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) wood was done at 2,45 GHz frequency at different level of intensity and radiation time. The gas permeability of chir pine wood was measured in an in-house built apparatus. Preservative uptake was tested using acid copper chromate (ACC) preservative by a dipping process. The effect of radiation intensity and time on preservative uptake and air permeability were studied. The results revealed remarkable increase in longitudinal wood air permeability and preservative uptake with the increase of intensity and time of treatment. The results indicate that this technology can be tested and applied on pilot scale for application in wood preservation industry.