Ttrend in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

A generalized macroscopic representation of electrical steels used in transformer manufacturing industry is developed. The proposed representation is specifically formulated for integration in the finite element method. Usage of the specific technique enables the accurate evaluation of electromagnetic field distribution of transformer cores under heavily saturated conditions. Advantages over conventional techniques include numerical stability, numerical accuracy, and reduction of iterations of the Newton–Raphson method.

Interpolating trajectories of points and geometric entities is an important problem for kinematics. To describe these trajectories, several algorithms have been proposed using matrices, quaternions, dual-quaternions, and the Study quadric; the last one allows the embedding of motors as 8D vectors into projective space P7, where the interpolation of rotations and translations becomes a linear problem. Furthermore, conformal geometric algebra (CGA) is an effective and intuitive framework for representing and manipulating geometric entities in Euclidean spaces, and it allows the use of quaternions and dual-quaternions formulated as Motors. In this paper, a new methodology for accelerating the Study quadric Interpolation based on Conformal Geometric Algebra is presented. This methodology uses General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and it is applied for medical robotics, but it can be also extended to other areas like aeronautics, robotics, and graphics processing.

In this paper a robust three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) anisotropy model is introduced based on a particular scalar potential formulation. The specific 3D FE model is suitable for the accurate evaluation of the peak flux density distribution and no load loss of one-phase and three-phase wound core distribution transformers. The accuracy of the proposed 3D FE anisotropy model is validated by local flux density and no load loss measurements.

A DC-DC converter is used to convert from one DC voltage level to another DC voltage level. The output voltage may be increased or decreased when compare to the input voltage based on the circuit topology. DC – DC converters are mainly used as a regulated and isolated power supplies in many applications. Regulated dc power supplies are needed for most analog and digital electronic systems. Most power supplies are designed to meet some or all of the following requirements:

Regulated output: The output voltage must be kept constant with respect to the change in output loading.

Isolation: The output may be required to be electrically isolated from the input.

In addition to these requirements, common goals are to reduce power supply size and weight and improve their efficiency. A few applications of DC-DC converters are where 5V DC on a personal computer motherboard must be stepped down to 3V, 2V or less for one of the latest CPU chips; where 1.5V from a single cell must be stepped up to 5V or more, to operate electronic circuitry. The main focus in this paper is to generate dc voltage from a one level to other level with minimum loss. The need for such converters has risen due to the fact that transformers are unable to function on dc.

— the real power required for machine equipment depends on the resistance to the movement of it. Even now, in our country 98% of the contemporary machines use the power by burning of fossil fuels to run IC engines or external combustion engines. This evident has led to widespread air, water and noise pollution and most importantly has led to a realistic energy crisis in the near future. Now the approach of this project is to develop the machine to minimize the working cost and also to reduce the time for digging and seed sowing operation by utilizing solar energy to run the robotic machine. In this machine solar panel is used to capture solar energy and then it is converted into electrical energy which in turn is used to charge 12V battery, which then gives the necessary power to a shunt wound DC motor. This power is then transmitted to the DC motor to drive the wheels. And to further reduction of labor dependency, IR sensors are used to maneuver robot in the field. Here 4 post sensors are used to define the territory and robot senses the track length and pitch for movement from line to line. Seed sowing and digging robot will move on different ground contours and performs digging, sow the seed and water the ground after closing.

Abstrak COBIT dikembangkan oleh ISACA (Information System and Control Association) dan ITGI (IT Governance Institute) yang merupakan organisasi non-profit yang bergerak di bidang tata kelola TI. Salah satu penilaian proses audit TI menggunakan COBIT adalah pengukuran Maturity Level atau tingkat kedewasaan. Dengan pengukuran tersebut, akan diketahui sejauh mana tingkatan pengelolaan TI tersebut berada, yang akan memungkinkan pihak manajemen mengetahui apa saja kekurangan dan kearah mana seharusnya TI dikembangkan dan dikelola. Maka untuk mendapatkan Maturity Level yang benar-benar menggambarkan kondisi organisasi diperlukan detail proses audit yang tepat. Maturity Level didapatkan dari serangkaian kegiatan audit, dimana salah satunya adalah melalui survey kuesioner. Pembuatan kuesioner yang tepat akan membantu responden dalam memahami makna dan sistem pemberian nilai dari setiap butir pertanyaan dengan baik. Kuesioner yang saat ini banyak digunakan dalam proses audit berbasis COBIT adalah kuesioner berbasis Maturity Model. Namun sayang kuesioner berbasis Maturity Model tersebut banyak membuat responden bingung dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang ada di dalamnya. Untuk itu penelitian ini fokus pada pembuatan format kuesioner audit yang lebih mudah dipahami oleh responden. Kuesioner yang digunakan berbasis Control Objective yang dikombinasikan dengan 6 atribut kematangan dalam COBIT. Karena bahasa didalamnya yang lebih teknis diharapkan kuesioner mudah dipahami oleh responden dan menghasilkan nilai Maturity Level yang tepat. Domain yang dijadikan subyek audit ini adalah DS8 COBIT, yaitu proses Manage Service Desk and Incidents.

Nowadays, transformers are made of conventional magnetic cores which are constructed of a single grainoriented or amorphous, magnetic steel. Even though, the transformer is the most efficient of electrical machines, with efficiencies typically above 90%, it is possible to improve transformer performance by using composite magnetic cores. Patents related to this simple and effective technique can be traced back to 1929. The specific technique can be applied to wound core distribution transformers. By using wound cores constructed with a combination of conventional and high permeability grain-oriented steel the total owing cost (TOC) of the transformer can be reduced effectively. This paper presents a brief review of patents on wound and composite magnetic cores and introduces a generalized technique for the determination of the optimum design variables of a new composite wound core design.

This paper proposes the manufacturing of distribution transformers using a novel type of magnetic core which is called composite wound core. A composite wound core is constructed of a combination of conventional and high magnetization grain-oriented steel. The main advantage of transformers assembled of composite wound cores over conventional transformers is the significant reduction of the manufacturing and operating cost. For the analysis of composite wound core transformers, a FE model considering anisotropy and high saturation conditions, and an advanced 3D hybrid FE-BE model have been developed.

In this paper Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of different modulation techniques are analyzed. There are different modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shit Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The performance in between these modulation techniques is analyzed and best suited with respect to low Bit Error Rate (BER) is transmitted. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing also reduce the inter-symbol Interference (ISI). Simulation is carried out on the  software named MATLAB. Simulation is carried over both BPSK and QPSK to obtain the optimum value of BER and SNR.

This paper shows experimental results of longitudinal flux density and its harmonics at the limb, the yoke and the corner of a three phase, Si-Fe, five-legged wound transformer core. Results show that the flux density is nonuniform in the cores and there is high level of third harmonic component. Moreover, the lower flux values in the outer cores have been assessed and the simultaneous time variation of the flux in both outer cores has been demonstrated by measurements while the peak magnetic flux density values have been compared to FEM analysis. These findings enable a better understanding of the magnetic behavior of five legged wound transformer cores and their consideration is expected to achieve respective improvement of the design with respect to core losses and magnetostriction noise.

This paper deals with a complete 1.5 MW Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) design using a novel Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on real time machine testing and a low cost network communication system. It also includes a blade design study and simulation for a maximum efficiency and a high control strategy for maximum energy production with a minimum harmonic distortion for the generated current. The parameters studied are varied: electrical characteristics, static and aerodynamic, blade geometric profiles, and the influence of wind speed. The wind turbine uses a doubly fed induction generator « DFIG » controlled by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy for 27 levels Cascaded three H-Bridge voltage source inverter. It will allow us to control the rotor voltage in magnitude and phase angle more easily & with high efficiency. This wind turbine was used on a 15MW wind farm. The study was conducted through several simulation software (Matlab, Catia, and Solid works). The whole control strategy, design principle and simulation results are shown & discussed. KEYWORDS Doubly Fed Induction Generator – Wind Turbine Design – Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter – Pulse Width Modulation.

This paper concerns the thermal investigation of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor designed for high-temperature aerospace actuation applications. A finite-element package was developed, enabling accurate 3-D transient thermal analysis by considering complex and unsymmetrical actuator housing configurations. Its validity was verified by measurements carried out at different duty cycles and operating conditions.

In recent years, researchers have proposed transformerless solutions for connecting renewable-energy power plants to the grid. Apart from lack of efficiency and increased cost and weight of the transformer, one of the reasons is the dc input current that causes transformer saturation. The purpose of this paper is the development of a finite-element computational tool that is going to aid transformer manufacturers in designing distribution transformers specifically for the renewable-energy market. It is based on a generalized macroscopic representation of electrical steels used in the transformer manufacturing industry that enables the accurate evaluation of electromagnetic field distribution of transformer cores under heavily saturated conditions. Its advantages over conventional formulations include numerical stability, numerical accuracy, and reduction of iterations of the Newton–Raphson method. An experimental verification of the proposed method is carried out.

Distribution transformers losses are equal to almost 2% of the electricity generated worldwide and only in the European Union are estimated at about 33 TWh/year. Approximately 75% of the total losses are due to core losses as a result of the loading characteristics of distribution transformers. Design of the joints of magnetic cores has a profound impact on core losses and transformer efficiency. The paper introduces a finite element methodology for the analysis of transformer joints. The proposed technique consists in the application of certain boundary conditions for the excitation of the joints. The main advantages of the pseudo-source technique include minimization of the computational cost and ease of implementation. The technique is combined with a number of FE formulations and a vector hysteresis model. Two-dimensional as well as 3-D FE analysis is studied. Longitudinal and normal flux measurements were carried out for the validation of the proposed technique.

This paper develops a model based on an original lumped-parameter network configuration for the thermal transient analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The specific PMSM was designed and optimized for a demanding aerospace application. The validity of the proposed lumped-parameter model is verified by measurements carried out in a thermal chamber.

Food intake levels, hydration, ingestion rate, and dietary choices are all factors known to impact the risk of obesity. This paper presents a novel wearable system in the form of a necklace, which aggregates data from an embedded piezoelectric sensor capable of detecting skin motion in the lower trachea during ingestion. The skin motion produces an output voltage with varying frequencies over time. As a result we propose an algorithm based on time-frequency decomposition, spectrogram analysis of piezoelectric sensor signals, to accurately distinguish between food types such as liquid and solid, hard and soft foods. The necklace transmits data to a smartphone, which performs the processing of the signals, classifies the food type, and provides visual feedback to the user to assist the user in monitoring their eating habits over time.

This paper proposes a three-phase five legged wound transformer core constructed of two high permeability Si-Fe wound cores and two conventional Si-Fe wound cores. The two large internal wound cores are manufactured of high permeability, grain-oriented electrical steel. The two small outer wound cores are manufactured of conventional, grain-oriented electrical steel. The specific arrangement is based on experimental evidence concerning the peak flux density non-uniformity of the typical three-phase five legged wound transformer core, constructed of the high magnetization grain-oriented steel. Since the peak flux density of the two outer cores is lower than the two internal cores, low cost, low permeability, conventional grain-oriented electrical steel can \ be used for the outer cores. Losses, excitation currents, flux waveforms, and their harmonics contents are presented in this paper. A comparison of the mixed three-phase transformer core and the typical one is also carried out.

Purpose – This paper aims to present an accurate representation of laminated wound cores with a low computational cost using 2D and 3D finite element (FE) method.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors developed an anisotropy model in order to model laminated wound cores. The anisotropy model was integrated to the 2D and 3D FE method. A comparison between 2D and 3D FE techniques was carried out. FE techniques were validated by experimental analysis.
Findings – In the case of no-load operation of wound core transformers both 2D and 3D FE techniques yield the same results. Computed and experimental local flux density distribution and no-load loss agree within 2 per cent to 6 per cent.
Originality/value – The originality of the paper consists in the development of an anisotropy model specifically formulated for laminated wound cores, and in the effective representation of electrical steels using a composite single-valued function. By using the aforementioned techniques, the FE computational cost is minimised and the 3D FE analysis of wound cores is rendered practical.

This paper introduces a novel technique for iron loss minimization of wound core transformers. The proposed technique involves the evaluation of appropriate design variables of wound cores constructed by a combination of standard and high magnetization grade steel. The evaluation of the optimum design variables of the multiple grade lamination wound core is achieved by combining a permeability tensor finite-element model and simulated annealing with restarts.

Transformer no load loss optimization is crucial for transformer manufacturers as well as for electric utilities, since it results to significant economic benefits. In this article, the three-dimensional finite element analysis is applied to power transformers in order to predict and minimize the iron loss. The proposed model is based on a particular reduced scalar potential formulation, necessitating no prior source field calculation, and employs detailed modeling of the core geometry and material, considering for manufacturing core formation process effects by convenient hysteresis phenomenological models. Comparisons between this method and test values for a number of commercial transformers, prove its validity and accuracy, rendering it a reliable tool for customized design of an industrial plant

This paper investigates the effects of rotor skew on the performance of permanent magnet synchronous generators. The main effects are concerning reduction of the electromotive force induced, stator current harmonics and torque ripple. The analysis performed is based on various 2D and 3D finite element techniques. Simulation results are compared to measurements.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of-33dB,-16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.

The importance of distribution transformer no-load loss on the operation of modern electrical grids is often underestimated. Internationally, distribution transformer no-load loss constitutes nearly 25% of the transmission and distribution losses of electrical grids. The losses in European Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33 TWh/year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a further 5 TWh/year. In the Greek electrical grid the no-load losses of 140,000 distribution transformers are estimated at about 490 GWh/year. This paper has two goals the first one is to illustrate the significance of distribution transformer no-load loss in periods of high electric energy cost and the second goal is the presentation of a novel numerical methodology for wound core transformers no-load loss analysis, enabling to determine the economically and technically optimum transformer for every use.

The paper presents a three-dimensional finite element (3D FEM) anisotropy model, based on a particular scalar potential formulation, for the no load loss evaluation of wound core shell type distribution transformers. The specific 3D FEM anisotropy model is combined with a hybrid finite element-boundary element (FEM-BE) model, used for the calculation of the transformer’s short circuit impedance, and various optimization algorithms in order to minimize the total owing cost (TOC) of a distribution transformer.

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The iron loss and manufacturing cost of a strip-wound core can be reduced by constructing the wound core with  combination of average and high magnetization grade steel. The present paper introduces a two-dimensional finite element (2D FEM) package for the flux density distribution and iron loss computation of two grade lamination wound cores. The specific 2D FEM package is combined with deterministic and stochastic optimization algorithms in order to compute specific design variables of a two grade lamination wound core, that ensure the minimization of its iron loss and manufacturing cost.

Iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels, is sensitive to the distortion of the supply voltage waveform of the excitation winding. As a result, magnetic cores of electrical machines and transformers manufactured of grain-oriented electrical steels present significant increase of iron losses when working under distorted supply voltage waveform. In the present paper, an experimental apparatus is developed in order to evaluate the effect of distorted supply voltage
waveform on iron losses of grain-oriented electrical steels. Also, a  theoretical analysis based on the hysteresis design tool of Matlab and the finite element method considering hysteresis is carried out.

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJELE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. .

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The paper introduces a finite element methodology for the magnetic field analysis of transformer joints. The proposed technique consists in the application of certain boundary conditions for the excitation of the joints region. The main advantages of the pseudo-source technique include minimization of the computational cost and ease of implementation. Longitudinal and normal flux measurements were carried out for the validation of the proposed technique.