Water Treatment

The Increasing pace of Industrialization throughout the world has brought with It a serious, and ever Increasing threat from air pollution. It Is true that this threat Is being taken seriously, and that many responsible research workers, government advisers and others are working towards Its reduction. But air pollution seems to have something of the nature of a hydra-headed monster: tackle one problem and another immediately grows to take its place. Actions taken sometimes have results that are far from what was envisioned, sometimes even seeming to make the problem worse.

In "The Forgotten Pollution", Roos shows clearly and In an often entertaining way, how many of the "unexpected" side effects of pollution by waste gases and particles can be explained by paying attention to the electrical activity of the atmosphere and the earth.
Using an Instrument, which he has developed the Electrostatic Charged Aerosol Monitor (ECAM), together with other instruments and reference to the literature, much of it dating back to the early days of science, when electrostatics was appreciated as a science more than It Is today, Roos has succeeded In explaining many hitherto "puzzling" phenomena in a clear, simple and intellectually satisfying way.

As we have broadened our vision of health, the full meaning of water to the human race has begun to reveal itself.  In the most concrete terms, our dependency on water is indisputable. In its 1948 Constitution, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. This paper explores the multi-dimensional connections between water and human health.

The present study deals with the biohydrogen production from starch-containing wastewater collected from the textile industry in Taiwan. The effects of inoculums collected from different sources (sewage sludge, soil and cow dung), substrate concentrations (5–25 g COD/L) and pH (4.0–8.0) on hydrogen production from wastewater were investigated.The cow dung seed had the highest hydrogen production of 101 mL with hydrogen content in biogas of 32.2%. It corresponds to a hydrogen yield (HY) of 1.56 mol H2/mol hexose and hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 0.93 L/L/d. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of initial cultivation pH (4.0–8.0) and substrate concentration (5–25 g COD/L) on the hydrogen production at 35 °C. At pH 7.0 with a wastewater concentration of 20 g COD/L, a maximum hydrogen production of 66 mL with 31.9% H2 and corresponding to an HY of 0.97 mol H2/mol hexose and an HPR of 1.14 L/L/d were obtained. According to the response surface analysis, the optimal conditions for high HPR were a wastewater concentration of 13 g COD/L at an initial cultivation pH of 7.0. The main soluble metabolic products were acetate and butyrate for hydrogen fermentation from textile wastewater.► The textile wastewater containing starch is a potential energy resource for anaerobic hydrogen fermentation. ► The optimum initial cultivation pH for H2production was 7.0. ► The optimum wastewater concentration for H2 production was 13 g COD/L. ► The main soluble metabolic products were acetate and butyrate.

Ideal bacterial support medium for fixed film denitrification processes/bioreactors must be inexpensive, durable and possess large surface area with sufficient porosity. The present study has been focussed on removing nitrate nitrogen at two different nitrate nitrogen loading rates (60 (NLR I) and 120 (NLR II) mg l-1) from simulated aquaculture wastewater. Coconut coir fibre and a commercially available synthetic reticulated plastic media (Fujino Spirals) were used as packing medium in two independent upflow anaerobic packed bed column reactors. Removal of nitrate nitrogen was studied in correlation with other nutrients (COD, TKN, dissolved orthophosphate). Maximum removal of 97% at NLR-I and 99% at NLR – II of nitrate nitrogen was observed in with either media. Greater consistency in the case of COD removal of upto 81% was observed at NLR II where coconut coir was used as support medium compared to 72% COD removal by Fujino Spirals. The results observed indicate that the organic support medium is just as efficient in nitrate nitrogen removal as conventionally used synthetic support medium. The study is important as it specifically focuses on denitrification of aquaculture wastewater using cheaper organic support medium in anoxic bioreactors for the removal of nitrate nitrogen; which is seldom addressed as a significant problem.

Recently, a novel approach to a highly sensitive and quantitative detection of rare earth element (REE) ions including La3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, has been reported. The detection of REE ions is based on the catalytic nature of REE ions targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thus monitoring of the ions can be achieved by reading the level of intact DNA by PCR. Despite of its high sensitivity (at ppb to ppt levels), the conventional PCR-based REE detection protocol requires certain length of time (1-2 hours). In the present study, we modified the PCR-based REE detection protocols by employing the high-speed PCR, and performed the automated and rapid detection of La3+ in small-sized aqueous samples within 5min.

This paper presents and discusses the role of community engagement, i.e. attitudes of local stakeholders, engagement of elected officers and pricing, towards the success of water reuse on the island of Bora Bora, French Polynesia. To better preserve public health and overcome all constraints related to public perception, a membrane tertiary treatment was implemented for the production of high-quality recycled water. Consequently, the demand for the new recycled water has steadily increased during the last four years with a wide diversification of urban uses including irrigation, cleaning, industrial and commercial uses and fire protection. The primary keys to success of this water reuse scheme are the strong commitment of elected officers and large industrial users with the implementation of an adequate public communication and education programme. The resulting outcome is the public trust in recycled water and the recognition of the economic and environmental benefits of water reus...

A significant consideration in forward planning for water treatment works design and operation concerns the effectiveness of a filtration plant in providing a barrier to particulates in the low micrometre size range, including Cryptosporidium oocysts. The performance of rapid gravity filtration ...

ABSTRACT River water cleaning from microorganisms using electrohydraulic discharges and ozonation was investigated. The processed water was highly polluted with the total number of microorganisms (70 400 cfu/mL) and total Escherichia coli bacteria (280 cfu/mL). The processing was conducted in a tube reactor with a hollow needle-rod electrode configuration. A 400-mL sample of river water was treated at different flow rates. Ozonation was performed in a washing bottle with an ozone concentration of 20 g/m3. The corona discharge treatment showed a steady decrease of bacteria and microorganisms but did not kill them completely. Spark discharge killed the bacteria and microorganisms completely; however, its energy efficiency was much lower than that of ozonation. The ozone treatment decreased the concentration of microorganisms and coli bacteria down to 785 and 10 cfu/mL, respectively, in 45 s which resulted in higher energy efficiency than processing using corona and spark discharges. The NPOC analysis of the treated samples showed its concentration of 5 ± 0, 4 ppm in all samples.

Um marco para ultrapassar os desafios contemporâneos é a Agenda 2030, cujos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável buscam firmar ações globais para um futuro sustentável. Neste sentido, este estudo, a partir de revisão bibliográfica, buscou analisar a temática da água potável e saneamento em paralelo com a atual situação brasileira, sobretudo a do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) quanto ao sexto objetivo da Agenda 2030. Evidencia-se que alguns obstáculos devem ser vencidos para atingir resultados positivos, destacando-se: melhorar a gestão dos recursos hídricos, expandir e universalizar o tratamento de esgotos e efluentes, diminuir o uso de agrotóxicos e adotar consumo consciente. Esses pontos críticos são base à conservação ambiental e garantia de água limpa e com qualidade à população.

Background: The increased efficiency of the sedimentation tanks at refineries to the technical and economic reasons are important, therefore the feasibility of increasing the efficiency of sedimentation tanks by modeling and optimization of the tanks, is necessary. Method: In this study, using thin layer plates in mineral sedimentation tanks have been investigated in the laboratory practice and by using mathematical modeling, feasibility and efficiency of the actual volume of the tanks equipped with the usual conditions in the sedimentation tanks, have been compared. Results:Results indicate that efficiency is the same and equal Е = 53% ,Time required for settling tanks equipped with thin layer plates in comparison with conventional tanks, equal to 2.64, is lower.The maximum flow rate in tanks equipped with thin layer plates in comparison with conventional tanks, equal to 1.6, is increased. Conclusion: Thin layer plates, improvements the process of mineral sedimentation significantly, this is based on increasing surfaces of sedimentation, the laminar flow, reducing the level of suspended solids from settling and removal of short connections inside the tank, is based. [Mohammad soleimani, Mirali mohammadi. Feasibility of increasing the efficiency of primary settling tanks by using thin layer plates.

The efficiency of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles on removal of E124 dye in aqueous solution has been studied. Different factors and parameters that affect the degradation efficiency of E124 dye were studied including the initial concentration of pollutant, pH of solution, treatment time, concentration of ZnO nanoparticle (ZnO NP), temperature and salt addition. Under the achieved optimal conditions (initial concentration of dye solution 5ppm, treatment time 80 min, concentration of ZnO NP 0.08g, pH 7 and temperature of 40 0C) for best removal of E124 dye from aqueous solution the efficiency of ZnO NP doped with Ag+ was tested. Different amounts of Ag+ % doped on ZnO NP from 0.5 to 2% were tested and the highest dye removal % of 92 was achieved at 1 % Ag+ doping of ZnO NP.

Sorption of phosphorus (P) to the bed sand medium is a major removal mechanism for P in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Selecting a sand medium with a high P-sorption capacity is therefore important to obtain a sustained P-removal. The P-removal capacities of 13 Danish sands were evaluated and related to their physico-chemical characteristics. The P-removal properties of sands of different geographical origin varied considerably and the suitability of the sands for use as media in constructed reed beds thus differs. The P-sorption capacity of some sands would be used up after only a few months in full-scale systems, whereas that of others would subsist for a much longer time. The most important characteristic of the sands determining their P-sorption capacity was their Ca-content. Also the P-binding capacities of various artificial media were tested (light-expanded-clay-aggregates (LECA), crushed marble, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite and calcite). Particularly calcite and cr...

En el Acuario de Veracruz, el sistema de filtración mecánico-biológico es el proceso unitario fundamental para mantener el agua en condiciones ideales para los organismos que se encuentran en las peceras y estanques. El medio filtrante sirve de sustrato para albergar bacterias nitrificantes que oxidan el amonio, el cual resulta perjudicial para los ejemplares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el caudal óptimo de operación de los filtros para conseguir la máxima eficiencia de remoción de amonio del agua por efecto microbiológico bajo diferentes tiempos de residencia. De acuerdo con los resultados, el caudal de operación de los filtros afecta de forma directa la eficiencia de remoción de amonio, encontrándose óptimo un caudal inferior a 1 L/s independientemente para cada uno de ellos.