Water Engineering

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

Due to limited water resources in Iran, the optimal use of water resources and improvement of water use efficiency is necessary, especially in agriculture. In current work, cropping pattern optimization was carried out in Mehran Plain of Ilam Province based on water resources, cultivated area and biodiversity constraints using genetic algorithm. The optimization model was applied to three different scenarios based on a combination of different constraints. The results showed that the cropping pattern in 2016-17 was not optimal and the biodiversity index was low. The resulting profit and biodiversity in all scenarios are higher than the current situation in Mehran plain. The amount of profit increase in combinations one, two and three is 70, 101 and 132% higher than the profit of the existing cropping pattern, respectively, and in terms of biodiversity, the Shannon-Wiener criterion is more than twice as high as the Shannon-Wiener criterion in the existing simple cropping pattern in all scenarios. Wheat, canola, sesame and okra are strongly represented in most optimal cropping patterns. Wheat has the largest acreage and tomato and alfalfa and corn have the least acreage due to the low profit and high water consumption of these products. Crops such as corn, sesame, okra and cucumber are strongly represented in the optimal cropping patterns and can be used as alternatives to the current crops to increase agricultural profits.

In recent 20 years the environmental issues regarding
environmental problem like hazardous waste, global climate change,
stratospheric ozone depletion, groundwater contamination, disaster
mitigation and removal of pollutant have become the focus of
environmental attention.
In this Dissertation work the quality of ground waters from
Indiranagar Gorakhpur and its environs was conducted between
December, 2016 to March, 2017. This study was undertaken to
determine physical and chemical parameter of ground water sources
(shallow and deep hand pump) in Indiranagar Gorakhpur, is as a
result physical parameters (pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Temperature, turbidity) and chemical
parameters (Alkalinity, total Hardness, Acidity, chloride, fluoride) in
water resources were determined. Water samples were collected from
10 sampling points including 7 shallow hand pumps and 3 deep hand
pumps (India mark hand pump). The result was compared with WHO,
and IS: 10500-2012 standards. The usefulness of these parameters
(Physico-chemical) in predicting ground water quality
characteristics were studied. Thus an attempt has been made to find
the quality of ground water in Indiranagar area of Gorakhpur
suitable for drinking purposes or not, and what its impact on human
health.

Drinking water is one of the basic service of environment. Drinking water supply in most of the municipalities of Nepal are generally inadequate in terms of overall coverage and water supply are intermittent with access to only a few hours each day. On the event of global awareness on the impacts of climate change, wider attention has to be drawn on the water supply sector in Nepal as of numerous vulnerable attributes. This study aimed at initiating a research on hydrological analysis and the implications of climate change impacts in the balance of water supply and demand. An assessment on the potential impacts of the climate change on the availability of water and its distribution to the households was made. The catchment area was delineated and the trend of discharge for the 23 years was analyzed. The available discharge at the intake sites was estimated using the available downstream discharge data and the catchment area ratio and with the discharge measurement in the field. Based on the finding on the discharge variation and potential demand in future the hydrological analysis focused in water supply and demand was done, the discharge variation and potential climate change impacts, strategic recommendations to incorporate the attributes on the technical design, construction and operation of the water supply scheme were made. Increase in the size of urban population, depletion of water resources, water conflicts in the downstream add complexity on the issue at stake. This would make the system more robust and resilient to cope with the climate change risks and ensure that they are within the acceptable range. This will ensure the sustainability of the project and help to reduce water conflict in the downstream.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Using cascades and drops existing in flow path has a history of 3000 years. Particularly, Roman engineers employed
stepped spillways with the same idea in several countries; however, there are few information about the hydraulic
performance of aqueducts. Most of these channels have flat long cross sections with low torsions (variable slope) such
that they can encompass cascade and steep spillways or dopshaft. Given that there are few studies conducted on
dropshafts, the present paper attempted to discuss about such structures in flow path and water transmission lines as well
as introducing the existing principles and relations and present, the obtained results of designing though Flow3D. The
obtained error percentage was about 20% which is acceptable for numerical studies.

Abstract
Details are given herein, of the development of an equation for predicting the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in riverine flows, based on 81 sets of measured data, and obtained from 30 rivers in the USA. This equation relates the dispersion coefficient to the hydraulic and geometric parameters of the flow and has been derived using dimensional and regression analysis, with a high correlation coefficient (i.e. R2=0.84). The formulation has been compared with many other existing empirical equations, frequently used to predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in riverine flows, with the comparisons based on four different statistical methods. These statistical comparisons have shown that the new equation appears to be more accurate than the other equations considered. The new dispersion equation was then linearly combined with a similar equation recently proposed by Seo and Cheong (J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE 124 (1998) 25) and this combined equation was then also analysed using statistical methods. The existing empirical equations used to estimate the longitudinal dispersion coefficient and the new equations proposed in this study were included in the advective dispersion equation to predict the suspended sediment concentrations at three sites in the Humber Estuary sited along the northeast coast of England. The average percentage errors between the predicted- and measured-field data for the proposed new dispersion equations were less than those obtained using the previously documented equations.

Most arid and semi-arid regions of the Southern-Indian peninsula experience frequent drought. To combat this, historically many water recharge structures, such as tank cascade systems, have been constructed. However, in recent years, performance of these tanks, especially for irrigation and groundwater recharge, is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically understood. This study, for the first time, aimed to explore spatio-temporal variation of water mass balance components and their impact on the Vandiyur tank cascade system (VTCS) in the city of Madurai, India. Study estimated water mass balance components for rural, peri-urban, and urban catchments across VTCS. Catchment-specific algorithms and water budget equation were used to estimate the volume of hydrological parameters. Additionally, land use/land cover maps were developed to understand the significance of using a water balance approach in understanding the behavior of hydrological components go...

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its founding. Despite long-standing cooperation, economic, environmental, and political forces are destabilizing cross-strait water flows. Johor has historically been water-abundant, but increased water consumption from economic development and population growth in combination with water stresses from drought and pollution have reduced its dry season water catchments. Johor has taken recent far-reaching measures including requesting additional water supply from Singapore, rationing supply to residential and commercial users, and requesting RM660 million in federal support for construction of a new dam at Sungai Ulu Sedili, and there appears to be bilateral support for continuing the Singapore-Malaysia water trade. However, water stress in Johor risks undermining the bedrock of the relationship, and creates the need for redoubled regulatory diligence and clear-minded diplomacy by authorities in Johor, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur.

The effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for the purification of
sewage was investigated. The study was carried out in the Department of Agricultural
and Biosystems Engineering. Three treatments of water hyacinth replicated two times
were used in the study. These treatments include no water hyacinth (control), 1kg and
2kg water hyacinth plant density cultures. The system was designed based on Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Sewage samples were collected during the growth of water
hyacinth. Purification of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on sewage was rapid
during the first three weeks in the sewage cultured with water hyacinth (especially 2kg
water hyacinth plant density) and there was low absorption in nutrients in the last two
weeks when attaining maturity. Parameters such as Cl-, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, K, F-, Nitrate and
Sulphate were drastically reduced from 9mg/l to 3.33mg/l, 1.25mg/l to 0.36mg/l, 0.3mg/l
to 0 mg/l, 0.5mg/l to 0.08mg/l, 0.2mg/l to 0.01mg/l, 1.7mg/l to 0.17mg/l, 0.7 mg/l to
0.08mg/l, 8.6mg/l to 0.03mg/l, 17.5mg/l to 6.20mg/l respectively throughout the course
of the study. The purification by water hyacinth had no effect on the bacteriological
parameters (Agar count, E-coli, Coliform). Also, the 2kg water hyacinth plant density
cultured in the sewage purifies more compared to the 1kg water hyacinth plant density
which is moderate and minimal in the control treatment. One way analysis of variance
was used to compare the means of the parameters tested. It shows that parameters like
CO2, Mn, lead and sodium have significant difference between the control treatment with
both the 1kg and 2kg water hyacinth plant density culture while parameters like pH,
magnesium hardness, calcium hardness and calcium total have no significant difference
between the no water hyacinth culture( control) with the 1kg and 2kg water hyacinth
plant density culture. Finally, sewage parameters like BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, Cu,
F-, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, dissolved solids, suspended solids, sulphate, iron, Cl-
and magnesium total were not affected.

Desde una perspectiva histórico-arqueológica, esto es, manejando información de diversas intervenciones arqueológicas, documentación histórica de archivos y cartografía histórica, se plantea cómo el agua ha sido pieza fundamental a la hora de elegir y desarrollar los distintos asentamientos que se han producido en Alicante desde el Neolítico a época moderna, centrándonos sobre todo en la prehistoria (asentamiento del Tossal de les Basses) y en época tardo-antigua e islámica (laderas del Benacantil), éste último, el espacio en donde luego se consolidó el hábitat hasta nuestro días, subsistiendo hasta bien entrado el siglo XIX con el agua de las mismas fuentes naturales usadas por los musulmanes desde el s. VIII.

"Attend now, and I will explain how rain collects .in the clouds above, and how the showers are precipitated and descend upon. the earth." These words were written two thousand years ago by the Roman poet Lucretius. In his great poem, On the Nature of Things, he ranged over a vast number of subjects that included clouds, rain, thunder, and lightning. But, typical of the
, thinkers of his day, he never put his ideas to the test of experiment.

Su, Su Sondajı, Su Sondajı Nasıl Yapılır? Su Sondajı Yapımında Dikkat Edilmesi Gerekenler, Su Sondajında Çıkarılan Suların İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri, Suyun ve Su Kaynaklarının İslam Dinindeki Yeri ve Önemi, Su Sondajı ve Sondajın Tarihçesi ve Gelişimi, Su Sondajına Başlamadan Önce Yapılması Gereken Resmi İşlemler, Su Sondajı Neden Yapılır Veya Yaptırılır? Kaliteli Su Sondajı İçin Gerekli Şartlar Nelerdir? Su Sondajı-Yeraltı Suları-Kuyu Yeri Seçimi ve Kuyu Tasarımı İlişkisi Nasıl Olmalıdır? Su Sondajı Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Kuyusu Açma Yöntemleri Nelerdir? Su Sondajının Yapım Aşamaları, Sondaj Açarken Suyun Çıktığını Nasıl Anlarız? Sondaj Suyunun Debisinin Ölçümü, Sondaj Çalışmaları Sırasında Karşılaşılan Sorunlar ve Çözümleri, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Sıkışması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Kopması, Sondaj Takım Dizisinin Çözülmesi, Sondajda Boru Kopmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kurtarma İşlemlerinin Yapılmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Çalışmalarındaki Doğal Güçlükler Ve Kurtarma Çalışmaları, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Meydana Gelebilecek Kazalar Ve Alınabilecek Önlemler, Sondaj Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kurtarma Aletleri, Sondaj Bittikten Sonra Teslim/Teslim Alma ve Metrajın Tespiti, Su Sondajının Maliyeti Ne Kadardır? Nasıl Hesaplanır? Sondaj Kuyusundaki Suyun Azalmasının Nedenleri, Sondaj Bakımı ve Geliştirme, Sondaj Kuyularının İşletmeye Hazır Hale Getirilmesi, Su Sondajı Raporu Örneği, Konya, Jeoloji, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi, Türkay Ercan Şengöz. (Türkay Ercan Şengöz tarafından yayımlanan her çeşit harita, bilgi ve belgelerin her hakkı saklıdır. Her ne şekilde ve amaçla olursa olsun bu bilgi ve belgelerin kaynak belirtilmeden kullanılması, yazılı izin alınmadan elektronik, optik, mekanik veya diğer yollarla dağıtılması, çoğaltılması, basılması, değiştirilmesi, paylaşılması, kopyalanması ve internet sitelerinde kullanılması durumunda gerekli hukuki yollara başvurulacak ve yasal işlem başlatılacaktır. Önemle duyurulur. Bu platformda veya diğer platformlarda paylaşmış olduğum tez veya akademik kapsamdaki çalışmalarımın içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, akademik çalışmalarımın tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlandığını hatırlatıyor, bana ait olan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapılması gerektiğini bildiriyor, sevgi ve saygılarımı sunuyorum.)

Bacterial populations inhabiting pharmaceutical grade water systems were investigated over a fifteen year period. The systems analyzed were mains water, purified and Water-for-Injection (WFI). Samples of water were tested by membrane filtration and the samples cultured using R2A agar. Culture based methods and phenotypic identification methods were used to characterize the isolates. The research was undertaken to produce an in-depth study of the microbiota of pharmaceutical grade water systems. The results presented act as a benchmark for industrial and pharmaceutical microbiologists to review comparable systems against, as well as to present a review of the typical culturable microorganisms recoverable from pharmaceutical water systems.

Simulation models are useful tools for enhancing water management on farm level and optimizing water application efficiency. Focusing on water, as water is the key driver of agricultural production and the critical factor of increasing crop production. Evaluating effects of water saving to optimize water application efficiency under limited conditions to enhance sustainability an (surface drip irrigation and solid-set sprinkler) at the Experimental Farm of d profitability of crop production. HydroCalc model was evaluated under two lateral length (30, 50m) and (0, 0.02) slopes under pressurized irrigation systems Agricultural Production and Research Station, National Research Centre (NRC), El Nubaria, Egypt, (latitude 30.87N, longitude 30.17E and altitude 20 m above sea level). The results obtained declared that: The statistical indicators; the regression coefficient (R² > 0.90) and correlation coefficient confirmed the good performance of HydroCalc in simulating some hydraulic parameters of pressurized irrigation systems. The validation of measured and simulated data clarified it as efficient reliable software to design pressurized irrigation systems to increase the system performance and water application efficiency. The energy savings were (33.18; 27.33%) under slope (0%) and (34.23; 29.54%) under slope (2%) with surface drip irrigation systems when using lateral lengths (30;50m), respectively compared to the solid-set sprinkler irrigation system. It could be concluded to using drip irrigation systems with lateral length 30 m and with slope (2%) downhill for increasing the water application efficiency, decreasing the friction losses along lateral lines and this lead to saving more water head energy.

The photocatalytic degradation of Toluidine Blue dye (TB) in aqueous solution was investigated under UV light in the presence of magnesium oxide (MgO) as a photocatalyst at different operating parameters. The operating
conditions were photocatalyst dose, initial dye concentration and the pH of the solution. Increasing of photocatalyst dose from 10 to 70 mg enhanced the degradation rate of TB dye. However, the increasing of TB dye concentration from 2 to 8 mg/L negatively affected the degradation rate. It was found that the percent of dye
removal reached the maximum value at high acidic medium. In dark condition, 15 % of dye was adsorbed by MgO. Furthermore, the kinetics involved in the degradation of TB dye was examined and the degradation was found to follow pseudo first order kinetic model.

Drinking water supply is an essential public function but is at the same time exposed to risks. Since a totally risk-free society is not attainable, risks need to be managed efficiently to achieve an acceptable level of risk. A reliable supply of safe drinking water is vital and the World Health Organization emphasises an integrated risk management approach, including the entire drinking water system from source to tap. An integrated approach is important as there are interactions between different parts of a system. Efficient risk management requires appropriate risk analyses to characterise risk and support decision-making. Risk analysis based on an integrated approach facilitates well-informed decision-making and efficient use of resources for risk reduction. However, guidance on methods for integrated risk analysis of drinking water systems is limited. To support risk management of drinking water systems, a method for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis has been developed...

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY 
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA